Index. Human Ecosystem Model, 23 Human well-being, 2, 11, 32, 100, 118, 133, 175, 177, 178, 238, 266, 278, 345, 349 Hydroelectricity, 372

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1 A Adam and Eve, 6, 79 84, 317 Advocacy, 7, 8, 12, 84 85, 167, 168, 182, 184, 188, 213, 325, 326, 392 Advocacy for justice, 85 Aesthetic, 6, 10, 24, 39 47, 115, 149, 152, 166, 194, 214, 236, 246, 285, 287, 308, 370 Africa, v, 120, 124, 130, 131, 199, 200, 202, 204, 228, 282, 302, 305, 319, 342, 343, 369, 384, 390, 400 Agro-ecological, 439 Agro-industrial, 149 Ainu, 6, 33 Alaska, 18, 123, 147, 202, 250, 252 Alterity, 84, 414, 415 Amazon, 3, 11, 12, 60, 165, 332, 372, 374, 376, 379, 407, 408, 414, , 443 Amazon rainforest, 12, 420, 423, 425 Amerindian, 50, 61, 90 94, 97, 98, , 115, 126, 127, 129, 132, 372, 373, 379, 380, 410, 416, 421 Anchieta Island State Park, 359, 360 Andean, 5 7, 49 62, 65 75, 77 85, 90 92, 94, , 133, 245, 373 Andes, 50 52, 55, 56, 58, 61, 66, 78, 81, 82, 90, 94, 95, 105, 200, 371 Animal, v, vi, 7, 18, 46, 52, 54, 56, 65 68, 71, 72, 75, 82 84, 92, , 124, 128, 140, 162, , 175, 239, 240, 245, 285, 286, 308, 318, 329, 331, 344, 377, 386, 403, 404, 415, 434 Anthropocene, 11, 119, 120, 130, 133, , 184, 219, 298, , Anthropocentrism, 83, 84, 103, 242, 318, 385, 388, 389, 428 Anthropogenic, 2, 28, 30 32, 35, 55, 93, 139, , 150, 153, , 266, 298, 302, 410, 416 Arava, 287, 288 Argentina, 56, 60, 93, 353, 356, 409 Aristotle, , 133, 316, 318, 320 Art, 3, 4, 9, 51, 189, 210, 211, 213, , 299 Asia, 3, 7, 114, 120, 124, 130, 131, 184, 210, 228, 282, 302, 319, 384 Australia, 10, 202, 302, 344, 346, 349, 375 Aymara, 5 7, 65 75, 77 81, 83 85, 93, 94, 103, 126, 129, 133 B Bamboo, 31, 32 Benthic ecosystems, 352 Bible, vi, 81, 239, , Bioblitz, , 185, 189 Biocultural co-inhabitation, 91 92, 109, 115, ethics, vii, 4, 7, 18, 39, 47, , , 238, 239, 243, 332, 349, 358, 429 homogenization, 24, 98, 99, 292 Biodiversity, 3, 4, 10, 11, 28, 30, 34, 50, 61, 83, 88, 92, 97, 108, 114, 128, 146, 148, , 174, 176, 178, 180, 184, 185, 188, 199, 214, 218, 223, 227, , 246, 250, 261, 282, 284, , 299, 302, 304, 305, , 332, , 352, 353, 355, 359, 369, 372, 379, 409, 414, , 436, , 444 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 R. Rozzi et al. (eds.), Earth Stewardship, Ecology and Ethics 2, DOI /

