Latin Aeneid Outline Book I Page 1

Transcription

1 Latin Aeneid Outline Book I Page Invocation. 1-7 Statement of themes Muse is asked to explain how gods can act so harshly to man Divine Level: Background: the story begins Juno s love for Carthage Danger posed by Troy and its descendants Juno s reasons for hating the Trojans Divine Level: Juno and Aeolus unleash a storm to ruin the Trojans Quick glimpse of the Trojans at sea JUNO (to herself): Am I unable to destroy the Trojans? Minerva could kill Ajax I ve fought with the Trojans for years and now no one will honor me Description of Aeolus and his cave JUNO (to Aeolus): My compliments to you as king of the winds; My problem: the Trojans are sailing to Italy; My request: destroy them anyway you wish; My thanks: I ll give you a beautiful bride and children AEOLUS: Your wish is my command Human Level: The storm strikes Aeneas and his fleet Description of the winds release and the subsequent storm AENEAS: I wish I had died nobly back at Troy before my father, where Hector and the other heroes lie dead One ship is destroyed and the fleet is scattered Divine Level: Neptune calms the storm Neptune senses the storm, rises to surface, and summons the winds NEPTUNE: You winds and your king have trespassed in my domain; stop now Neptune and two minor gods calm the seas and free the ships on the sandbars Simile: Neptune is compared to a noble man stopping a riot Human Level: Landing near Carthage The Trojans land in an elaborately described harbor Aeneas searches in vain for his lost ships but does kill 7 deer for his ships Aeneas provides food and drink for a feast AENEAS: We ve been through worse things; we know where we re headed, so let s persevere The Trojans prepare and eat their feast, then lament for their lost comrades Divine Level: Venus laments, Jupiter consoles with a view of future Venus in tears approaches Jupiter VENUS: What about your promises to the Trojans? Antenor got his city But your own family doesn t get their just due JUPITER: Don t worry, Aeneas will found his city Aeneas will fulfill his destiny in Italy Ascanius will move the government to Alba Longa Romulus will found the city of Rome I have given them unlimited power, and even Juno will be reconciled Greece will be conquered at some time in the future You will receive Augustus, loaded with spoils, in heaven someday The gates of war will be closed and Furor will be in chains Mercury is sent to Carthage to assure that the Carthaginians are hospitable Human/Divine Level: Aeneas, while scouting, meets Venus Aeneas and Achates go scouting Venus in huntress disguise meets them VENUS: Have you seen one of my sisters wandering around here? AENEAS: You must be a goddess! Please help us and I ll sacrifice to you VENUS: You re in Dido s Carthage, and I ll tell her story Dido married Sychaeus, the richest man in Phoenicia; he was killed by her greedy brother, King Pygmalion, who concealed his crime; Sychaeus ghost appeared in a dream to Dido, who seized the buried treasure and sailed away to found a city in Africa.

2 Latin Aeneid Outline Book I Page AENEAS: We are Trojans heading to Italy, who have suffered grievously VENUS: Keep on the road to Carthage; I see an omen of the swans and that means your fleet is safe AENEAS (recognizing his fleeing mother): Why can t we talk normally? Venus encloses him in a cloud of invisibility and heads to Paphos Human Level: Aeneas enters Carthage Aeneas catches his first sight of the Carthaginians building their new city Simile of the workers compared to bees building a hive Aeneas wishes he were building his city Description of Juno s grove and temple in the middle of Carthage Aeneas experiences hope as he sees a mural depicting Troy s fall AENEAS: Achates, Troy s glorious fall will bring us some help A description (ecphrasis) of the mural, with Aeneas tearful reactions: Two panels of Greeks fleeing the Trojans and Achilles chasing the Trojans Rhesus and the loss of his horses The death of Troilus at Achilles hands The Trojan women weep as they worship Minerva in vain Hector ransoms the corpse of Hector from Achilles Aeneas recognizes himself amidst the fighting figures Penthesilea, the Amazon queen, charges to war, heading her army Human Level: Dido meets the men from Aeneas lost ships Dido enters with her attendants; a simile of Dido compared to Diana The leaders of the lost ships enter, but Aeneas and Achates remain in the cloud ILIONEUS: We Trojans aren t here to plunder your lands We headed for Italy but a storm drove us off course What kind of people are this barbaric and drive all strangers away? Our king was Aeneas and you will not regret helping us? We re heading to Sicily or Italy, depending on whether Aeneas still lives DIDO: Don t be upset, I have to guard my new kingdom Who hasn t heard of Troy? I ll help you go to either Sicily or Italy, or you can stay here with me, but I wish that Aeneas himself were here Human Level: Aeneas meets Dido and they exchange greetings ACHATES: Let s get out of cloud. It s just like your mother said it would be Aeneas emerges, drenched with beauty by Venus; a simile of his beauty to that of natural objects enhanced by the addition of silver or gold AENEAS: I am Trojan Aeneas We could never thank you properly for your great generosity. What great parents bore you. I ll always remember you, wherever I go Aeneas greets his lost friends DIDO: What brings you here? Are you the Aeneas? I heard about you from Teucer, who was your enemy but admired your people s bravery Because of my experiences, I ve learned to help those in need She escorts Aeneas into palace and sends food to the ships Description of the inner palace and the preparations for the feast Achates is sent by Aeneas to fetch Iulus Achates also has to bring back gifts from Troy: Helen s clothing, Ilione s scepter and jewels Divine Level: Venus plots with Cupid Venus is troubled in spirit because of possible further acts by Juno VENUS: Cupid, you have to help me because you know what troubles Aeneas has suffered at Juno s hands and now he is delayed by Dido I have a plan, and please listen Disguise yourself as the boy Iulus and at the banquet make Dido fall in love with Aeneas Cupid agrees, Venus takes Ascanius away to Idalia, and Cupid in disguise goes to Carthage with Achates and the gifts for Dido.

