CÁCH SỬ DỤNG LIỀN TỪ NỐI TRONG TIẾNG ANH ( CONJUNCTIONS IN ENGLISH )

Transcription

1 TRƯỜNG THCS KIMG ĐỒNG CÁCH SỬ DỤNG LIỀN TỪ NỐI TRONG TIẾNG ANH ( CONJUNCTIONS IN ENGLISH ) I. MỤC ĐÍCH CHUYÊN ĐỀ : Chuyên đề này sẽ trình bày một cách chi tiết và cụ thể các loại liên từ trong tiếng Anh và cách sử dụng của chúng, sử dụng đúng cách và tránh nhầm lẫn. Sau mỗi cách sử dụng đều có ví dụ giúp học sinh hiểu rõ hơn. Có các bài tập cho học sinh thực hành như viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không đổi, chọn đáp án đúng A, B, C and D, sữa lỗi sai... II. NỘI DUNG CHUYÊN ĐỀ : 1. Liên từ kết hợp (coordinating conjunctions ): * Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ...) * Gồm có: for, and, nor, but, or, yet Ex: She is a good and loyal wife. Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt. 1

2 He is intelligent but very lazy. She says she does not love me, yet I still love her. We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam. He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard. That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt. * Chú ý: khi dùng liên từ kết hợp để nối hai mệnh đề, chúng ta thêm dấu phẩy sau mệnh đề thứ nhất trước liên từ. Ex : Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements. 2. Tương liên từ (correlative conjunctions) : * Một vài liên từ thường kết hợp với các từ khác để tạo thành các tương liên từ. Chúng thường được sử dụng theo cặp để liên kết các cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng tương đương nhau về mặt ngữ pháp. * Gồm có: both... and (vừa.vừa ), not only... but also (không chỉ mà còn ), not... but, either... or (hoặc..hoặc..), neither... nor (không.cũng không ), whether... or (dù.hay., hoặc..hoặc.), as... as, no sooner. than (vừa mới.thì ) Ex: They learn both English and French. He drinks neither wine nor beer. I like playing not only tennis but also football. I don't have either books or notebooks. 2

3 I can't make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down. 3. Liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunctions) : * Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau - mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính trong câu. * Ví dụ như các liên từ sau và nghĩa kèm theo của chúng: - As : Bởi vì. Ex: As he is my friend, I will help him. - After: sau khi. Ex: After the train left, we went home. - Although/ though: mặc dù. Ex: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired. - Before: trước khi. Ex: I arrived before the stores were open. - Because: bởi vì. Ex: We had to wait, because we arrived early. - For: bởi vì. Ex: He is happy, for he enjoys his work. - If: nếu, giá như. Ex: If she is here, we will see her. - Lest: sợ rằng. Ex: I watched closely, lest he make a mistake. * Chú ý: sử dụng động từ nguyên thể trong mệnh đề lest Providing/ provided: miễn là : Ex: All will be well, providing you are careful. - Since : + Từ khi. Ex: I have been here since the sun rose. + Bởi vì. Ex : Since you are here, you can help me. - So/ so that : Bởi vậy. Ex : It was raining, so we did not go out. - Để (= in order that). Ex:I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle. 3

4 - Supposing (= if). Ex: Supposing that happens, what will you do? - Than: so với. Ex: He is taller than you are. - Unless: trừ khi. Ex: Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed. - Until/ till: cho đến khi. Ex: I will wait until I hear from you. - Whereas : Bởi vì. Ex: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone. - Trong khi (ngược lại). Ex: He is short, whereas you are tall. - Whether: hay không. Ex: I do not know whether she was invited (or not). - While : Khi. Ex: While it was snowing, we played cards. - Trong khi (ngược lại). Ex : He is rich, while his friend is poor. - Mặc dù. Ex: While I am not an expert, I will do my best. - As if = in a similar way. Ex: She talks as if she knows everything. - As long as: + Nếu: Ex: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily. + Khi: Ex: He has lived there as long as I have known him. - As soon as: ngay khi. Ex: Write to me as soon as you can. - As though = in a similar way. Ex: It looks as though there will be a storm. - In case: Trong trường hợp. Ex: Take a sweater in case it gets cold. - Or else = otherwise: nếu không thì. Ex: Please be careful, or else you may have an accident. - So as to = in order to: để Ex: I hurried so as to be on time. * Chú ý: Ngoài liên từ, chúng ta có thể sử dụng các trạng từ liên kết như: therefore, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, hence, furthermore, consequently 4