2 452 Index Biogeochemical, 12, 28, 30 32, 91, 133, 169, 218, 341, 435 Biogeochemistry, 6, 27 37, 442 Bio-historical, Biophysical, 5, 6, 88 90, 93, 98, 115, 119, 126, 186, 206, 220, 226, 238, 242, 243, 250, 266, 270, 283, 300, 308, 356, 368, 369 Biosphere, 2, 5, 8, 13, 91, 117, 126, 133, 139, 152, 154, 168, 169, , , , 266, 298, 352, 353, 355, 358, 396, 403, 433, 435, 438, 440, 442 Biospheric metabolism, 435 Boff, Leonardo, , 385, 386, 391, 410 Bolivia, 6, 66, 75, 77, 78, 91, 93, 103, 380, 420, 421, 427 Brazil, 11, 12, 103, 108, 117, 191, 202, 207, 209, , , 408, 413, Brazilian Constitution, 374, British Petroleum (BP), 179, 185 Brooks, William Keith, 19 Buddhism, 11, 44, 318, 389, 398 Burch, William R. Jr., 22, 23 C Capacity building, 10, 227, 307, 332, 347 Cape Horn, , 246, 352, 353, 356, 358 Catholic, vi, 11, 52 54, 57, 61, 322, 355, 356, 384, 400, 407, 409, 424 CBD. See Convention on biological diversity (CBD) Chamela, 442 Chesapeake Bay, 5, 19, 25, 189 Ch i, 6, 40 47, 404 Chile, 4, 9, 90, 124, 149, 151, 202, 209, 213, 236, 246, , 353, 355, 356, 358, 373, 409, 411, 413, 414, 429 Chinese philosophy, 6, Christianity, 78, 79, 101, 240, 318, 322, 385, 389, 391, 398, 411, 415 Citizenship, vii, 5, 10, 13, 127, 190, 244, 266, Clements, Frederic E., , 169 Climate change, viii, 11, 20, 30, 32, 35, 96, 106, 118, 138, 139, , 168, 183, 186, 187, 218, 229, 282, 304, 317, 341, 344, 352, 357, , 384, , 390, 395, 399, 400, 436 Climate justice, Coastal protected areas, 353 Coffee, Cognitive, 44, 265, Co-inhabitants, vii, 4, 12, 47, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 104, 105, 107, 108, 114, 119, 120, 127, , 152, 238, 239, , 330, 367, 381 Collaboration, 3, 9, 10, 12, 18, 25, 28, 29, 36, 108, 115, 150, , 183, , 192, 198, 202, 214, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 228, 250, 254, 255, 259, 260, , 285, 294, 305, 326, 331, , 344, 347, 432, 433, 435, 437, Colombia, 56, 58, 90, 95, 98, 104, 117, 124, , 356, 424 Co-management, 5, 20 Common-pool resources, 21, 22 Complementary, 7, 47, 51, 52, 54, 71, 72, 89, 99, 100, 105, 122, 129, 130, 133, 292, 293, 308, 333, 401 Complexity, 11, 22, 96, 103, 115, 139, 143, 147, 221, 223, 224, 226, 230, 265, 270, 274, 325, 326, 330, 331, 333, 369, 378, 380, 402, 434, 439 Conceptual frameworks, 4, 7, 9, 88 90, 94, 97, 105, 114, 120, 127, 129, 130, 139, 140, 223, 238, 240, , 276, 283, Conflict, 55, 60, 95, 96, 117, 127, 141, 164, 183, 230, 264, 283, 286, 292, 320, 353, 360, 379, 396, , 425, 428, 433, 437 Confucianism, 40 47, 398 Conservation, vii, 3 5, 8 11, 17 21, 24, 25, 35, 50, 51, 58, 61, 92, 104, 107, 108, 128, 130, 134, , 152, 162, , 176, 179, 180, 184, 190, 239, 240, 242, 243, 250, 260, 261, 263, 264, 282, 289, 292, 294, 298, 302, 304, 305, 307, 317, 329, 330, 332, 333, 341, , 348, 349, 353, 357, 358, 363, 375, 400, 422, 432, 433, 438 Conservation value, 35 Convention on biological diversity (CBD), 118, 342, 343, 346 Cooper, William, 176 Coral reefs, 250, 282, 352, 356 Coupled, 4, 30 33, 50, 52, 89, 90, 114, 115, 118, 259, 271, 305, 370, 371, 374 Coupled socio-ecological systems, 30, 33, 35, 118, 175, 220 Creation, 25, 42, 45, 79, 81, 82, 102, 126, 150, 166, 168, 169, 178, 218, 224, 237, 240, 269, 305, 316, 317, 353, , 400, 402, 417, 420, 422, 425, 427, 439 Creativity, 4, 13, 40 42, 92, 101, 132, 332

