Europe and Japan. By Allie Holmes

Transcription

1 Europe and Japan By Allie Holmes

2 Japan Vocabulary Isolationism -a policy of avoiding contact with other countries Feudalism - system of obligated that governed the relationship between lords and vassals in medieval Europe and Japan Emperor - a figurehead for the powerful Shogun Shogun - a powerful military leader who ruled japan in the emperors name

3 Japan Vocabulary Daimyo - large landowners or feudal Japan Samurai Worriers - professional trained worriers, hired to defended large landowners (daimyo) and their property Zen Buddhism - a form of Buddhism the emphasizes meditation Shintoism - traditional religion of japan, they believed everything in nature helps people live and keeps them from harm

4 Japan Geography China Russia Hokkaid o Korea Sea of Japan Honshu Japan Pacific Ocean Kyu shu Shikok u East China Sea

5 Influences From China and Korea 1- Why did emperors send scholars to China and Korea? To learn what they wanted to know, the rulers of Japan decided to send representatives to China and Korea to gather information about their cultures. The emperors hoped that these people could teach the Japanese new ways of working and thinking. 2- How did language change? One of the first things the Japanese learned from China and Korea was language. The early Japanese didn t have a written language. Therefore, many learned to write in Chinese. They continued to speak in Japanese, however, which is very different from Chinese. It wasn t until about 200 years later that people devised a way of writing in Japanese. They used Chinese characters to represent the sounds used in Japanese. 3- How did religion and philosophy change? As regent, Shotoku saw a chance for Japan to adopt more Chinese ideas. He sent scholars to China to learn all they could about Chinese society. The ideas these scholars brought back changed Japanese society. For example, they taught the Japanese about Confucianism. Confucianism changed family life. Also japan followed the religion of Zen Buddism. Buddhism change the way people worshiped. The poor wanted to continue the religion of Shintoism because they were not educated, 4- How did the government change? Shotoku also wanted to change Japan s government to be more like China s. He especially wanted Japan s emperors to have more power, like China s emperors did.afraid that they would lose power to the emperor, many clan leaders opposed Shotoku s government plans. As a result, Japan s emperors gained little power.

6

7 Japan's Social Structure The figure head to the powerful Shogun. Emperor Shogun Daimyo and Samurai Pesants A powerful military leader, the shogun ruled in the emperors name. Daimyo were powerful lords who often led armies of samurai. Samurai worriers served the shogun and the daimyo. Most Japan's were poor people who had no power. 1. What is Bushido? More importantly, all samurai had to follow a strict code of rules that taught them how to behave. The samurai code of rules was known as Bushido. This name means the way of the warrior. Both men and women from samurai families had to follow Bushido rules. Bushido required samurai to be brave and honorable fighters. Both men and women of samurai families learned how to fight, though only men went to war. Women learned to fight so they could protect their homes from robbers.

8 Early Medieval Europe

9 European Geography Vocabulary Eurasia- the large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia Topography- the shape and elevation of land in a region

10 Geography Of Europe Norweg ian North Scandinavian Peninsulas North European Plain Ural mountain English Channel Atlantic Ocean Alps Mountain Italian Peninsula Mediterranean

11 Geography Shapes Life The Northern European Plain is also the location of most of Europe s major rivers.if you travel even farther north from the Northern European Plain, the land starts to rise again. Far northern Europe has many rugged hills and low mountains. Most of northwestern Europe, in contrast, has a mild and cooler, wetter climate. Cold winds from the north and northeast can bring freezing weather in winter. In the fields around cities, farmers grew all sorts of crops. These fields were excellent farmlands, but the flat land also made an easy route for invaders to follow. No mountains blocked people s access to northern Europe, and as a result, the region was frequently invaded. Most people in northern Europe lived farther from the sea. They still had access to the sea, however, through northern Europe s rivers. Because rivers were an easy method of transportation, towns grew up along them. Rivers also provided protection. As you can see on the map, this plain stretches all the way from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. In the past, this huge expanse of land was covered with thick forests. Many types of trees grew well in the plain s rich, fertile soils. southern Europe is largely warm and sunny. As a result, shrubs and trees that don t need a lot of water are common there. In southern Europe, most people lived on coastal plains or in river valleys where the land was flat enough to farm. People grew crops like grapes and olives that could survive the region s dry summers. In the mountains where the land was steep or rocky, people raised sheep and goats.because southern Europe has many peninsulas, people there don t live far from the sea. As a result, many became traders and seafarers You can see these hills and mountains in the northern part of the British Isles and in Scandinavia Freezing weather is much more common in Scandinavia, though. That region is very cold throughout the year. Snow falls for much of the year, and few plants can survive the region s cold climates. Many people looked to the sea and lands beyond for the resources they need. Many people in cold, snowy Scandinavia have settled on the coast.