3 Latin Aeneid Outline Book I Page Human Level: The banquet at Dido s palace in honor of Aeneas Preparations for the feast and the entry of the various guests Reactions of the guests to the gifts, especially of Dido to the gifts and the boy Cupid attacks Dido and fills her with love for Aeneas As the food is removed, the lights are lit for the conversation to follow A ceremonial cup is passed around to start the drinking DIDO: May Jupiter, god of hospitality, make this day memorable for both Tyrians and Trojans, and may Juno and Bacchus celebrate this meeting Dido challenges Bitias to drink from the cup and he spills it on himself The bard Iopas sings of the world s natural phenomena, to great applause Dido, already in love, asks questions about the war and its warriors DIDO: Aeneas, tell me about your misfortunes and wanderings.

4 Latin Aeneid Outline Book II Page Introduction 1-9 AENEAS: It s painful to remember Troy s fall and its fate But if you wish, I will tell you The Greeks leave; Trojans find a wooden horse; Laocoon attacks the horse The Greeks build and fill a wooden horse with Minerva s help The Greeks leave and hide at Tenedos The Trojans come out and wander through the Greek camp Thymoetes urges the horse be brought inside Troy Capys et al. urge burning it; the crowd is unsure LAOCOON: Do you trust Greeks? This is some enemy trick Laocoon hurls a spear but none hear any noise in the horse because fate is against Troy Sinon episode Sinon is led in chains into the midst of the Trojans SINON: What hope is there for me? The Trojans check their urge to kill and bid him speak SINON: I ll tell the truth - I am a Greek The story of Palamedes death through Ulysses lies and Sinon s desire for revenge; Ulysses takes steps to stop this with the help of Calchas and But you Trojans don t care - go ahead, kill me as the Greeks want The Trojans are ensnared by his story as he hesitates SINON: The Greeks wanted to leave, especially after the horse was built The Greeks sent to the oracle, which said, Sacrifice a Greek. Everybody was afraid Ulysses gets Calchas to pick me after 10 days all the others are relieved Ready for sacrifice, I escape and hide until Greeks leave I have no hope of returning home and my family will be punished Have mercy on me PRIAM: Free his chains; tell me the purpose of this horse SINON: It is permitted to break faith with the Greeks and tell you the whole truth Ever since her statue was stolen, Minerva s been against the Greeks Calchas said the Greeks had to return home and reconcile the gods Calchas ordered that a horse be built to atone for the theft, but built so big it couldn t be taken into Troy to protect the Trojans Trojans believe Sinon and are really doomed from here on Laocoon Episode Laocoon is sacrificing as 2 horrible snakes arrive from Tenedos The Trojans flee; the snakes attack his children and then Laocoon; a simile of Laocoon to a bull The snakes flee to the temple of Minerva and hide under her statue s feet The Trojans are convinced and order the horse be led into Troy The Horse enters The walls are opened and the youths pull the horse into Troy Even though it stops 4 times, the work continues Cassandra warns against the horse, but is not believed Night falls on the exhausted Trojans The Greek fleet returns and signals for Sinon to let the men out of the horse The Greeks join forces and attack the sleeping Trojans Hector appears to Aeneas Hector appears in Aeneas dream as he was in death, foul with gore and dust AENEAS: How glad I am to see you! But what has happened? HECTOR: Troy has fallen and you can t save it - nor could I - escape now! Take the gods of Troy and found a new city Aeneas first experiences in the fall of Troy The noise of battle awakens Aeneas who climbs to the roof top Simile of Aeneas to a shepherd hearing approaching danger Aeneas sees the fires, hears the noise, and decides to join the fight and die AENEAS (to Panthus, arriving at his door): What s wrong? PANTHUS: Troy has fallen and the Greeks hold the city Aeneas is swept into war by these words and gathers a band of warriors AENEAS: The gods are against us, so let us die with honor and courage Simile of Trojan warriors to ravenous wolves defending their young The men make their way through a city full of destruction and carnage A Greek named ANDROGEOS meets them, asks: Where have you Greeks been?