3 453 Cultural identity, 70, 81, 105, 305 landscapes, 51, 61, values, 20, 45, 75, 284, 285, 341, 437, 444 Culture War, 322 Curiosity, 10, 129, , , 439 D Dalai Lama, 390, 399 Daoism, 40 43, 45, 47, 389, 398 De-carbonization, 370, 377 De-construction, 54 de las Casas, Bartolomé, 12, 411 Democracy, 11, 97, , 127, 129, 373, 402, 404 Descartes, Rene, 237 Dialogue, 4, 10, 17 25, 47, 55, 66, 89, 92, 99, 115, 117, 118, 129, 132, 133, 184, 191, 214, 240, , 261, 289, 325, 327, 349, 357, 371, 410, 412, 433 Dominion, 79 81, 168, 169, , 383, 389 Dualism, 51 53, 84, 128, 129, 428 Duality, 6, 71 Dussel, Enrique, vii, 7, 97, 117, 138, 411, 415 Dynamic flux, E Earth Charter, 11, 99, Earth citizenship, 10, 322 Earth stewardship, 1 13, 17, 39, 50, 77 85, , , , 168, , 196, , , 266, , 283, 298, 315, 325, 342, 355, , 383, 404, , 428, Earth stewardship initiative, vii, 3 11, 13, 39, 40, 47, 89, 92, 109, , 118, 124, 129, 133, , , 196, 214, , 236, 245, , 298, 316, 342, 363, 404, 429, 444 Earth summit, 117, 373, 374, 376, 426 Ecofeminism, 391 Ecological complexity, 326, 330 Ecological economics, 126, 401, 403, 439 Ecological Society of America (ESA), vii, 2 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 39, 47, 88, 109, 114, 115, 118, 133, 138, , , 251, 298, 315, 316, 342, 391, 429, 436, 438, 444 Ecology, 1 13, 18, 28, 51, 138, 162, 175, 236, 251, 277, 282, 304, 326, , 384, 396, , 428, 432 Economic values, 7, 47, 97, 236, 320, 362, 439 Ecosystem integrity, 284, 289, 292 Ecosystem services, 10, 17, 18, 36, 115, , 177, 178, 184, 185, 225, 226, 238, , 299, 300, 304, 305, 330, 331, 341, 344, 345, 352, 440, 442, 443 Ecotourism, 109, 357, 358 Ecotourism with a Hand-Lens (EHL), , 246 Ecuador, 14, 52, 56 58, 61, 96, 117, 150, 154, 380, 424 Ecumenical Patriarch, 399 Eel River, 181 EHL. See Ecotourism with a Hand-Lens (EHL) Empathy, 9, 44 47, 254, 255, Emptiness, Engagement, 8, 10, 150, 168, , 214, 253, 259, 264, 265, 284, 293, 305, 327, 328, , 380, 391, 412 Environmental education (EE), 178, 353, 358, 359, 362, 427, 444 Environmental ethics, 4, 6, 11, 12, 18, 32, 33, 50, 84, 99, 102, 108, 125, 168, 213, 236, 238, 240, 245, 266, 298, 321, 322, 380, 391, , 416, 420, 429, Environmental philosophy, 4, 93 96, 108, 109, 114, 132, , 317, 370, 410, 412, 428 Environmental policy, 2, 95, 117, 176, 372, 425 Epistemological paradigm, , 231 Epistemology, 97, 98, 237, 370 ESA. See Ecological Society of America (ESA) Escobar, Arturo, 98, 99, 140, 141, 149, 150 Ethical values, 13, 47, 125, 236, 246, 322, 390, 391 Ethics, 1 13, 18, 28, 39, 50, 78, , , 139, 164, 184, 213, , 255, 298, 316, , 349, 353, 368, , , 410, 420, Ethos, 130, 132, 133, 239, 240, 411, 412, 416, 417 Extractive reserves, 12,