12 Chaos and Invasions Normans take control of England Hundred Years' War fought between England and France Viking terrorized towns along the coast and rivers of Europe. They murdered villagers and looted and bummed their towns. Stamford Bridge Norman s Sout h Normandy October 14 William of Normandy Hastings Normandy English king dies and three men claim the throne. Nobles pick Harold 2nd.

13 Feudalism Of Europe Vocabulary Knights Warriors who fought on horseback and swore loyalty to the king. Feudalism A system of promises that governed the relationship between lords and vassals Manor The large estate owned by a knight or lord Chaos Complete confusion and disorder, no one is in control Hierarchy System where the people are placed in levels with different importance or status Obligations Something you must do because it is right

14 Feudalism of Europe vocabulary Peasants/Serfs Workers who were tied to the land on which they lived Manorialism An estate under a lord who has rights over the land and the tenants including the peasants and serfs Allegiances Loyalty to a person country, group or belief Monarch A person such as a king or queen who rules kingdom or empire Lords An owner in property who has gotten that as payment for allegiance to a person of higher status Vassal A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land

15 Feudalism and Manor life Why were Frankish kings unable to defend their empire against invaders? When the Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims began their raids in the 800s, the Frankish kings were unable to defend their empire. Their army was too slow to defend against the lightning-fast attacks of their enemies. Because they couldn t depend on protection from their kings, nobles had to defend their own lands. As a result, the power of nobles grew, and kings became less powerful. What led to the creation of feudalism? Feudalism was first created by the Franks. Before long the system began to spread into other kingdoms. In the 1000s, Frankish knights introduced feudalism into northern Italy, Spain, and Germany. Feudalism then spread into eastern Europe. Feudalism also reached Britain in the 1000s. It was brought there by a French noble named William, who was the duke of Normandy in northern France. In 1066, he decided to conquer England. William and his knights sailed into England and defeated the English king in a battle near the town of Hastings. After winning the battle, William declared himself the new king of England. He became known as William the Conqueror. To reward his knights for their part in the victory, William gave them large estates of land in his new country. This was the beginning of feudalism in England. In return for the land, a knight promised to support the noble in battle or in other matters.a knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land was called a vassal.the vassal swore that he would always remain loyal to his lord. Historians call this system of promises that governed the relationships between lords and vassalsfeudalism. How could a noble be both a lord and a vessel? The ties between lords and vassals were the heart of feudalism. Each group had certain responsibilities toward the other. A lord had to send help to his vassals if an enemy attacked. In addition, he had to be fair toward his vassals. He couldn t cheat them or punish them for no reason. If a lord failed to do what he was supposed to, his vassals could break all ties with him. When a lord went to war, he called on his vassals to fight with him. But fighting wasn t a vassal s only duty. For example, vassals had to give their lords money on special occasions, such as when a lord s son became a knight or when his daughter got married. A vassal also had to give his lord food and shelter if he came to visit. If a vassal gained enough land, he could become a lord. In this way a person might be both a lord and a vassal. Kings and Queens Kings and queens were the greatest lords of Europe,and all nobles and knights were their vassals. Knights Noble were the vassals of kings and queens. Many were also lords of lower-ranking nobles and knights. Knights served their noble lords in exchange for land. Nobles Peasants Peasants owned no land, so they were not a part of the feudal system. But many peasants worked on land owned by nobles or knights.