5 Ex : We wanted to arrive on time; however, we were delayed by traffic. I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best. We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset. 4. Phân biệt cách sử dụng của liên từ và một số giới từ có cùng nghĩa Liên từ Giới từ: because, because of, although, despite, while, during : * Sự khác biệt giữa chúng là: liên từ + một mệnh đề, trong khi đó giới từ + một danh từ hoặc ngữ danh từ. Ex: They were upset because of the delay They were upset because they were delayed. Despite the rain, we enjoyed ourselves. Although it rained, we enjoyed ourselves. We stayed indoors during the storm. We stayed indoors while the storm raged. 5. Bảng tham khảo thêm các liền từ nối trong Tiếng Anh: Liên từ đẳng lập ( Liên từ song song ) Liên từ phụ thuộc ( Liên từ chính phụ) AND Ex: She is a good and loyal wife. I have many books and notebooks. BOTH... AND Ex: She is both good and loyal. They learn both English and French. AS WELL AS Ex: He has experience as well as FOR Ex: He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard. WHEREAS Ex: He learns hard whereas his friends don't. Wise men love truth whereas fools avoid it. WHILE Ex: Don't sing while you work. 5

6 knowledge. NO LESS THAN Ex: You no less than he are very rich. NOT ONLY... BUT (ALSO) Ví dụ: He learns not only English but but (also) Chinese. I like playing not only tennis but (also) football. OR Ex: Hurry up, or you will be late. EITHER...OR Ex: He isn't either good or kind. I don't have either books or notebooks. NEITHER... NOR Ex: He drinks neither wine nor beer. She has neither husband nor children. BUT Ex: He is intelligent but very lazy. She is ugly but hard-working. THEN Ex: You have eaten nothing; then you must be very hungry. The plant looks very faded; then it hasn't been watered for long. CONSEQUENTLY Ex: You didn't work hard for this term; consequently, he failed the exam. HOWEVER Don't talk while you eat. BESIDES, MOREOVER Ex: We have to study hard at school; besides, we must pay attention to physical exercise. He stole two watches; moreover, he broke the window. SO Ex: He is a good teacher; so, he is very popular with students. It rained very hard; so, we didn't go out that night. HENCE Ex: I had not money about me; hence I did not buy the book. He came late; hence, he missed the first part of the lesson. Liên từ nối mệnh đề (như trạng ngữ): * Time: AFTER Ex: A man shoud take a little rest, after he has worked hard. The ship was checked carefully after she had been built. AS Ex: He came her, as the clock struck six. They left as the bell rang.. 6

7 Ex: He is a very lazy student; however, AS SOON AS he can pass all the exams easily. Ex: I will phone you as soon as I come It was raining very hard; however, we home. went out without umbrellar. They will get married as soon as they finish NEVERTHELESS university. Ex: She studies very hard; nevertheless, BEFORE she always gets bad marks. Ex: Don't count your chickens before they STILL, YET are hatchd. Ex: I speak to you peaceably; still/yet He talks as if he were very wise. you will not listen. Ex: He has been very weak, since he was She says she does not love me, yet, I taken sick. still love her. AS LONG AS OR, ELSE, OTHERWISE Ex: No one can harm us, as long as we Ex: We have to work hard, remain friends. or/else/otherwise we will fail the exam. I will lend you some money as long as you promise to pay me back. ONLY Ex: Go where you like; only do not stay UNTIL here. Ex: People do not know the value of health THEREFORE until they lose it. Ex: He violated the traffic signs, WHEN therefore he was punished. Ex: When you visit this country, you should bring thick winter clothes. WHILE Ex: Make hay while the sun shines. Step while you dance. * Places: WHERE 7

8 Ex: The bed room is the best place where I do my homework. WHEREVER Ex: His mother follows him wherever he goes. I will go wherever to find a suitable job for me. *Manner: AS Ex: Do as I told you to do. AS IF Ex: He talks as if he knew everything about her. He dances as if he were a professional dancer. *Comparisons: AS Ex: He is as tall as his brother. This bag is as expensive as that one. THAN Ex: She is more beautiful than her sister. She looks fatter than his friend. *Reasons: AS Ex: As it rained very hard, we stopped they games. BECAUSE Ex: We could not pass the test because we 8