4 454 Index F Feminine-masculine complementarity, 72 Field environmental philosophy (FEP), 9, 108, 109, , 278, 298, 358 Flux of nature, 336 Fornet-Betancourt, Raúl, 90, 92, 416 Forum on religion and ecology, 399 Fusion of horizons, 240, G Gaia, 169, 388, 424, 427 Gebara, Ivone, 103, 107, 385, 413 Gender, 98, 103, 124, 127, 140, 285, 403 Genesis, vi, 7, 79, 81, 168, 169, 237, 244, 317, Global assemblages, 7, 139, 140, 142, 144, , 153 Globalization, 97 98, 125, 139, 145, 150, 230, 302, 413 Global metabolism, 435 Global North, 119, 142, 307, 332 Global South, 7, 141, 142 Gold mining, 148, 149 Golley, Frank, vii, 12, 219, Governance, 2, 7, 10, 11, 21, 91, 100, , 118, 125, 126, 129, 132, 138, 141, 142, 148, 149, 153, 183, 221, 224, 283, , 428, 429 H Habitats, 4, 33, 34, 36, 89, 90, 92 94, 98, , 114, 115, 119, 120, 126, 128, , 147, 180, 190, 191, 230, , , 274, 291, 294, 299, 302, 305, 330, 344, 347, 352, 353, 363, 410, 415, 416, 426, 432, 435, 439, 440 Habits, 4, 17, 89, 90, 92 94, , , 119, 120, 127, , 230, 239, 240, , 410, 416 Hardin, Garrett, 18, 19, 23 Health, 8, 31, 32, 84, 105, 134, 143, 165, 169, 174, 177, 206, 229, 271, 344, 345, 359, 371, 396, 397, 403, 429 Heidegger, Martin, 244 Heraclitus, 91, 133 Heritage landscapes, 51 Hermeneutic, vii, 9, 79, 97, , 391, 413, 416, 417 Hinduism, 11, 318, 398 Holistic, 84, 99, 100, 102, 103, 153, 177, 221, 236, 271, 278, 284, 308, 352, 353, 355, 358, 370, 371, 385, 387, 420 Human Ecosystem Model, 23 Human well-being, 2, 11, 32, 100, 118, 133, 175, 177, 178, 238, 266, 278, 345, 349 Hydroelectricity, 372 I Identity, 4, 50, 51, 53 55, 58, 60 62, 70, 81, 90, 105, 107, 133, 222, 243, 244, 305 ILTER. See International long-term ecological research (ILTER) Indigenous, 12, 33, 50, 51, 54, 58, 60 62, 84, 94, 95, 97, 99, , , 150, 162, 184, 185, 319, , 349, , 398, 399, 403, 408, 409, 420, 421, 423, 443 Intercultural dialogue, 4, 129, 132, 240 Interculturality, 416 Intercultural philosophy, 90, 92, 132 Interdisciplinary, 5, 9, 10, 18, 19, 22, 25, 36, 108, 187, 221, , 236, 239, 240, 250, 251, 254, 259, 264, , 328, 396, Interdisciplinary integration, 187 International Long-Term Ecological Research (ILTER), 3 5, 9, 28, , , 245, 285, , 442 Intrinsic value, 84, 100, 168, 236, 245, 263, 289, 389, 433, 434, 436, 437 Iñupiat, 146, 147 Islam, 11, 318, 322, 398 Israel, 10, 198, 202, J Jacobs, Jane, 24, 25 Japan, 5, 27 37, 197, 202, 209, 213, 342, 369, 371, 374, 428, 439 Jonas, Hans, 429 Jordan, 10, 202, 230, 231, , Judaism, 11, 78, 83, 318, 322, 398 Judeo-Christian, 61, 78, 81, 168, 169, 188, , 389 Justice, vi, vii, 4, 11, 12, 18, 85, 96, 102, 103, 107, 130, 142, , 188, 239, 244, 318, 334, 349, , 395, 398, 402, 403, 411, 412, , 421, 422 K Kaiapo, 386 Kant, Immanuel, 370 Keiner, Christine, Klaver, Irene, 128, 132, 237

