THE INFLUENCE OF THE MINOR CHARACTERS ON SANTIAGO S MOTIVATION IN REALIZING HIS DREAM AS SEEN IN PAULO COELHO S THE ALCHEMIST A THESIS

Transcription

1 i THE INFLUENCE OF THE MINOR CHARACTERS ON SANTIAGO S MOTIVATION IN REALIZING HIS DREAM AS SEEN IN PAULO COELHO S THE ALCHEMIST A THESIS Presented as Partial of Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Lia Kristi Ningrum Student Number: ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010 i

2

3 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

4

5

6 vi DEDICATION PAGE This thesis is dedicated to: My mother, father, twin brother, soul mate, and late Grandma Emih My Father! All things are possible for you. Take this cup of suffering away from me. Yet, not what I want, but what you want. (Mark 14: 36) And so I say to you: Ask, and you will receive; seek and you will find; knock, and the door will be opened to anyone who knocks. (Luke 11: 9 10) vi

7 ABSTRACT Ningrum, Lia Kristi. (2010). The Influence of The Minor Characters on Santiago s Motivation in Realizing His Dream as Seen in Paulo Coelho s The Alchemist. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Department of Language and Arts Education, English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University. This study discusses the influence of the minor characters on Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream in Paulo Coelho s The Alchemist. This novel tells about Santiago, a shepherd, who has a recurrent dream about treasure in the Pyramids, Egypt. Realizing his calling to travel around the world, Santiago decides to have a journey to find the treasure. During his journey to the Pyramids, Egypt, Santiago meets people who influence his motivation in realizing his dream to find the treasure. There are two problems formulated in this study. The first problem is how Santiago and the minor characters are described in The Alchemist novel. The second problem is finding out how the minor characters influence Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream. In solving the two problems above, the writer applied the psychological approach, theory of character and characterization, Staw s theory of motivation, and Rotter s theory of influence. The method of this study was library research. There were two sources used in this study, namely, the primary data, which was The Alchemist novel itself, and the secondary data taken from the books of psychology, character and characterization, and human motivation. Based on the analysis, Santiago is the main character and he is described as intelligent, critical, religious, independent, and determined. In this study, there are four minor characters who influence Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream. The first is Melchizedek. He is a wise king, generous, intelligent, and a person who is able to read people s mind. The second is the crystal merchant. He is conservative man, religious man, generous man, wise man, and a dreamer. The third is Fatima. She is a beautiful supportive and sincere desert girl. The last is the Alchemist. He is wise man, brave man, and cautious desert man. Melchizedek influences Santiago s motivation through his intelligence and wise advice. He is the first person who convinces Santiago to believe in his personal calling to travel around the world to find the treasure. Since Melchizedek in the novel shares the same characteristics as the one in the Holy Bible, Santiago gains back his motivation easily as he remembers Melchizedek and his advices during his journey in finding the treasure. Since Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream changes after he hears and understands the wise advice from Melchizedek, his motivation is categorized as extrinsic motivation. A person who has an extrinsic motivation like Santiago is called a pawn person. The next character who influences Santiago s motivation is the crystal merchant, who hires Santiago in his shop, influences Santiago through his conservative way of thinking that it is impossible for Santiago to go to Egypt. Since Santiago has no experience in living vii

8 in Africa, he believes the crystal merchant easily. The crystal merchant and Santiago share a mutual interaction which influences Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream. Santiago s motivation is included to extrinsic one. Fatima, the desert girl, influences Santiago by her beauty and her sincerity. Santiago falls in love with her and decides to stay with her in the oasis. Since Fatima is used to being left, she supports Santiago to continue his journey. They have a mutual interaction, which easily influences Santiago s motivation. His behaviour shows that he is extrinsically motivated to find the treasure by Fatima. The last person who gives influence toward Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream is the Alchemist. As a desert man, the Alchemist knows this place a lot. With this skill, he influences Santiago who is a new comer in the desert. His wise advice also encourages Santiago to go on in pursuing his dream. Since the Alchemist is a brave man, he shows his leadership when Santiago loses his motivation. The Alchemist s mastery in some subjects, like Personal Legend, influences Santiago s motivation who is hopeless because he always thinks about Fatima. This kind of motivation is associated with extrinsically motivated behaviour. In the last part of this thesis, there are two suggestions. The first suggestion is for future researcher(s) on The Alchemist. The second suggestion is to implement The Alchemist in teaching English, especially in teaching Public Speaking I. viii