5 Latin Aeneid Outline Book II Page He stops as he realizes his mistake; simile of a man stepping on a snake Androgeos and his men are killed by Aeneas and his Trojans The Trojan COROEBUS: Let s disguise ourselves with Greek weapons and armor The Trojans agree and proceed to rout small groups of Greeks Cassandra is being dragged in chains from the Temple of Minerva Coroebus, her fiancé, rushes to her rescue Aeneas band is attacked by Greeks and by mistake by Trojans on temple roof Simile of a battle to a clash of winds The Trojans drop, one by one Aeneas asserts he fought bravely enough to merit death, but survived At the center of the fight, the royal palace, Priam, the king of Troy, dies The intense battle rages most fiercely at Priam s palace Aeneas enters by a back door, climbs to the roof, and throws down pieces of roof on the ever-assaulting Greeks Pyrrhus appears in doorway; simile of Pyrrhus compared to a fresh snake The Greeks advance into the house with brute force The scene within: women wailing, walls and doors smashed, Greeks killing Simile of the Greeks to an advancing river flood Aeneas says he was an eyewitness to the fight in the inner palace Priam arms to defend himself and his home against the Greeks At an altar in the center of the palace Hecuba and Priam s daughters sit HECUBA: Are you crazy? Not even Hector could help. Sit here with me for protection Polites, pursued by Pyrrhus, pours out his lifeblood at his father s feet PRIAM (reproaching Pyrrhus): May the gods repay you for your cruelty. You re not the man your father Achilles was Priam hurls his useless weapon at Pyrrhus PYRRHUS: Go tell my dead father how bad I am! Now die! Pyrrhus kills Priam at the altar as the old man slips in his son s blood Priam s headless corpse lies in the shore, the sad end of a great king Aeneas sees Helen but Venus shows him the gods destroying Troy Aeneas thinks of home: wife, father and son; he realizes he s alone now He sees Helen, cowering at an altar in fear of both Greeks and Trojans AENEAS (to himself): Is she to go home while Troy is burned? No! Even though there s no honor in killing a woman, I ll kill her Venus appears as her goddess self to Aeneas VENUS: Why don t you think of your family, whom I ve protected thus far? Helen and Paris aren t destroying Troy - the gods are Look (with cleared vision) at Neptune, Juno, Minerva, & Jupiter breaking down the walls Save your family. I ll help you. She disappears and the gods continue Simile of Troy to a tree chopped down Aeneas heads home The scene at home At home Aeneas finds Anchises unwilling to go into exile ANCHISES: You healthy people flee! I ve survived one sack, that s enough; leave my corpse here - the enemy will take pity and kill me. My life has been useless ever since Jupiter blasted me Despite family pleas Anchises refuses to leave AENEAS: Did you think I d abandon you? If you want us all to die, Pyrrhus will soon be here Oh Venus, did you save me so I could see my family killed? Let me return to battle As Aeneas arms himself, CREUSA begs: Don t abandon your family! An omen appears: a tongue of fire burns around the head of Iulus ANCHISES: "Oh Jupiter, confirm this omen for us A shooting star crashes down on Mt. Ida ANCHISES: I give in, I will go as my son s companion into exile Aeneas give instructions to his household on where to meet outside Troy AENEAS: Let s meet at the deserted temple of Ceres outside the city Anchises. please carry the holy objects because I am ritually unclean.

6 Latin Aeneid Outline Book II Page They leave the house Creusa disappears They make their way through the dark city Everything frightens Aeneas; Anchises sees the enemy; they leave the main road Creusa gets lost somehow Aeneas is heart-broken and decides to return to the city He retraces his steps, even to Priam s palace, and sees Troy in ruins As he calls her name, Creusa s ghost appears CREUSA S GHOST: The gods are taking care of me - don t worry Go found Italy, get a new wife I will serve Cybele; love our son She flees his grasp three times as he weeps Aeneas returns to Mt. Ida, finds a crowd ready for exile, picks up his father, and heads for the mountains at dawn.

7 Latin Aeneid Outline Book III Page Gathered at Mt. Ida, the Trojans sail in a new fleet at direction of Anchises. 1-8 With Troy destroyed by the gods, exile in a deserted land is decreed by auguries; so a fleet is built, men are gathered for an uncertain future As summer starts, at Anchises order, I set sail from the area of Troy with my men, my son, the great gods, and the Penates of Troy The first attempt to settle in Thrace; the unhappy story of Polydorus On the coast of Thrace, in a land where King Lycurgus had been a friend of Troy, I build my first city, calling it Aeneadae after myself Sacrificing to Venus, I pull cornel and myrtle bushes from a nearby mound; blood emerges in drops, staining the ground and chilling my spirit A second attempt produces the same dreadful result: blood After I pray to the Nymphs and Mars, the god of Thrace, a third pull at the bushes elicits a sad groan from within the mound Don t violate my tomb, but flee this greedy land. I am Trojan Polydorus Stunned with fear, I recall the story of Polydorus: Priam, worried about the siege of Troy, sent the boy to be reared in Thrace by the king, who, when Troy fell to Agamemnon, broke his treaty, killed Polydorus, and seized the gold Apostrophe by Aeneas the narrator, lamenting the passion for gold that drives men I bring the omen to my people and Anchises, who unanimously agree to leave this polluted land at once I perform the proper funeral rites for Polydorus, putting his spirit to rest The Trojans head to Delos for a consultation with the oracle As soon as possible the Trojans leave Thrace behind them The holy island of Delos, sacred to the gods, especially Apollo, who has anchored the oncefloating island that offered his mother a birth-place for her children by Jupiter Greeted and welcomed by King/Priest Anius, who recognizes Anchises as a friend, I begin praying at once at the temple: Grant a secure and lasting home to the Trojans who have survived the Greeks. Where should we go? Give us a sign At once the entire area is shaken and a voice comes to their ears: Seek your original land, which will receive you back with riches; seek your ancient mother. There the house of Aeneas and its descendants will rule over all the shores As all wonder what walls Apollo means, Anchises provides his interpretation: Crete, island of a hundred cities, was home of Teucer, who came to Rhoetean shores, before Troy and its citadel stood. Crete was also home of Cybele, the Magna Mater Let us follow the god s advice and with Jupiter s help we will soon be there Anchises sacrifices a bull each to Neptune and Apollo, and sheep to the winter and to the West Wind The second attempt to settle in Crete: a new Pergamum, plague, and a new direction indicated by the Penates, confirmed by Anchises The rumor that Idomeneus, a major Greek leader at Troy, has abandoned Crete encourages the Trojans as they sail through the Cyclades Islands to the shore of Crete, saying: We seek Crete and our ancestors A new city is walled, called Pergamum, and the Trojans busy themselves with the work of a new civilization A plague strikes men and crops, followed by a scorching drought Anchises advises another consultation at Delos with the oracle The Trojan Penates appear to me as I sleep We, who have followed you and will give power to your race and city, will tell you what Apollo would tell you at Delos. Don t give up Apollo did not mean Crete, but Hesperia, now called Italy after its ruler. Dardanus, founder of our race, came from there. Jupiter denies you Crete Awakened from sleep, awe-struck, I offer pure gifts at the hearth/altar Informed of the dream, Anchises realizes that he has misread the omen because of Troy s double ancestry.