5 455 Knowledge production, 2, 150, 153, 210, 213, 214, 331 Kush, Rodolfo, 55, 94 Kyoto Protocol, 370, 374, 384, 396 L Land, 4, 18, 28, 40, 50, 66, 80, 88, 126, 140, 162, 175, 180, 218, , 250, 273, 282, , 298, 316, 341, 369, 388, 407, 420, 439 ethic, vi, vii, 126, 320, 321, 329, 331 property, 80, 93, 341, 422 Language, vi, 20, 60, 68, 83, 88, 89, 91, 92, 99, 106, 109, , 127, 129, 130, 132, 152, 177, 189, 209, 214, 220, 241, 243, 246, 260, 265, 270, 316, 317, 320, 386, 410, 416, 426, 436 Latin America, vi, 7, 9, 12, 61, , 117, 120, 124, 127, 130, 142, , 299, 353, 354, 384, 385, 408, , 415, 417 Latour, Bruno, 139 Leopold, Aldo, vii, 8, 9, 83, 85, 126, 127, 134, , 190, 245, 266, 267, 316, 320, 329 Leslie street spit, 24 Liberation ecology, Liberation eco-theology, Liberation philosophy, 7, 96 99, 129, 410 Liberation theology, 12, 99, 102, 126, 385, Llama, 7, 53, 54, 66, 68, 69, 77 85, 92 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER), vii, 3 10, 23, 28 31, 150, 189, 196, 198, 199, , 213, 214, 223, , 228, 245, , 282, 283, 290, 294, 298, 441, 442 Low carbon policies, 376, 377 Luquillo, Lutzenberger, José, 12, M Magellanic sub-antarctic ecoregion, 151, 152, 241, 242, 246 Man and biosphere, 433, 438 Mandela, Nelson, 342, 343 Mapuche, 60, 409, , 416 Marine issues, 344, Marine protected areas (MPA), 11, 344, 345, , Mediterranean ecosystem, 9, , 307 Méndes, Chico, 12, 100, 356, 359, Metaphor, 7, 10, 11, 13, 21, 50 52, 55, 79, 80, 82, 83, 152, 236, 240, 241, 245, 246, 258, Mexico, 9, 12, 104, 124, 125, 185, 198, 202, 205, 209, 246, 251, 302, 409, 411, 440, 442 Mignolo, Walter, Mill, John Stuart, 237, 238 Mining, 55, 94, 95, 105, 106, 148, 149, 167, 290, 291, 298, 409 Monitoring, 3, 30, 180, 186, 196, 205, 206, 214, 224, 225, 229, 282, 302, 353, 355, 356, 359, 362 Montesinos, Antonio, 411 Moral community, 92, 238, 415, 417 MPA. See Marine protected areas (MPA) Muir, John, 167 Mutuality, 7, 78, 79, 81, Mutuality peasant societies, 7, 81, 84, 85 N Naess, Arne, 51, 244 Nation-state, 127, 134 Negev, 282, 285, 290, 292 New Guinea, 144 Nitrogen cycling (N cycling), 34, 35, 218, 292, 369, 380, 435 Non-Western cultures, 47, 78, 132, 319, 321, 369 Norton, Bryan, 128, 246, 436 O Object, 4, 6, 32, 40, 45, 54, 83, 94, 128, 129, 132, 150, 162, 224, 237, 238, 242, 244, 245, 276 Objectivity, 167, 182, 244 Odum, Eugene, 51, 164, 169, 176, 220, 433, 435 Odum, H.T., 326, 433, 434, 441 Oil, 88, 95, 96, 103, 124, 126, 147, 148, 154, 179, 185, 372, 375, 395 Oil palm, 147, 148 Omora Ethnobotanical Park, 246, 356 Ona, 409 Ostrom, Elinor, 21, 22, 25, 378 P Pachamama, 7, 53, 54, 62, 65 75, 81, 129 Paolisso, Michael, 21 Papua, 144