9 ABSTRAK Ningrum, Lia Kristi. (2010). The Influence of The Minor Characters on Santiago s Motivation in Realizing His Dream as Seen in Paulo Coelho s The Alcthemist. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Kependidikan, Jurusan Bahasa dan Seni, Program Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Studi ini membahas tentang pengaruh karakter pembantu terhadap motivasi Santiago untuk mewujudkan mimpinya dalam novel The Alchemist oleh Paulo Coelho. Novel ini bercerita tentang Santiago yang seorang gembala. Ia mengalami sebuah mimpi yang sama dalam waktu yang berurutan. Mimpi itu tentang harta karun di Piramida, Mesir. Santiago memutuskan untuk mencari harta karun itu karena ia sendiri sangat suka mengelilingi dunia. Ada dua permasalahan yang dirumuskan dalam skripsi ini. Pertama ialah bagaimana Santiago dan para karakter pembantu digambarkan dalam novel The Alchemist. Kedua ialah menemukan bagaimana para karakter pembantu mempengaruhi motivasi Santiago dalam mewujudkan impiannya. Untuk memecahkan dua permasalahan diatas, penulis menerapkan pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan penokohan, toeri motivasi oleh Staw, dan teori pengaruh oleh Rotter. Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah sutdi pustaka. Ada dua sumber yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini yaitu data utama yang merupakan novel The Alchemist sendiri, dan data pendukung yang diambil dari beberapa buku mengenai psikoligi, karakter dan penokohan, dan motivasi manusia. Kesimpulan menyatakan bahwa Santiago memiliki karakter cerdas, kritis, percaya pada Tuhan, bebas, dan memiliki pendirian. Sedangkan Melkisedek, sebagai karakter pembantu pertama, digambarkan sebagai seorang raja yang bijaksana, murah hati, cerdas, dan mampu membaca pikiran orang lain. Pedagang kristal, yang sebagai karakter pembantu kedua, adalah seorang yang berpikiran kuno, percaya pada Tuhan, murah hati, bijaksana, dan pemimpi. Fatima yang merupakan karakter pembantu ketiga digambarkan sebagai gadis gurun yang jelita. Ia juga seorang penyemangat dan jujur apa adanya. Dan karakter pembantu yang terakhir yaitu sang Alkemis, digambarkan sebagai seorang lelaki gurun yang bijaksana, berani, dan sangat hati-hati. Melkisedek mempengaruhi Santiago lewat kecerdasan dan nasihat bijaknya. Ia adalah orang pertama yang meyakinkan Santiago agar percaya pada panggilan hidupnya, Panggilan Jiwa, yaitu mengelilingi dunia untuk menemukan harta karun. Melkisedek mempunyai persamaan karakter dengan Melkisedek yang terdapat di Kitab Suci. Hal inilah yang membuat Santiago mudah mengingatnya dan nasihat-nasihatnya ketika ia mendapatkan kembali motivasinya. Motivasi yang dimiliki Santiago termasuk dalam motivasi ekstrinsik karena motivasinya berubah setelah ia mendengar dan memahami nasihat-nasihat dari Melchizedek. Pedagang kristal yang memperkerjakan Santiago di tokonya, mempengaruhi Santiago lewat cara berpikirnya yang kuno. Ia mengatakan pada Santiago bahwa ia tidak akan ix