8 Latin Aeneid Outline Book III Page Cassandra used to speak of Hesperia, but no one listened to her. Let s follow Apollo and do as we are told All agree and set sail at once, leaving everything they had built The three-day storm and the island of the Harpies Once out of sight of land, a storm blocks out night and day for all, including the chief helmsman Palinurus; we wander for three days in a mist until on the fourth smoke and mountains are seen, and happily the men row for land This is one of the Strophades Islands, set in the Ionian Sea, where the Harpies, led by Celaeno, dwell; they are foul birds, with virgins faces, always hungry The Trojans land, killing the cattle and goats they find. After sacrificing to the gods, they recline for a rich feast on the shore The Harpies attack with their wings and follow everything they touch In a protected shelter the feast is again attacked and polluted by the Harpies I declare war on the Harpies and the men hide their weapons amid the grass before the next attack At the trumpeter Misenus signal, a battle begins, from which the Harpies depart unwounded and with the food fouled Celaeno stood on a high rock to proclaim: Do you children of Laomedon treat the guiltless Harpies thus, killing our cattle and driving us from our land. I have a prophecy from Jupiter to Apollo to me for you You will reach Italy but, before you can build your city, a dreadful hunger will force you to eat your tables As she departs, my companions panicked and asked me to make peace with these creatures, until Anchises prayed with a loud voice: O gods, turn away such threats and misfortune; protect this pious race We sail away, past various Greek islands, including Ithaca, home of savage Ulysses, until we reach the region of the promontory of Leucata and go ashore at a small city (Actium) The Games at Actium and the establishment of the shield monument The Trojans, delighted to have sailed past so many Greeks, celebrate with traditional games and sacrifices I set up a shield as a memorial of the events, with this inscription: Aeneas gives these weapons from the victorious Greeks We set sail and approach Buthrotum The stay at Buthrotum Here a rumor, that Helenus, son of Priam, rules over the Greek city of Pyrrhus and has taken Andromache, Hector s wife, as his wife, fires me up to find out the truth in person As I approach from the harbor, Andromache comes out to the empty tomb of Hector to perform her yearly mourning. When she recognizes me in my Trojan armor, she faints, finally recovering to ask: Is it really you Aeneas? Or if I have died, where is Hector? As she weeps, I respond briefly, upset: I live indeed, through all my difficulties. But what has happened to Andromache, wife of Hector? Do you preserve the marriage of Pyrrhus? Sad and with a low voice she replies: Priam s daughter, sacrificed at Achilles tomb, was lucky to escape a master s bed in slavery I endured Pyrrhus bed and bore his child, until he sought Menelaus daughter by Helen. I was passed on as a slave to his slave Helenus. When Neoptolemus was killed by Orestes, angered over his stolen bride, Helenus inherited part of this land and has called the area Chaonia, building a Trojan citadel of Pergamum What has driven you here? Does Ascanius miss his mother? Do Hector and you serve as models of courage and manliness for him? As she weeps, Helenus approaches and recognizes us, and leads us within his city We enter, recognizing a little Troy, carefully crafted after the original in every way. We sit down to a rich feast as King Helenus prays and offers libations Time passes quickly, and the sails are filled with the inviting winds; I approach the prophet-king and ask: O most learned prophet of Apollo, since the gods have told me to seek

9 Latin Aeneid Outline Book III Page 3 Italy and only Celaeno has predicted any harm, tell me what dangers to avoid or how I can best achieve such great labors After performing proper sacrifices to you, Apollo, Helenus leads me to your doorway where, inspired by your divine power, he predicts: I can only tell you a few things to make your trip to Italy safer, even though your mission is sanctioned by Jupiter; the Fates and Juno forbid me to know or speak more Italy is not close, and first you must sail around Sicily, the lake of the Underworld, and Aeaea, Circe s island, before you reach your city s site When you find under an oak a white pig with thirty white piglets around her, then you will have found your site Don t worry about eating the tables; the fates will find a way, and Apollo will also be there when called Avoid the Italy that lies across the Adriatic; Greeks have settled everywhere When you land, veil your hair with a purple mantle, so that no enemy s face can stop the ceremony. Pass this practice on to all future generations Avoid Scylla and Charybdis (the straits of Messina); sail around Sicily, even if it is a long route If I know anything of prophecy and if Apollo inspires me, the most important thing is to always win Juno over with prayers and gifts When you reach Cumae and Avernus, you will find an inspired priestess, who writes her words on leaves that blow apart as soon as the door is opened; she does not put them back in order, and so men hate the Sibyl Here, no matter what, make sure that she sings her prophecies in your presence, telling you of the peoples and wars that will come in Italy, and what you should do This is all I am allowed to tell you; your role is to carry Troy to the heavens by your deeds After he finishes, Helenus presents me with lavish gifts; then he presents Anchises with gifts, and also supplies horses and guides, and even refurbishes my ships and crew. As Anchises orders us to fit the fleet with sails, Helenus says: O honored Anchises, twice saved from Troy; here is Ausonian Italy, but glide past this shore and go the long path of Apollo. But why do I waste time? A sad Andromache presents Ascanius with a Phrygian scarf and other gifts, saying: Take these gifts as reminders of Hector s Andromache. Oh, how much you look like my son Astyanax in every way I replied in tears: Live happy in your restored Troy, free from the Greeks and with good omens. If I ever found my city, the Trojans of Italy and of Epirus will make new the spirit of Troy The Trojans proceed, reaching Arx Minervae (Castrum Minervae) and seeing an omen of four white horses We sail past the Ceraunian mountains, then put ashore for some much-needed sleep. But before midnight Palinurus wakes us because the winds and stars are most favorable At dawn, Italy is spotted as Achates raises the cry and Anchises makes a libation to the gods, praying: O gods of land and sea, help us on our journey As we enter the harbor of Arx Minervae, I see four white horses grazing over the plain Anchises interprets: These horses are signs for both war and peace Veiled as Helenus instructed, we sacrifice to Minerva and to Juno The Trojans sail past Tarentum and with Etna in sight row hard past Scylla and Charybdis; they spend a sleepless night on the shore near the erupting volcano We leave Greek lands and sail across the Gulf of Tarentum towards Mt. Etna As we hear the noisy sea and the pounded rocks, Anchises cries out: This is the Charybdis Helenus warned about; row for our lives With the rowers efforts and Palinurus expert guidance, we make it safely to the shores of the Cyclops (Sicily) Nearby Etna erupts through the night, terrifying us as we hide in the forests, unable to see or understand what was happening. The giant Enceladus, blasted by the thunderbolt, lies beneath Etna, which trembles whenever he turns his body.