6 456 Index Paradigm, 9, 13, 39, 53, 58, 72, 97, 99, 109, 118, 162, 163, 168, 169, , 224, 226, 230, 231, 245, 289, 292, 294, 330, 355, 367, 368, , 386, 391, 427, 428 Paradigm shift, 2, 8, 13, 294 Participation, vii, 10, 22, 36, 51, 91, 94, 117, 150, 187, 214, 228, 252, 260, 275, 292, 305, 316, 326, 327, , 359, 371, 379, 399, 400, 420, 429, 433 Participatory processes, Passmore, John, 79, 317, 321 Patagonia, 60, 61, 356, 379, 409, 413, 416 Perceptions, 20, 21, 44, 88, 219, 240, 243, 251, 254, 256, 261, 284, 285, 294, 300, 302, 308, 357, 362 Philosophical traditions, 6, 18, Place-based, 150, 260, 264, 273, 283 Planetary boundaries, 122, 126, 368, 369, 371 Planetary consciousness, , 379, 380 Plantation, 30, 299, 306, 375, 426, 439 Plutocracy, , , 127, 129 Political ecology, 7, 13, 51, 139, 141, 142, 153 Politics, vii, 50, , 167, 316, 318, 320, 321, 372, 378, 379, 386, 396, 421, 437 Pollution, 31, 32, 95, 126, 142, 191, 317, 347, 369, 374, 379, 388, 395, 427, 434 Pope, 101, 102, 399 Potatoes, 66 71, 74, 92, 105, 106 Poverty, 97 99, 103, 107, 130, 144, 145, 286, 379, 396, 398, 399, 403, 415, 420, 423 Practitioner Engagement, Pre-Socratic, 90 93, 132 Property, 58, 59, 79 81, 93, 138, 143, 168, 221, 274, 277, 318, 422 Protected areas, 10, 51, 152, 305, , 422 Protestant, 322, 411, 415 Public, 2, 17, 24, 25, 29, 36, 47, 81, 89, 97, , 168, , 180, 182, 185, 186, 189, 191, 207, 222, 251, 254, 256, 261, 271, , 298, 299, 301, 317, 320, 322, 323, 357, 361, 362, 372, 374, 376, 377, 395, 425, 427, 438 Public interest, 372 Q Quechua, 5, 6, 73, 75, 81, 90, 94, , 126 R Rationality, 9, 45, 101 Reciprocity, 6, 66, 71, 72, 74, 75, 83, 106, 126, 133 Recreation, 24, 73, 164, 166, 167, 180, 286, 292, 293, , 353, 358 Recycling, 375, 427 Religion, vi, vii, 2, 32, 50, 66, 78, 98, 115, 166, 174, 287, 316, 329, 379, , , 424 Religious environmentalist, 322 Religious traditions, 11, 126, 175, 318, 319, 321, 322, Religious workers, 408 Research outputs, , , 208, 210, 214 Reverence, 11, 53, 61, 126, 398, 402 Ricoeur, Paul, 241 Rituals, 6, 33, 55 58, 66, 68 70, 72, 75, 77, 81, 88, 92, 105, 398, 400, 404 Rolston, Holmes, 7, 12, 436 Rubber tappers, 12, 100, Rural urban migration, 36, 94, 133, 299 S Sabbath, Sacred site conservation, 51 Saint Francis, 101, 102 San Carlos, 443 Sarmiento s trilemma, 50, 51, 54 Satoyama, 5, Self-realization, 45, 46 Shelford, Victor, 8, , 176 Site-based research, 227, 442, 444 Smith, Adam, 275 Social inequity, 299 Socio-ecological research, vii, 3, 4, 213, 226, 