Properties as anaphors

Transcription

1 Properties as anaphors Cem Bozşahin Cognitive Science Department, Informatics Institute METU, Ankara May 18, 2012 Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 1/29

2 First noted by Göksel (2006): Turkish nominal inflections, the plural and the possessive, facilitate pronominal readings. (1) Pencere-ler mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m. Window-PLU blue be-opt want-perf-past-1s I wanted the windows to be blue. Not necessarily multiple windows (2) Her biri başka bir yöre İstanbullu-su olanların da,.. every one-poss another one region Istanbuler-POSS be-rel-plu-gen and And for the ones who are Istanbulers from some region... Not necessarily possessive or compound marker Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 2/29

3 Göksel s data Data (3) a. b. c. sev-di-k-ler-imiz like-t-rel-plu-poss.1p those who we like/liked sev-en-ler-imiz like-t-rel-plu-poss.1p those who like/liked us Turkish a. [SUB j i (OBJ) sev-di-k-ler i-imiz j ] b. [ i (SUB) OBJ j sev-en-ler i -imiz j ] köpek sev-en-ler-imiz c. [ i (SUB) OBJ sev-en-ler i-imiz i ] dog like-t-rel-plu-poss.1p those among us who like/liked dogs Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 3/29

4 Individuals as property (4) Oğuz Atay lar iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir. O.A.-PLU want-rel-3s like write-abil-aor People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 4/29

5 Mass-count distinction? (5) su-lar kes-il-di water-plu cut-pass-past the water is off. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 5/29

6 lexical aspects Data (6) başka-sı bu-nu anla-ma-z other-3s this-acc understand-neg-aor nobody else would understand. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 6/29

7 It s not just the plural and poss (7) a. Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er. Cinema-ACC like-rel this film-dat go-aor Cinema lovers go see this movie. lit. The ones who love cinema, go see this movie. b. Gör-düğ-üm bana yet-ti. See-REL-1s I-DAT suffice-past I ve seen enough. lit. What I ve seen is enough. Any property seems to be able to do this. (e, t) and ((e, t), (e, t)) Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 7/29

8 (8) a. b. Zengin kriz-den etkile-n-me-di. Rich crisis-abl affect-pass-neg-past The rich has not been affected by the crisis. Akşam-ki zor bir soru-y-du. Night-ki difficult one question-cop-past Last night s question was hard. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 8/29

9 Does Turkish lack one? These examples are quantificational without one biri. With biri/şey (one/thing), they can be non-quantificational: (9) a. Akşam-ki şey zor bir soru-y-du. Night-ki thing difficult one question-cop-past The thing last night was a hard question. lit. The thing last night, it was a hard question. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 9/29

10 (10) a. b. Sinema-yı sev-en?şey/biri(si) bu film-e gid-er. Cinema-ACC like-rel thing/one(poss) this film-dat go-aor One who loves cinema must see this movie. Gör-düğ-üm şey/biri bana yet-ti. See-REL-1s thing/one I-DAT suffice-past What/who I ve seen is enough. (10b) is not the same as (7b). Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 10/29

11 data summary Data Biri needs the aorist to facilitate quantification. biri-less examples do not need it. A missing one assumption is probably too strong. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 11/29

12 aorist and quantification (11) (12) a. Zengin şey/biri kriz-den etkile-n-me-di/z. Rich thing/one crisis-abl affect-pass-neg-past/aor A rich one has not been affected by the crisis. past/non-quant. A rich one may not be affected by the crisis. aor/quant. Akşam-ki şey/biri tadımı kaçır-dı. Night-ki thing/one disappoint-caus-past The person/thing last night disappointed me. Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e git-ti/gid-er. Cinema-ACC like-rel this film-dat go-past/go-aor Cinema lovers saw this movie. Cinema lovers go see this movie. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 12/29

13 pretheoretical Data Anaphors can be syntactically unbound and contextually bound. They can be syntactically bound as well. wh operators tense verbs quantifiers It has something to do with grammar. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 13/29

14 binders in blue Data (13) a. b. c. d. Her sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er. Every Cinema-ACC like-rel this film-dat go-aor Every cinema lover must see this movie. Bazı gazete-ler-de gör-düğ-üm ben-i üz-dü. some newspaper-plu-loc see-rel-1s I-ACC sadden-past The things i ve seen in some newspapers saddened me. Zengin kriz-den etkile-n-me-di ama hepsi şikayetçi. Rich crisis-abl affect-pass-neg-past but all complain. The rich has not been affected by the crisis but they all complain. Akşam-ki öğrenci-nin çöz-ebil-eceğ-i bir soru değil-di. Night-ki student-3s solve-abil-rel-3s a question not Last night s wasn t a question that a student can solve. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 14/29

15 Outline of the proposal These facts are predicted in part by three global properties: type-dependence of grammars radical lexicalization of all grammars direct compositionality and surface compositionality: every surface constituent is interpretable (Jacobson 1999; Barker and Jacobson 2007; Steedman 2011) The properties are Turkish-specific, therefore they must arise from constraints on Turkish grammar Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 15/29

16 type-dependence: any anaphoric nominal string leads to a lexicalizable syntactic type NP NP. (NP/NP or NP\NP) radical lexicalization: such syntactic types must arise from the heads of the constructions, e.g. the relative markers and words. - they must be represented in the lexicon with a compositional semantics. surface compositionality: (e, e) types for anaphoric nominals translate syntactically to NP NP, i.e. syntactic functions from NPs to NPs. Their potential syntactic binders are S NP : functions from e-type nominals to t. Turkish-specific: The correspondence between NP/NP types and NP NP in Turkish, semantically ((e, t), (e, t)) and (e, e), can be established by a single lexical rule. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 16/29

