Lesson 7. Topic Lightning. Grammar material: The Future Tenses. Text: Lightning.

Transcription

1 Lesson 7. Topic Lightning. Grammar material: The Future Tenses. Text: Lightning. The lightning flash is certainly the earliest manifestation of electricity known to man, although for a long time nobody knew that lightning and atmospheric electricity are one and the same thing. Indeed, for thousands of years people knew nothing about thunderstorms. However, they saw long sparks falling from the dark sky and heard thunder. They knew that these sparks could kill people or strike their houses and destroy them. Trying to understand that dangerous phenomenon, they imagined things and invented numerous stories. Take the early Scandinavians as an example! They thought that thunderstorms were produced by Thor, the god of thunder. Besides his throwing both thunder and lightning at some people, he was a hammer-thrower. According to the story, his powerful hammer had the property of always coming back to his hands after it had been thrown. The fifth day of the week, that is Thursday, was named after him. A story like that invented by those early Scandinavians could be also heard from other peoples. However, time flies. Thunderstorms have long stopped being a problem that scientists tried to solve. Now everybody knows that lightning is a very great flash of light resulting from a discharge of atmospheric electricity either between a charged cloud and the earth or between charged cloud and the earth or between charged clouds. Even now some people do not like being out during a thunderstorm. Dark clouds cover the sky, turning day into night. There are lightning flashes followed by thunder which can be heard for kilometers around. Needless to say, there is always some danger in a thunderstorm for a very high building or a man standing in the open field. Many years ago people learned to protect their houses from thunderstorms. Coming down from a charged cloud to the earth, lightning usually the nearest conductor. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an easy path along which electrons are conducted to the earth. That Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning conductor is a well - known fact. The lightning conductor,

2 familiar to everybody at present, is a metal device protecting buildings from strokes of lightning by conducting the electrical charges to the earth. Franklin's achievements in the field of electricity were known to Lomonosov who, in his turn, made experiments of his own. Along with other scientific problems that Lomonosov studied was that of atmospheric electricity. Both Lomonosov and his friend Professor Rihman took great interest in it. Both of them tried to solve the problem in question. They made numerous experiments and observations without thinking of the possible danger. The first electrical measuring device in the world was constructed by Rihman. Making experiments of that kind was dangerous and Professor Rihman was killed by a stroke of lightning while he was making one of his experiments. lesson. As for Franklin s well known kite experiment, you will read about it in the following TEST. LIGHTNING I. Complete the sentences with the correct word: Properties, phenomenon, lightning, invented, dangerous, discharges, conduct, charged, observation, path, scientific, to solve this problem. 1. What kinds of batteries can be..? 2. All metals.. the electric current. 3. Electricity maybe.. 4. When the battery operates it Radio was.. by the Russian scientist Popov is a discharge of electricity is very important for any experiment. 8. Can you see the.. traveled by the electrons? 9. The scientists observed the unknown What are the.. of semiconductors? 11. Our students take part in... work. 12. It s difficult without your help. II. Connect the word combinations: Lightning clouds Manifestation achievements Atmospheric phenomenon Dangerous flash Charged electricity Lightning problems Franklin s of electricity Scientific device

3 Measuring conductor III. Open the brackets (use the Gerund): 1. ) natural phenomenon without making observations is useless. 2. ) atom in the reactor heat is developed. 3. He stopped ( ). 4. Ukrainian scientists played an important part in ( ) the problem of atmospheric electricity. IV. Put in no, any or none. 1. There aren t pictures on the wall. 2. The weather was cold, but there was wind. 3. I want to buy some oranges but they didn t have in the shop. 4. Everything was correct. There were mistakes. 5. How much luggage have you got? 6. How much luggage have you got? I haven t got Grammar: I. Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps and form negative sentences in the going tofuture. Example: She her bike in the afternoon. (not/to ride) Answer: She is not going to ride her bike in the afternoon. or She's not going to ride her bike in the afternoon. 1) They the lunch basket. (not/to pack) 2) I somebody the way. (not/to ask) 3) Rita Jim's book. (not/to borrow) 4) We a T-shirt. (not/to design) 5) I on the red button. (not/to click) 6) The girls at the boys. (not/to laugh) 7) Tim Sandra's hair. (not/to pull) 8) Andy and Fred to a song. (not/to mime) 9) You dinner. (not/to prepare) 10) He the hamster in the garden. (not/to keep)

4 II. Will and going to Exercise 1: Some friends are going to have a party and they are discussing the arrangements. Match the beginnings and ends of the suggestions they make. I ve got a printer so a. I ll bring my guitar. I m good at baking so b. I ll make the invitations. I ve got loads of CDs so c. I ll supply the flowers. I live near the supermarket so d. I ll bring them. I ve got a big garden so e. I ll buy the drinks. I ve just had a party and I ve got some left-over I work in a butchers shop so f. I ll bring some sausages. g. I ll make a cake. If we want to have some live music h. I ll organise the music.

5 Will and going to Exercise 2: Read the sentences and choose the best option from the choices below to complete the text. I. A: I ve booked the tickets. I m so glad (1) to Spain on holiday. B: When (2)? II. A: I m off to the shops. Do you want anything? B: Let me think... oh yes, I need some stamps. A: OK, no problem, (3) to the post office anyway to send Mum s birthday present so I ll get some while I m there. III. A: Does anyone want to come to the cinema with me tonight? B: Sure! (4)_ with you. I haven t got any plans for this evening. IV. A: What are you doing this weekend? B: I don t know. Maybe (5) some studying or I might not! A: I ve booked a tennis court but can t find anyone to play with me. B: (6) with you. That s sounds much more fun than studying! III. Fill in each blank space with the correct future verb tense (simple future, future continuous, or future perfect): 1. By the time I'm 60, I (lose) all my hair. will have lost will lose will be losing

6 2. I won't be able to talk to you in 15 minutes because I (do) my homework. will do will be doing will have done 3. By the time I get home, my wife (eat) the whole cake. will have eaten will eat will be eating 4. I (talk) to my son about his poor test results. will have talked will talk will be talking 5. This time tomorrow I (swim) in the ocean. will swim will have swam will be swimming 6. I (see) you at 7. will have seen will be seeing will see 7. By the time the guests arrive, I (clean) the room. will have cleaned will clean will be cleaning 8. I decided that I (become) a doctor. will be becoming will become will have become 9. I (travel) for the next month. will travel will have traveled

7 will be traveling 10. I'm really tired today - I (do) my exercises tomorrow. will do will have done will be doing 11. Tomorrow I (paint) all day. will be painting will paint will be paint 12. By the time we get there, the store (close). will close will have closed closed 13. I (see) you tomorrow at 3:00 PM. will see see will be seeing 14. After we finish this video, I (see) all of this director's movies. will see will be seeing will have seen 15. Can I come over in an hour? No, I (clean) the house. will clean will be cleaning clean 16. This time next week I (drink) wine in Argentina. will drink drink will be drinking 17. She doesn't realize what kind of person he is, but she (find out). will find out

8 will be finding out will have found out 18. She insulted me. I (speak) to her again! will never speak will never be speaking will have never spoken 19. If he continues drinking so fast, he (drink) the whole bottle by midnight. will drink will have drunk will be drinking 20. She (tell) me when her birthday is. will not have told will not be telling won't tell