10 Latin Aeneid Outline Book III Page The Trojans find Achaemenides, an abandoned member of Ulysses crew, hear his story, and encounter the Cyclops The next morning a dirty figure appears on the shore, a Greek from the Trojan War, who rushes up to us, despite our Trojan weapons, and begs: Take me with you, even though I am a Greek. Or kill me horribly if necessary; it is better to die at the hands of men We urge the suppliant to tell us who he is and what his story is; Anchises gives his hand and cheers the man by this gesture. With fear put aside, he begins: I am Achaemenides, whose poor father sent him as a companion of unlucky Ulysses to the Trojan War My panicked companions deserted me in the Cyclops cave. The cave is monstrous and bloody and he is an unfriendly giant and a devourer of men. I saw him kill and eat two of our men in his cave But Ulysses took vengeance, boring through his one giant eye with a heated stake Flee at once, for a hundred other Cyclopes roam these hills. For three months I have lived on berries, nuts and roots, hiding in the woods in fear for my life. You are the first fleet I have seen and I place myself freely in your power. It is better to escape this tribe and die at your hands As he finishes the blind Polyphemus makes his way to shore to rinse his bleeding wound amid much gnashing of teeth When he sensed our presence as we fled with Achaemenides, he pursued us. Unable to reach us, he raised a cry, summoning the other Cyclopes, who appear like lofty trees on the ridges surrounding the harbor We escaped past Scylla, sailing along the coast of Sicily to Drepanum, where Anchises died unexpectedly; a storm then drove me here to Carthage As we sail past Scylla, Achaemenides points out the places he knew from his trip with Ulysses. We sail on past many places in Sicily, worshipping the great divine powers of the land, especially at Arethusa At Drepanum, Anchises died without warning, which no one had predicted or cursed him with. This was the hardest part of my journey. 715 A god then drove me as I left Drepanum to your shore Aeneas ends the story of the gods fates and his wanderings, with all attentively listening.

11 Latin Aeneid Outline Book IV Page Dido, in Love, Talks with Anna. 1-5 Dido is in love, wounded and on fire. 6-8 At dawn she addresses her sympathetic sister DIDO: What a man! What a life he s had! Although resolved on celibacy after Sychaeus death, this man could change my mind But may I die if I break my vow to Sychaeus. She weeps ANNA: Why not love Aeneas? The dead don t care You ve rejected all your suitors. Look around the country - you re in danger The gods have brought him here to make Carthage great Just keep him here until the winter and bad sailing weather sets in Dido gives in to love and releases her sense of shame Dido and Anna sacrifice at the altars to Ceres, Apollo, Bacchus, and Juno Dido is consumed by passions SIMILE of Dido to a deer wounded by an unsuspecting shepherd Dido hangs on Aeneas every word Dido, thinking only of Aeneas, neglects her city and royal responsibilities Juno and Venus Plan the Marriage of Aeneas and Dido Juno sees what s going on and addresses Venus JUNO: It s really fair when two gods gang up on one woman What s the point of more fighting when you ve got Dido so in love already? Let s share the power: Dido will be a slave (wife) to Aeneas Venus sees Juno s hidden plans and prepares a reply: VENUS: I m willing - who would want to fight with you? But I'm not sure if Jupiter will approve this marriage and treaty You re his wife; so you find out and get his approval JUNO: I ll take care of that. Now listen to my plan Dido and Aeneas go out to hunt at dawn I will send a great storm, everyone scatters and the lovers wind up in a cave I ll be there and with your approval I will join them in marriage Venus knowingly smiles her agreement The Marriage in the Storm At dawn everyone is getting ready, especially Dido Aeneas enters. SIMILE of Aeneas compared to Apollo in terms of beauty The hunt proceeds, with Ascanius eagerly in the thick of it The storm arrives, Dido and Aeneas flee to a cave, and the marriage occurs This day begins Dido s downfall, when she considers this a real marriage Rumor Spreads the Story, Even to Iarbas, a Rejected Suitor Rumor has speed, strength and size Earth, angered at the gods, spawned this creature Rumor has an unusual appearance: eyes, mouths, and ears in abundance Rumor works night and day to spread truth or lies Rumor sings the story of Dido and Aeneas affair Rumor tells Iarbas the story and enrages him A pious, respected son of Jupiter, Iarbas goes to the altar of his divine father IARBAS: Have we prayed to you, a false god with no power? We let Dido in here in this country, but now she has chosen this half-man instead of me, who is worshipping a god with no real power Jupiter Notices What Has Happened and Intervenes Through Mercury Jupiter notices the forgetful lovers after Iarbas prayer and calls Mercury JUPITER: Carry my commands down to Aeneas His mother promised he would rule Italy and start a noble race Let him at least think of Ascanius and leave at once Mercury dons his wings and flies down to Aeneas by way of the Atlas Mountains Mercury lands to find Aeneas building Carthage and dressed in Dido s gifts MERCURY: "Why are you building here? Jupiter sent me to tell you to leave. Why waste time here? If not for yourself, at least do what you should for your son Ascanius Mercury finishes and vanishes into the thin air Aeneas and Dido Quarrel About His Departure.