16 Midieval Christianity Vocabulary Monks Religious men who lived apart from society in isolated communities Monasteries Religious community where Christians called monks gave up their possessions and devoted their lives to serving God. Benedict Italian monk who wrote a set of rules that created the Benedictine Order of monks Charlemagne A brilliant warrior and a strong king who led the Franks in building a huge empire. Theology The study of a set of religious beliefs. Scriptorium A copying room in a monastery used by scribes in the Middle Ages to copy holy books. Monastic A way of life where men and women withdraw from the world in order to devote themselves to their faith. Book of Kells Created by monks, it is an illumination of the four books of Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John made in medieval Europe. Franciscan Founded by St. Francis; order of monks who stressed vows of poverty and gentleness to all. Dominicans Founded by St. Dominic: friars, lived and preached among the people instead of secluding themselves in monasteries. Missionaries Sent by the Pope to northern Europe to convert people to Christianity in places like Britain, France and Germany. Friars A member of a religious order who lived and worked among the people.

17 Later mideval ages Medieval Christianity Symbols

18 Samurai vs. Knights DBQ Did you know that during your ancestors time warlord fraught each other to see who could control your land? These warlords could destroys everyone around their way of life. Because of this two regions, Japan and Europe developed a system called feudalism. In this system lords gave lands to less powerful nobles I order to get protection in times of war. Because of the nobles trained worries in exchange for land and food. In Europe these worriers were called knights, but in Japan theses worriers were called samurai. The samurai and knights had more differences because of there feudal systems, their code of honor and their military training. Samurai and knights had mare difference feudal systems. If a samurai move up he would become a very powerful person called a shogun. If a knight moved up they world still have to fight in wars and have no power. A samurai owed service to the daimyo. A daimyo is a feudal lord who caught others in order to gain more power. A knight worked for a lord. A lord was. Person who got land for the king and had to do military service in order to pay the king back for the land. "Knights - worriers who owed loyalty and military service to lord for land."(doc.a) "Samurai - worriers who owed loyalty and military service to daimyo for land or payment."(doc.a) Samurai and knights had more difference in their codes of honor. The samurai honor code bushier was based of of Buddhism. The knights honor code called chivalry was based off of Christianity, those are two very different religions. A samurai owner all his service to her master,a daimyo. A knight owed all his crevice to knight Arthur and the knights of the round table."the business of samurai consist in dis charging loyal service to his master...and devoting himself to duty above all" (doc.e). "... Each knight took vows of true knighthood, solemnly promising to do no wicked deed... Ump on pain of death or forfeit loss of knighthood and king Arthur's favor"(doc.e).

19 Samurai vs. Knights DBQ Samurai and knights had mor difference in their military training. A samurai could officially become a samurai at age 14. A knight could have officially become a knight at age 21. That is a big age difference, samurai are young teenagers and knights are full grow adults. Samurai started their training by learning to fence with bamboo sticks. Knights started their training by learning to ride a pony."at about age 14 the trainees officially became samurai in a certain ceremony called genpuku"(doc.c). "If a squire gained approval from an examining knight, he would usually become a knight around age21"(doc.c). The samurai and knights had more differences because of there feudal systems, their code of honor and their military training. Their feudal systems were different because of who they owed service to, knights owed to a lord and a samurai owed to a daimyo. Samurai nod knights codes were different because of who they devoted their loyalty to. A knight devoted his loyalty to King Arthur, and a samurai devoted his loyalty to a daimyo. Also they had more difference in thee age they could become a knight or a samurai. A knight cloud become a knight at age 21 and a samurai could become a samurai at age 14. Although samurai and knight had some similarities for example how they dwelt with death. Samurai and knights both excepted the fact that they were going to die and neither group mourned over death. This was one of the only example of how they were similar.the samurai and knights had more differences because of there feudal systems, their code of honor and their military training.

20 Constantinople Europe 1000 A.D. Russia Norway Sweden Denmark Poland Hungary Scotland England Burgund y Franc Navarree Ireland Leon Croatia Serbia Barcelona Caliphate of Cordoba