10 mungkin mampu pergi ke Piramida di Mesir. Santiago dengan mudah percaya padanya karena ia belum pernah tinggal di Afrika. Hubungan yang saling menguntungkan ini mempengaruhi motivasi Santiago untuk mengejar mimpinya. Dalam jangka waktu tersebut, sang pedagang menunjukkan sifat kempemimpinannya pada Santiago yang kala itu kehilangan kontrol diri akan motivasi. Santiago juga mendapat pengaruh dari sang pedagang kristal lewat nasihat bijaksananya mengenai seorang pemimpi seperti dirinya ketika Santiago memohon restu sebelum meninggalkan toko kristal tersebut. Fatima sang gadis gurun mempengaruhi Santiago lewat kecantikan dan kejujurannya. Santiago yang jatuh hati ada Fatima, memutuskan untuk tetap tinggal di oase bersamanya. Namun Fatima yang terbiasa ditinggalkan, mendukung Santiago agar tetap meneruskan perjalanannya. Dan Santiago pun terpengaruh oleh Fatima. Perilaku Santiago menunjukkan bahwa Fatima memotivasinya dari luar agar ia menemukan harta karun tersebut. Hubungan mutualisme antara Santiago dan Fatima sangat mudah mempengaruhi motivasi Santiago. Orang terakhir yang memberikan pengaruh pada motivasi Santiago ialah sang Alkemis. Sebagai lelaki yang terbiasa hidup di gurun, tentunya ia hafal betul mengenai gurun. Sang Alkemis mempengaruhi Santiago yang merupakan pendatang di padang gurun dengan keahliannya ini. Banyak nasihat bijaksananya juga yang menyemangati Santiago untuk tetap mengejar mimpinya. Sebagai seorang pemberani, sang Alkemis menunjukkan sifat kepemimpinannya pada Santiago yang kehilangan motivasi. Keahlian sang Alkemis dalam beberapa hal, seperti Panggilan Hidup, mempengaruhi motivasi Santiago yang lemah. Motivasi seperti ini erat kaitannya dengan perilaku yang mudah terpengaruh lingkungan. Pada bagian terakhir skripsi ini, terdapat dua saran. Saran pertama diperuntukkan bagi (para) peneliti The Alchemist selanjutnya. Saran kedua untuk penerapan The Alchemist dalam pengajaran bahasa Inggris, terutama untuk mengajar Public Speaking I. x

11 xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I would like to thank Jesus Christ, my Lord and my Saviour, for His blessing and guidance to me so I can finish this thesis. I thank Him for always being beside me in every breath I have. He always gives what I really need at the right time and in the right place. My biggest gratitude goes to my parents, my beloved father Wardi Winarno, and my loving mother Yustina Ismularti. I thank them for their loving, prayer, patience, and support. I really appreciate their time, their patience, their love, and everything they have given to me. I thank the biggest trust that they give to me. They are the reason for me to make the best in my life so I can make them proud of me. I would also like to thank my twin brother, Thomi Pribadi, for his love, attention, and trust. My next gratitude goes to my major sponsor, Drs. Bambang Hendarto Y., M.Hum, and my co-sponsor, Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., M.Ed. for their time, patience, suggestions, and encouragement so I can finally finish my thesis. I also would like to thank Agustinus Hardi Prasetyo S.Pd, M.A. for supporting and encouraging me. My special thanks are also addressed to all lecturers of the English Language Education Study Program. I also thank Henny Herawati, S. Pd, M.Hum for being my examiner and wiling to give me suggestions to improve my thesis. I thank to Mbak Danik, Mbak Tari, and the librarians for their assistance during my study. I would thank God for sending me kind and great friends like Mamik Sundari who is willing to be a great advisor for me and to share the sweet and sour moments during our wonderful friendship, and Dwi Agustina whose kindness that I will always xi

12 xii remember. Maria Fitri Wijayasih, thank for inspiring me to read The Alchemist. Patricia E. Vanny, Fitrianingsih, Suryo Agung Nugroho, and Agustina Widya for our friendship. Datu, Ema, Betha, Dono, Uri, Vendi, and all 2003 PBI students. I thank Arhiza Rizki Fitriantoro, for his sleepless nights to help me finish this thesis. Aditya Kusuma Putra, Anton Budi, Ricky Kurniawan, Lusia Anggie Eka, Mia Olivia, Bertha Dwi, Maya Sari for their prayers, advice and support. I am grateful to for my lovely family: Si Mbah Putri, Pak Trie, Mamah Yuli, Pak Wardi, Buk Puji, Mamah Tutik, Papah Gio, Mamah Wik, and Papah Roni for everything they have given to me. My sincere appreciation goes to the big family in My Little World Children Development Center, Kindergarten, Play Group, and Day Care. Mr. Daniel Pambudi, Mrs. Wendy Pambudi, Ms. Vita, Ms. Enno, Ms. Dian, Ms. Pinkan, Ms. Tuti, Ms. Anti, Ms. Yovie, Ms. Rika and the excellent students, I thank them for the cute, funny, and memorable angels who always cheer up and lighten my days. Then my special thank goes to my tora AD 5639 RJ for our fast and furious days and for Leo for being my soul mate. Furthermore, I thank everybody who has been giving me the support in the process of writing this thesis who I cannot who mention here. God bless them! Lia Kristiningrum xii