12 Latin Aeneid Outline Book IV Page Aeneas ponders his situation, then orders his men to get ready to sail Dido finds out. SIMILE of Dido to a frenzied Bacchant DIDO: "Did you hope to sneak away? Do I mean so little to you? Would you sail in this weather if Troy still stood? Please, I beg you, change your mind Because of you I m hated by my neighbors and by my own people If only I had your baby, I wouldn t be so unhappy AENEAS: I don t regret loving you and will always remember you In my defense, I made no promises of marriage If I could, I would be back rebuilding Troy I leave for Italy only because the gods say I must Why begrudge the Trojans a foreign home when you have one in Carthage? My father Anchises in a dream has warned me to leave Now the gods themselves have personally warned me to leave Stop complaining. I seek Italy not willingly Dido rolls her eyes in anger DIDO: He s not born of humans? Is he bothered by anything I could do? Don t the gods see? I m the one who saved him when he was in trouble? Now he claims that the gods are making him leave. Sure! Go to Italy, but take my curses with you Dido collapses and is carried back to her bedroom Aeneas returns to his eager and busy men SIMILE of busy crew compared to busy ants Dido Tries Every Means to Keep Aeneas in Carthage Oh Dido, what thoughts you must have had as you saw Aeneas departing! Oh Love, what won t you force lovesick people like Dido to do! DIDO: "Anna, Aeneas is leaving, and you must ask him one favor for me, because you alone are accepted by him Why is he leaving me when I m not a Greek who sacked his city? One final request: stay until I can deal with my grief. I ll return the favor at my death Anna pleads with Aeneas but he will not listen to her words SIMILE of Aeneas to a tree with deep roots buffeted by winds Dido resolves to die because to live is painful That night Dido experiences numerous bad omens: While she sacrifices, the water turns black, wine becomes blood Voices are heard from Sychaeus shrine, an owl hoots mournfully, and old prophecies seem to be coming true, to her horror In her dreams Aeneas hunts her down or she wanders alone in a desert SIMILE of the mad Dido to the crazed Pentheus and the maddened Orestes, both figures from Greek tragedy Dido Builds a Pyre, Makes Sacrifices, and Laments Her Fate Dido, her plan resolved and her face composed, approaches Anna for help DIDO: I ve found a powerful priestess to help me resolve this problem I do this magic reluctantly. You must help by building a pyre to burn everything associated with Aeneas Anna, suspecting nothing, agrees to help As the pyre is built, the priestess and Dido perform the magic rites, invoking Erebus, Chaos, and Hecate In the peaceful night all creatures settle down to rest Dido tosses and turns on a sea of troubles DIDO (to herself): Should I go back to my rejected suitors? Should I follow the Trojan ships because the men will take pity on me? Should I make my people go over the sea again? Die as you deserve. Oh Anna, you put me in the middle of this mess. I didn t keep my promise to Sychaeus ashes. She breaks into lamentation When Mercury Reappears in a Dream, Aeneas and His Men Depart As Aeneas sleeps on boat, Mercury appears in his dream.

13 Latin Aeneid Outline Book IV Page MERCURY: Flee while you can! It s dangerous to stay because you can t trust a woman to be rational Aeneas wakes and springs into action AENEAS: Board the ships at once. The god orders us to leave. Help us, oh god The men immediately launch the ships in a frenzy of action Dido s Grand Soliloquy: Regrets and Curses Dido awakens, finds the Trojans have left, and breaks into a lament DIDO: Will he leave unpunished after mocking us? My people, get your ships and pursue him now! What am I saying? I should have killed him and his son while I had the chance Oh Sun, Juno, Hecate, avenging Furies, and gods of dying me, hear me now If Aeneas must reach Italy, fine. But let him be troubled by a war, be an exile, be separated from Iulus, see his people die, and not live to enjoy his unfair peace Let there be no peace between my people and the Romans May some avenger arise to keep this hatred alive in continuous warfare Dismissing Barce, Dido Climbs Pyre, Laments, and Stabs Herself Dido resolves to die as quickly as possible DIDO (to Barce): Go fetch my sister to help in these magic rites In a crazed state Dido climbs the pyre, draws Aeneas sword, and surveys the things that remind her of Aeneas DIDO: May I be free from all these sorrows I have accomplished much in my life: a city built, a husband avenged If only the Trojans had never come here in their ships! We must die now, unavenged Let Aeneas carry away the omens of my death As Dido collapses on the sword, a great cry echoes through the city SIMILE of the noise to that of an enemy destroying a great city Anna Arrives Too Late as Dido Dies, Finally Released to Death by Iris A breathless Anna arrives to find her sister dying ANNA: You tricked me, you ve abandoned me. I should have been able to die with you after I built this funeral pyre You ve destroyed yourself, me, your people and your city Let me wash your wounds and catch your dying last breath Anna embraces Dido who struggles to die and groans because she can t Juno sends Iris down to release Dido from her struggle to die before her time Iris lands on earth and stands at Dido s head IRIS: I cut a lock of your hair and enable you to die Dido dies as Iris cuts the hair and disappears.