21 Popes and Kings In the Holy Roman Empire, however, the situation was different. This empire grew out of what had been Charlemagne s empire.charlemagne built his empire in the 700s with the pope s approval.in the mid-900s, another emperor took the throne with the approval of the pope. Because the empire was approved by the pope and people saw it as a rebirth of the Roman Empire, it became known as the Holy Roman Empire. Holy Roman emperors didn t inherit their crowns. Instead, they were elected by the empire s nobles. Sometimes, these elections led to fights between nobles and the emperor. In the worst of these squabbles, emperors had to call on the pope for help. Europe in 1000 was divided into many small states. Most of these states were ruled by kings, some of whom had little real power. In a few places, though, kings had begun to take firm control of their countries.at this time, Europe s most powerful kings ruled those three countries.in England and France, kings inherited their thrones from their fathers. At times, nobles rebelled against the kings, but the kings usually reestablished order fairly quickly. They maintained this order through alliances as well as warfare. How did the powers of the Popes and kings differ? In the Middle Ages, the pope was the head of the Christian Church in Western Europe. Since nearly everyone in the Middle Ages belonged to this church, the pope had great power. People saw the pope as God s representative on Earth. They looked to him for guidance about how to live and pray. If the pope felt someone was working against the church, he could punish the person in many ways. For serious offenses, the pope or other bishops could choose to excommunicate, or cast out from the church, the offender. This punishment was deeply feared because Christians believed that a person who died while excommunicated would not get into heaven. In addition to spiritual power, many popes had great political power. If the pope felt someone was working against the church, he could punish the person in many ways. For serious offenses, the pope or other bishops could choose to excommunicate, or cast out from the church, the offender. This punishment was deeply feared because Christians believed that a person who died while excommunicated would not get into heaven. Most of these states were ruled by kings, some of whom had little real power. In a few places, though, kings had begun to take firm control of their countries.

22 Popes and Kings What words indicate pope Gregory's view that the church has more power than merchants do? "Does anyone doubt that the priest are to be considered as father and masters of kings and princes of all believers" he believed popes not kings got their power from god. Who wrote the two letters and when were they written? They were written by Pope Gregory VII and to Emperor Henry IV. The letters were written in 1076 and To whom were they written? They were written to Bishop Of Metz and to Emperor Henry IV. Why do the writers matter to history? The writers matter because they show you the thoughts of the leaders from that time. It shows you the thought and feeling about certain matters.

23 Popes and Kings What causes Gregory and Henry's power struggle? Gregory and Henry's power struggled because Gregory didn't think that Henry had the authority to rule. Henry became angry and asked Germany's bishop to remove Gregory, as a result Gregory excommunicated Henry. They both wanted so much power that they would do anything, this caused them to struggle with their power. Why did Leo IX believe that all church officials should answer to him? Leo IX thought all church officials should answer to him because he was the pope. He stated that the first pope, saint peter, had been the leader of all church officials and later popes should rule as well. What might have happened if LeoIX had not excommunicated the bishop of Constantinople? If Leo had not excommunicated the bishop that the king appointed the Orthodox Church may have never formed. What compromise solved the conflict over who had the right to choose bishop? The compromise that formed allowed the church officials to choose all bishops and abbots, but the bishops ans abbots would still have to obey the emperor. Why do you think a king would want to select the bishop himself? The king wanted to select the bishop because it would make him feel more powerful, and the bishop would be loyal to king not the pope.

24 The Crusades Byzantine emperor In 1095 the Byzantine emperor asked the pope for help in defending his empire from Muslim attacks. The pope agreed and called on European Catholics to join in a crusade against the Muslims. 8 The Holy Land Jerusalem It was a city where many evil things happen, and a place where many people die. The crusades accidental benefit of increasing trade and knowledge of other cultures.

25 The Crusades Between the 2nd and 3rd paragraph 1st crusade 7th crusade 2nd and 3rd crusade The 7th crusade 3 years 4th crusade

26 The Crusades Europe in 1000 was divided into many small states. Most of these states were ruled by kings, some of whom had little real power. Politics in Europe also changed. Some kings increased their power because many nobles and knights had died in the Holy Land. Popes had great spiritual power, and kings had political power. Trade between Europe and Asia grew. Europeans learned of other people and places. Their contacts with some of these people were peaceful. With others, though, the contact was not peaceful. Europeans who went to the Holy Land learned about products such as apricots, rice, and cotton cloth. Palestine had been in the hands of Muslims. In general, the Muslims did not bother Christians who visited the region. Crusaders also brought ideas of Muslim thinkers to Europe. A group of Turkish Muslims entered the area and captured the city of Jerusalem. Pilgrims returning to Europe said that these Turks had attacked them in the Holy Land, which was no longer safe for Christians. The popes had wanted the church to be in charge of all the Crusades. Instead, rulers and nobles took control.