227, 236, 285 Socioecosystems, 9, Solidarity, 33, 66, 74, 75, 100, 109, 126, 130, 320, 349, 390, 391, 410, 422 South America, 4, 6, 47, 50, 66, 82, 90, 92, 92, 102, 103, 117, 131, 151, 200, 204, 228, 299, 319, , , 389, 425 Spiral model of learning, 150, 152 Spirituality, 60, 65 75, 386, 391, 409 Stang, Dorothy, 11, 12, Steward, 1 13, 84, 85, 134, 168, , 318, 330, 333, 371, 417 Stewardship, 2, 17, 31, 39, 50, 78, 88, 114, 138, 168, 175, 196, 218, 236, 266, 270, 283, 298, 315, 325, 342, 355, 367, 383, 410, 428, 432

7 457 Subject, vi, 23, 45, 83, 125, 128, 129, 150, 169, 191, 198, 201, 203, 224, 237, , 294, 377, 391, 424, 428 Superorganism, 163, 164, 168, 410 Sustainability, vii, 2, 11, 30, 50, 96, 98, 127, 130, 133, 138, 148, 153, , , 218, 221, 222, , , 270, 271, 273, 274, 278, 286, 307, 343, 345, 347, 349, 353, 372, 378, , 398, , 422, 423, 429, 432, 443 Sustainable agriculture, 400, 421 Sustainable development, 51, 54, 128, 343, 345, 349, 378, 387, 398, 407, 421, 422, 427 Sustainable tourism, 352 Sustainable urban planning, 298 Symbolic-linguistic, 88 90, 93, 115, 238, 242 U Underwater trail, Uneven development, 148, 153 Urban ecology, 143 Urban ecosystems, 9, 186, 298, 308 Uruguay, 353, 356, 373, 380 Utilitarianism, 132 U wa, 95, 96, 117, 127 V Valdivia, 298, 300, 301, 307, 308 Values, 5, 18, 35, 39, 53, 72, 82, 88, 124, 139, 166, 185, 213, 236, 251, 273, 283, 299, 316, 329, 341, 357, 368, 389, 398, 410, 432 Viracocha, 55, 90, 91 Virtue, 42, 83, 132, 266, 403, 404 T Tamayo, Andres, 408, , 416 Tansley, Arthur, 139, 163, 164 Taoism, 41, 44 Technology, 23, 79, 80, 88, 100, 125, 190, 192, 211, 219, 220, 230, 231, 270, , 334, 373, 388, 396, 415, 427, 428, 435 Technosphere, 134, Territory, 58 60, 66, 93 96, 98, 99, 134, 298, 302, 318, 372, 409, 413, 420 The Nature Conservancy (TNC), 168, 176, 438 Tierra del Fuego, 149, 409 Toledo, Victor, 108, 223, 224 Tourism, 11, 150, 282, 287, 352, 358 Traditional ecological knowledge, 4, 6, 7, 27 37, 50, 107, 108, 133, 196, 214, 438 Traditional irrigation, Tragedy of the commons, 18 23, 25, 93 Transboundary, 294 Transdisciplinary research, 9, , , 245, 282, 283, 294 Transversality, 10, 332, 333 W Waorani, 88, 96 Western cultures, 94, 319 Western traditions, 79, 317 White, Lynn, 101, 168, 318, 385, 389 Wilderness, 24, 25, , 291, 319, 409 Wilson, E.O., viii, 400 World Parks Congress (WPC), 10, , 346, 349 World religions, 126, World Systems Theory, 141 Worldview, 4 6, 19, 39, 40, 47, 54, 60, 65 75, 84, 89 93, , 114, 115, 118, 126, , 132, 139, 150, 151, 166, 168, 214, 241, , 349, 410, 416, 420 World War, 36, 97 98, 119, 167, WPC. See World Parks Congress (WPC) Y Yanomami, 386, 421, 426 Yasuní, 88, 96, 117 Youth, 66, 342, 343, 401, 428