14 Latin Aeneid Outline Book V Page Departure from Carthage with a look back; a storm-shortened trip to Sicily. 1-7 As Aeneas sails into the North Wind, the Trojans sense that the fire-lit walls of Carthage are a sad omen because of the enraged queen and her thwarted love Faced with a storm and no land in sight, Palinurus cries out to Neptune, asking: What are you preparing for us? He orders the men to row with the sails turned to the side, telling Aeneas: Since the storm is so bad, let us seek the shores of Sicily Aeneas: Change course; I am glad to visit Sicily, where my father Anchises is buried The ships glide safely into port, watched by the Trojan king of Sicily, Acestes, who welcomes his returning fellow-countrymen Aeneas announces the ceremonies to celebrate the anniversary of Anchises death: a sacrifice at the tomb today with games to follow the next day The next morning, Aeneas addresses the gathered men: It has been a year since my father s death and I must perform the proper rituals, which I will continue every year once my city is founded; on the ninth day I ordain contests of boat-racing, foot-racing, archery, and boxing. Now let us sacrifice Accompanied by Ascanius and others, Aeneas makes libations at his father s tomb, saying: Alas, I saved you but you were not allowed to reach Italy with me A snake with seven coils crawls amidst the offerings, tastes them, and leaves the altars, all to Aeneas amazement Unsure whether this is the manifestation of a local deity or his father s spirit, Aeneas and his men complete the sacrifices and the feast The Boat-Race The people gather for the contests, drawn by the name of Aeneas, and the prizes are spread out on display The boat race draws four entrants: Mnestheus on the Pristis, Gyas on the Chimaera, Sergestus on the Centaur, and Cloanthus on the Scylla; all were founders of patrician families The course is set: out to a rock marked by an ilex and back to shore. Lots are drawn and all the boats line up, eager for the start At the trumpet sound the ships leap forward, like the chariots in a race Gyas leads, Cloanthus is second, and Mnestheus and Sergestus vie closely for third Nearing the rock, Gyas yells at his helmsman Menoetes, Go as close to the rocks as you can. When Menoetes fails to obey, he orders him again: Seek the rocks; go closer Cloanthus slips between Gyas and the rocks, taking the lead Gyas in grief throws Menoetes from the stern, who swims to the rock As Sergestus and Mnestheus fight to pass Gyas, Mnestheus begs his men: Row hard, my fellow-travelers; avoid the disgrace of last place Sergestus tries to go close to the rock and runs aground Mnestheus, like a dove roused from its rocky nest flies aloft, passes Sergestus and then Gyas As he closes in on the leader, Cloanthus promises: O gods of the sea, I will sacrifice a bull to you if I win. They assist him as he enters the harbor first The prizes are awarded: Cloanthus receives a cloak with the story of Ganymede; Mnestheus a massive coat of mail Aeneas stripped from a mighty Greek; Gyas two bronze cauldrons and some silver bowls Sergestus limps in like a snake run over in the road; he is awarded a slave skilled in weaving The Foot-Race Moving to a plain, Aeneas proclaims a foot race. The contestants were: three Trojans, Nisus and Euryalus, Diores; two Greeks named Salius and Patron; two Sicilians, Helymus and Panopes, as well as many unnamed Aeneas announces the prizes: two Cretan arrows for every runner; for the winner a horse with trappings; for second an Amazonian quiver with arrows, a gold belt and a jeweled buckle; for third, a Greek helmet The race starts with Nisus grabbing first, with Salius a distant second, Euryalus third, with Helymus and Diores battling for fourth.