13 xiii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE OF PAGE... PAGES OF APPROVAL... STATEMENT OF WORK S ORIGINALITY... LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI... DEDICATION PAGE... ABSRACT... ABSTRAK... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... TABLE OF CONTENTS... Page i ii iv v vi vii ix xi xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Objectives of the Study Problem Formulation Benefits of the Study Definition of Terms... 4 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Review of Related Theories Character Definitions of Character Types of Character Characterization Definitions of Characterization... 9 xiii

14 xiv Methods of Characterization Critical Approach Human Motivation The Causes Kinds of Motivation Influence Person and Person Interaction The Influence of Person and Person Interaction Theoritical Framework CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Objectives of the Study Approach of the Study Method of the Study CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS 4.1 The Characterization of Santiago Intelligent Critical Religious Independent Determined The Characterization of the Minor Characters Melchizedek The Crystal Merchant xiv

15 xv Fatima The Alchemist The Influence of the Minor Characters on Santiago s Motivation in Realizing His Dream The Influence of the Old Man Known as Melchizedek The Influence of the Crystal Merchant The Influence of Fatima The Influence of th Alchemist CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions Suggestions Suggestions for the Future Researcher(s) Suggestions for Teaching Public Speaking I REFERENCES APPENDIXES Appendix 1 Summary of the Story Appendix 2 The Biography of the Author Appendix 3 Pictures of Paulo Coelho Appendix 4 The Syllabus of Public Speaking I (KPE 232) Appendix 5 Lesson Plan of Public Speaking I Appendix 6 Teaching Materials of Public Speaking I Appendix 7 Books by Paulo Coelho xv

16 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of five parts. They are background of the study, objectives of the study, problem formulation, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. Background of the study covers reasons of choosing the novel and the topic. The problem formulation gives general description of the problem that will be analyzed in this literary study. Objectives of the study mention the aims of the study. Benefits of the study state the advantages of the study for the readers, English Language Education students and other researchers. Definition of terms discuss the important terms used in this study. 1.1 Background of the Study People want to achieve many things in this life. They have dreams. People should have motivation to realize their dreams. Different people have different motivation in life, especially when it concerns with dreams. Some people are motivated to realize their dreams. Some people may just ignore their dreams and keep them as dreams for the entire life. When people do an action, there must be a reason why they do so. There is a reason for example why one decides to leave his family to travel. Petri (3) states that motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour. The concept of motivation is used to explain differences in the intensity of behaviour and to indicate intensity of behaviour and to indicate behaviour direction. More intent behaviour means the motivation is in a higher level. Thus, one decides to travel and leave his family because he likes travelling much and it becomes his hobby. Meanwhile, Jung (4) says 1

17 2 that motivation includes terms that refer to such diverse states as desire, wishes, plans, goals, intent, impulses, and purposes. Some of them imply a deliberate and calculated process involving reason. When people do actions, they must have their own reasons. Some of them may behave after being influenced by others, but some people may behave because they really want to do. As quoted by Weiner in Human Motivation, de Charms classifies people into two main groups based on their behaviours (254). They are a pawn and an origin. He says that someone who feels powerless, he will be easily influenced by his environment and people around. This kind of person is called a pawn. In addition, an origin is a determined person. His environment does not easily influence this kind of person. Because he perceives all what he does is by his own choice. Then, this concept is linked with intrinsically and extrinsically motivated behaviours. This condition can be portrayed in a literary work, like a novel. Abrams (130) says that a novel is as a fiction that reflects the reality of human life by presenting complex characters with their motives, based on their social class and their interaction with other characters. The readers can learn many subjects by reading a novel such as the problems, conditions, motivation, struggles, and also efforts of human beings in realizing dreams. Therefore, literature is believed as a reflection of human life. The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho is one of the novels which represented someone s motivation. The novel tells a story of a boy who pursues his dream. His name is Santiago and he is a shepherd. Since he likes to travel and his family cannot afford him, the only way to travel is to be a shepherd. In the middle of his travelling, Santiago dreams about treasure. This is the interesting part to discuss because his motivation in finding the treasure is influenced by people he meets. At first, he decides to see a fortune-teller to interpret his dream. However, all what she says make him 2