17 (14) a. [ Pencere-ler ] NP/NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m. Window-PLU blue be-opt want-perf-past-1s I wanted the windows to be blue. b. [ Oğuz Atay lar ] NP/NP iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir. O.A.-PLU want-rel-3s like write-abil-aor People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire. c. [ Sinema-yı sev-en ] NP/NP bu film-e gid-er. Cinema-ACC like-rel this film-dat go-aor Cinema lovers must see this movie. lit. The ones who love cinema must see this movie. d. [ Dün sokak-ta gör-düğ-üm ] NP/NP bana yet-ti. yesterday street-loc see-rel-1s I-DAT suffice-past What I ve seen on the street yesterday is enough. e. [ Zengin ] NP/NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di. Rich crisis-abl affect-pass-neg-past The rich has not been affected by the crisis. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 17/29

18 heads of the constructions in the lexicon (15) a. Pencere[ -ler ] NP\NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m. Window-PLU blue be-opt want-perf-past-1s I wanted the windows to be blue. b. Oğuz Atay [ lar ] NP\NP iste-diğ-i gibi yaz-abil-ir. O.A.-PLU want-rel-3s like write-abil-aor People like Oğuz Atay can write in any way they desire. c. Sinema-yı sev[ -en ] (NP/NP)\(S\NPnom) bu film-e gid-er. Cinema-ACC like-rel this film-dat go-aor Cinema lovers must see this movie. lit. The ones who love cinema must see this movie. d. Dün sokak-ta gör[ -düğ-üm ] (NP/NP)\(S \NP obl ) bana yet-ti. yesterday street-loc see-rel-1s I-DAT suffice-past What I ve seen on the street yesterday is enough. e. [ Zengin ] NP/NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di. Rich crisis-abl affect-pass-neg-past The rich has not been affected by the crisis. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 18/29

19 Type-dependent Lexical rules and Turkish (16) a. NP/NP: λpλx.and (Px)(n x) NP NP : λx.one (n x) b. NP : λx.n x NP/NP: λpλx s.and (Px)(n x) Exponent types: X Y Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 19/29

20 (17) a. b. c. [ [ [ Pencere-ler ] NP ] NP/NP ] NP NP mavi ol-sun iste-miş-ti-m. Window-PLU blue be-opt want-perf-past-1s I wanted the windows to be blue. [ [ Dün sokak-ta gör-düğ-üm ] NP/NP ] NP NP bana yet-ti. yesterday street-loc see-rel-1s I-DAT suffice-past What I ve seen on the street yesterday is enough. [ [ Zengin ] NP/NP ] NP NP kriz-den etkile-n-me-di. Rich crisis-abl affect-pass-neg-past The rich has not been affected by the crisis. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 20/29

21 Projecting the anaphor for binding Jacobson s (1999) unary anaphoric composition (cf. the syntactic one) (18) X Y: f X Z Y Z : λgλx.f (gx) (g) (19) X Y: f (X Z) (Y Z): λg λx.f (gx) (comp) Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 21/29

22 Sinema-yı sev en bu film-e gid-er. Cinema-ACC like -REL this film-dat go-aor S\NP nom (NP/NP)\(S\NP nom ) S\NP NP/NP NP NP S NP LR S NP \NP NP Cinema lovers must see this movie. lit. The ones who love cinema must see this movie. A sentence with an anaphor to be bound Not S\NP or S g Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 22/29

23 Jacobson s Z binder Data (20) (X i NP) j Y: f (X i NP) j Y NP : λgλx.f (gx)x (z-np) Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 23/29

24 Syntactically bound version Her Sinema-yı sev-en bu film-e gid-er. Every cinema-acc like-rel this film-dat go-aor (S/(S\NP NP ))/NP NP NP/NP NP dat (S\NP nom )\NP dat LR NP NP S/(S\NP NP ) : λpλy.p(every-cinema-lover y) S Every cinema lover must see this movie. (S\NP NP nom)\np dat : λxλg.go x(gx) S\NP NP nom z Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 24/29

25 Properties (syntactic and semantic) can be anaphors in Turkish. Grammar may need finer distinctions of S for anaphors to be syntactically bound. S NP and NP NP can be in the domain of locality of a head. Can syntax require a pronoun? Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 25/29

26 The Welsh passive Data (21) a. Cafodd Wyn ei rybuddio. Got.3s Wyn his warning Wyn was warned. Awbery (1976:210) The passive sentence has a sentence-initial inflected form of cael (get) of the same tense and aspect as the verb of the active. This is folowed by a noun phrase identical to the object of the active. Then comes a pronoun of the same person, number and gender (if it is 3sg) as this noun phrase, and an uninflected form of the verb in the active Awbery (1976:47). The pronoun and cael are obligatory. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 26/29

27 Awbery s data shows that what is dropped if the noun phrase after cael is a pronoun is the subject NP, not the possessive pronoun required by the passive: (22) Cawsom (ni) ein rhybuddio gan y ferch. Got.1pl (we) our warning by the girl We were warned by the girl. Awbery (1976:48) If get is the head of the passive, then the pronoun must be in its domain of locality. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 27/29

28 Thanks Data WAFL and the reviewers Aslı Göksel Umut Özge Deniz Zeyrek Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 28/29

29 Awbery, G.M The syntax of Welsh. Cambridge Univ. Press. Barker, Chris, and Pauline Jacobson Introduction: Direct compositionality. In Direct compositionality. eds.chris Barker and Pauline Jacobson, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Göksel, Aslı Pronominal participles in Turkish and lexical integrity. Lingue e Linguaggio, 5: Jacobson, Pauline Towards a variable-free semantics. Linguistics and Philosophy, 22: Steedman, Mark Taking Scope. MIT Press. Bozşahin WAFL 8 Stuttgart Properties as anaphors 29/29