27 Vocabulary Magna Carta- a document signed in 1215 by king John of England that required the king to honor certain rights Parliament- the lawmaking body that governs England Hundred Years War- a long conflict between England and France that lasted form 1337 to 1453 Black Death- a deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 Heresy- religious ideas that oppose church teachings Reconquista- the effort of Christian kingdoms in northern Spain to retake land from the Moors during the Middle Ages Spanish Inquisition- an organization of priest in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion

28 England: Political Change

29 England Political Change s kings felt they could do as they please 2- kings altitude upset nobles 3- kings create new taxes for peasants, nobles, merchants, and clergy 4- kings began taking the nobles property 5- the nobles decide to force kings to respect their rights:properly, arrest for no reason, ect. Document required king to honor certain rights Rights: 1- rights of habeas corpus: meant people could not be jailed without reason 2- person had to be charged with a crime and convicted at a jury trial, before sent person 3- everyone had to obey the laws -- Even the king This became the basic principals of the English government Created parliament: House of Lords (nobles and knights) House of Commons (town leaders) Independent judicial system is key step in bringing democracy to England.

30 Black Death

31 Black Death It was written by the Members of the College of Physicians of Paris. It was written to make known the causes of the plague. It would be very scary and sad, because everyone is dieting and there is a big chance you could die. There claim was that in India you could read the stars and exert their power against the sea and it would come out in the form of water vapor. When the water vapor arose it killed the fish and spread through the air causing a plague and they would only live if Christ preserved their lives. For their evidence they used prior knowledge about what they knew about India and the stars. It was written by Ibn al-wardi. It was written to describe the effects of the plague on the city of Aleppo in Syria. I would be very scary because if all the deaths, and it would be confusing because no one had a cure. It would also be sad because they thought that God was punishing them. The claim was that God was causing the plague. The evidence was that everyone was dying but they are trying to find remedies which contradicts what he is saying.

32 Black History June 19, 1347 Dear diary, My name is Elizabeth Spears. I am the princess of England. I live in the middle of a small town,in a huge castle. Yesterday we received word that people in the town are starting to turn black and die. That is very scary, I hope that whatever is infecting them does not get into the castle. My father says that we are safe but I am not sure... Love, Princess Lizzie June 21, 1347 Dear diary, Today father went out of the castle to meet with a local merchant. When he came back to the castle he said that it was worse than everyone thought. I am worried about my father, since he went out today he could get the disease! I hope he does not get sick... Love, Princess Lizzie June 22, 1347 Dear Diary, My father got the disease, he has black boobos all over him. I am sleeping in his room beside his bead. I hope he doesn't die. My mother says that I will get sick if I stay near him but I just cannot leave. I hope he does not die... Love, Princess Lizzie June 23,1347 Dear diary, I am having my mother write this. My father had died and i am now infected. I have black all over me. My father died in about a day, that means I will be dead by tomorrow. I am so scared! This will be my last entry. I love you all... Love, Princess Lizzie

33 Christian reactions Church officials sent priests and friars throughout Europe to find possible heretics. Most of these priests and friars tried to be fair. A few tortured people until they confessed to heresy, even if they were innocent. Most people found guilty in these trials were fined or put in prison. Others were killed. Pope Innocent III decided that heresy was too great a threat to ignore. He called a crusade against heretics in southern France. With this call, the pope encouraged the king of France and his knights to rid their country of heretics. The result was a bloody war that lasted about 20 years. For centuries, the kingdoms of northern Spain had been small and weak. But as the Moors power declined, these little Christian kingdoms seized the opportunity to attack. Slowly, they took land away from the Moors. They called their efforts to retake Spain from the Moors the reconquest. In 1085 Castile, the largest of the Spanish kingdoms, won a great victory against the Moors. The Castilian victory inspired other Christian kingdoms to fight the Moors. The kingdoms of Aragon and Portugal soon joined the fight. The Christian armies won victory after victory. By the 1250s, the victorious Christian armies had nearly pushed the Moors completely out of Europe. European Jews also suffered. This suffering was caused by Christians who believed that the Jews had been responsible for the death of Jesus. These Christians thought Jews should be punished.rulers, supported by the church, forced Jews to leave their countries. For example, in 1290, the king of England arrested all English Jews and forced them to leave the country.

34 The Renaissance

35