9 didn't learn hard. I didn't meet her because she had left earlier. SINCE Ex: I must go since she has telephoned three times. *Purposes: THAT Ex: I work hard that I may succeed in life. SO THAT EX: We went very early so that we could catch the last bus. IN ORDER THAT Ex: We learn French in order to study in France. *Conditions : IF Ex: I will phone him if I have his phone number. UNLESS (IF NOT) Ex: You will be late unless you set off now. Unless you work hard, you will not pass the exam. PROVIDED THAT Ex: I will pardon him provided that he acknowledge his fault. You can enter the room provided that you have the ticket.. IN CASE 9

10 Ex: You should take an umbrella in case it rains. Please take a map with you in case (that) you may get lost. * Sự tương phản, trái ngược: ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH Ex: Though/even though /although it rained hard, I went out with her. AS Ex: Rich as he is, his isn't ever happy. EVEN IF Ex: Even if my watch is right, we will be too late. NOT WITH STANDING THAT Ex: He is poor not with standing that he works very hard. III. PRACTICE: Exercises1 : Comlete the sentences using : although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when: 1. Things were different.. I was young. 2. I do it I like it. 3. Let us wait here.. the rain stops. 4. You cannot be a lawyer..you have a law degree. 5. She has not called she left last week. 6. I saw him leaving an hour. two ago. 7. This is an expensive very useful book. 10

11 8. We were getting tired.. we stopped for a rest. 9. He was angry. he heard when happened. 10. Walk quickly. you will be late. 11. He had to retire of ill health. 12. We will go swimming next Sunday.. it's raining. 13. I heard a noise I turned the light on. 14. Would you like a coffee tea? KEY: 1. when 2. Because 3. Until 4. unless 5. since 6. or 7. but 8. so 9. when 10. or 11. because 12. Unless 13. so 14. or Exercises 2: Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning, using the suitable conjunction. 1. We know him. We know his friends. 2. The coat was soft. The coat was warm. 3. It is stupid to do that. It is quite unnecessary. 4. I wanted to go. He wanted to stay. 5. Your arguments are strong. They don t convince me. 6. You can go there by bus. You can go there by train. 7. I was feeling tired. I went to bed when I got home. KEY: 1. We know him and his friends. 2. The coat was both soft and warm. 3. It is stupid and quite unnecessary to do that. 4. I wanted to go but he wanted to stay. 5. Your arguments are strong but they don t convince me. 6. You can go there either by bus or by train. 11

12 7. I was feeling tired so I went to bed when I got home. Exersices 3: Rewrite each of the following sentences so that it has exactly the same meaning as the one printed before it. 1. Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well. => In spite of 2. Mary could not go to school because she was sick. => Because of 3. Although the weather was bad, she went to school on time. => Despite. 4. My mother told me to go to school although I was sick. => In spite of.. 5. Because there was a big storm, I stayed at home. => Because of.. 6. Tom was admitted to the university although his grades were bad. => Despite.. 7. Although she has a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman. => Despite.. 8. In spite of his god salary, Tom gave up his job. => Although. 9. Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep. = > In spite of. 10. In spite of the high prices, my daughter insists on going to the movies. => Even though. Exersices 4: Choose the underlined word or phrase in each of the sentences that need correcting. 1. I ll come and see you, so I leave for Moscow. 12

13 2. He will tell you though you get home. 3. I can t express my opinion because I know the fact. 4. We started very early if we should miss the train. 5. He will stay here until you come. 6.However he tried hard, he wasn t successful. 7. He worked late last night and.he might be free to go away tomorrow. 8. The room is so small but we can t all get in. 9. Moreover you had left earlier, you would have caught the train. 10. The road seems longer like I thought. 11. As soon as it rained hard, we played the match. 12.There fore you may go, he won t forget you. 4. TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO: - Sách ngữ pháp : LONGMAN. - Sách ngữ pháp : GRAMMAR A=IN USE. Mường Khến, ngày 8 tháng 11 năm Người viết Vũ Quỳnh Hoa 13