15 Latin Aeneid Outline Book V Page After he slips near the finish line in some blood spilled at the sacrifices, Nisus trips Salius, enabling his friend Euryalus to win, followed by Helymus and Diores Salius lodges a protest; Euryalus is supported by the crowd and especially by Diores, the third-place winner Aeneas says: The prizes stand as awarded, but I may pity the innocent. He gives Salius the hide of a Gaetulian lion Nisus asks: What prize will I receive, who would have won but for bad fortune? Aeneas presents him with a shield taken by the Greeks from a temple of Neptune The Boxing Match Aeneas announces: Now ii is time for the boxing match. He proposes the prizes, a bull for the winner and a sword and helmet for the loser Dares, conqueror of Butes at the funeral games for Hector, steps forward as a contestant When no one else comes out, he asks Aeneas: If no one dares to fight, how long must I stand here? Acestes chides Entellus: How can you let this happen? What of your divine teacher Eryx and your fame throughout Sicily? Entellus replies: I am too old. If I had my youthful strength, there would be no need of prizes He throws his massive lead-lined gloves into the ring and stuns all, including Dares; Aeneas picks ups the gloves to examine them Before entering the ring, Entellus says: If only you had seen the match between Hercules and your brother Eryx. You can still see the blood on the gloves. I used them when I was younger, but if Dares doesn t like these, we will use ordinary gloves Properly gloved, each men poses ready for the start of the fight They spar, the old Entellus standing and turning as Dares moves around him, like an army looking for a way to assault a mountain city Entellus launches a mighty right at Dares, who dodges it, and Entellus crashes to the ground like a giant pine on the mountain As Acestes helps him up, Entellus is fired up by shame, anger and courage; he batters Dares without stop, blows falling like rain on a roof Aeneas stops the fight at once, telling Dares: Don t you see the gods have turned; yield to the god Dares is dragged away, spitting out blood and teeth, as his men take the prizes for him Entellus accepts the bull, saying: Recognize my strength and know that you saved Dares life. He then fells the bull by swinging his gloves onto its head. He dedicates it to Eryx and hangs up his gloves for good The Archery Contest Aeneas starts the archery contest by tying with a thong a dove onto the mast of Serestus ship The contestants draw lots for the order of shooting: first Hippocoon, then Mnestheus, then Eurytion, and last Acestes, daring the task of young men Hippocoon shoots, hits the mast, and the bird flies up in terror Mnestheus shoots, pierces the thong, and the bird starts to fly away Eurytion shoots, kills the bird, and it falls with the arrow through it Acestes shoots anyway and his arrow bursts into flame, vanishing into the sky, like a shooting star All are stunned by the omen and Aeneas says: Acestes, because of this omen from Jupiter, you are awarded first prize, a bowl given by Cisseus (Hecuba s father and king of Thrace) to Anchises Then prizes and laurel wreathes are presented to the others The lusus Troiae, an equestrian show Aeneas orders Epytides: Tell Ascanius to lead out his young group and put on a cavalry display on the open field in honor of Anchises Three squads of twelve horsemen, one led by Priam (son of Polites), the second by Atys (founder of the gens Atia, Augustus mother s family), and the third by Ascanius on a horse given by Dido, all enter the field.

16 Latin Aeneid Outline Book V Page The horsemen ride in maze-like formations, simulating a battle This manner of show was passed on at Alba Longa and then handed down in Rome, and is still performed by boys called Trojan The women are roused to madness by Juno through Iris Juno sends Iris down unseen to the harbor The women sit on the shore, lamenting: Alas, what a long journey awaits weary us Iris, disguised as the aged Trojan mother Beroe, rouses them as she says: O poor us, whom Aeneas has dragged over the seas for seven years. Why don t we settle here in Sicily with Acestes? Cassandra appeared in my sleep, telling me to seek Troy here and seemed to give me torches. Look at the torches at the altars of Neptune. Let us burn the ships Pyrgo, nurse for Priam s sons, tries to stop them, saying: This isn t Beroe, whom I just left sick in bed, worried that she could not honor Anchises The women hesitate between the desire to settle here and to reach their fated kingdom; Iris reveals her divinity and the women in a frenzy set the boats on fire with torches seized from the altars The men arrive; the fire is stopped; Aeneas decides to leave the women in a new city, and then sails for Italy When news reaches the men, Ascanius rides off at once to confront the women: You re not burning the Greek camp, you re burning our hopes. I am your Ascanius The men arrive as the women, shamed, come to their senses and scatter. The fire cannot be extinguished by any human activity Aeneas tears his clothing and prays: Jupiter, if you don t hate the Trojans, stop the fire in the fleet. Or if I deserve it, kill me now with your thunderbolt Jupiter sends a rain that puts the fire out, with only four ships lost As Aeneas ponders whether to stay in Sicily or continue his fated journey, the elderly prophet/sage Nautes advises: Let us follow the fates; leave those weary of travel, the old, the women, those fearful of danger to found a city called Acesta here in Sicily with Acestes Still unsure of what to do, Aeneas is visited by Anchises ghost, saying: Dear son, I come because of Jupiter. Follow the advice of Nautes and take only your bravest into the difficulties ahead in Italy. But first come to Avernus, enter the Underworld and visit me in the Elysian Fields. The Sibyl will lead you after many sacrifices and you will learn your future. Now farewell As the ghost vanishes, Aeneas asks: Where do you rush? Who stops our embraces? He then worships the Lar of Troy and Vesta Aeneas meets with Acestes, who agrees to the plan of Nautes and Anchises. The ships are refitted and Aeneas lays out the plan of the city, where Acestes sets up a forum and convenes a senate. Then a temple is built for Venus on Mt. Eryx After a nine-days feast, the Trojans prepare to set sail, while those left behind lament their lost opportunity. Aeneas sacrifices to Eryx, to the storms, and launches his fleet Venus asks Neptune for safe passage for the Trojans; Neptune demands one life in return Venus addresses Neptune: Juno hates and pursues the Trojans and you know what she has done already with Aeolus on your sea. Now she s burnt their ships; may you grant those who survive to sail safely to Italy Neptune replies: You are right to trust in me. I have often stopped storms threatening Aeneas; at Troy I saved him from the pursuing Achilles, even though I wanted to destroy Troy s walls. He will reach Avernus safely, but one life will be sacrificed for the many Then with his various attendants Neptune rides across the sea and calms it for the Trojan ships The voyage to Italy with the loss of the helmsman Palinurus Aeneas and his fleet go forward, with all sails spread wide. Palinurus guiding the ships in the night while the rest sleep Sleep, disguised as Phorbas, appears to Palinurus and says: It s time to sleep, and I will take your place Palinurus clings to his rudder, refusing to yield his position, saying: Am I to trust my fleet and Aeneas to the deceitful sea?