18 3 disappointed. Then, Santiago meets an old man whose advice encourages him to believe his dream because this is what actually he wants. He likes to travel a lot and finding the treasure means travel farther than he used to. Because of this reason, finally he decides to find the treasure in Egypt. After he arrives in Egypt, something happens and he has to stay there. There, he spends a year to work with a crystal merchant before then he decides to find the treasure. This crystal merchant also influences him because he has a dream like Santiago but he never tries to achieve it. Santiago s struggles in finding the treasure have not finished yet. When he gets closer to what he looks for, he is tempted to have things that he also wants too by the people in the desert; being the counsellors of the oasis and stays with the desert woman he loves, Fatima. He loves Fatima and does not want to leave her. Santiago faces a big dilemma until meets the alchemist. He tells him everything. The alchemist tells Santiago what if he stays and never finds his treasure. Hearing and thinking about it makes him sure to reach his dream. Fatima supports him to find the treasure because she will wait for him. The things that happen to Santiago are interesting to analyze. His main motivation is travelling. When he decides to find the treasure, it means he has to travel farther. Finding the treasure is not easy because many things happen during the travel. He meets some people, the minor characters, who influence his motivation until he finds the treasure. After knowing all those facts, it would be interesting to reveal the influence of the minor characters in story on Santiago s motivation. The focuses on this study are analyzing Santiago s personalities and the minor characters personalities, and also how they influence his motivation. 3

19 4 1.2 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are related to the questions stated in the problem formulation. The first objective is to find out how Santiago and the minor characters are portrayed in the novel. The second objective is to find out how the minor characters influence Santiago s motivation in pursuit his dream. 1.3 Problem Formulation There are two problems presented in this study. They are: 1. How are Santiago and the minor characters portrayed in the novel? 2. How do the minor characters influence Santiago s motivation to realize his dream? 1.4 Benefits of the Study This literary study is expected to give some benefits to the readers. First, for the readers especially the students of English Language Education Program who will study Paulo Coelho s The Alchemist. This study will give them some additional information in understanding The Alchemist especially in analyzing the main character and how the minor characters influence his motivation from a psychological point of view. Second, this study is also useful for those who are interested in literary study. They can get more understanding about the idea, the characterization, the messages of the novel, and also the knowledge of motivation from The Alchemist. 1.5 Definition of Terms To avoid misunderstanding and to help the readers understand the important terms, several terms have to be clarified in this study. 4

20 Character A character is a person presented a dramatic or narrative work who is interpreted by the readers as being endowed with the novel and dispositional quality that are explicit in what they say the dialogue and what they do the action (Abrams 20). Moreover, according to Stanton in An Introduction to Fiction, character refers to the individuals who appear in the story (17). In this study, the researcher will deal with Santiago as the major character and other minor characters Influence As citied by Schultz (415), Rotter says that if people perceive themselves as conscious beings, they are able to influence their experiences. This means our behaviour is influenced by several factors. In this study, the word influence means advices and ideas to affect one s motivation to do something Motivation Petri states motivation as the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour (3). Bootzin et. al. say that motivation can be stimulated either from external condition, which is called incentives or from internal condition, which is called drives (368). In this study, the term motivation means the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour which are stimulated from internal and external condition Dream Freud as cited by Atkinson in Introduction to Psychology defines dream as a 5

21 6 mental product that can be understood and interpret. He also states that dream is a disguised attempt at wish fulfilment. It means that the dream touches on wishes or needs that the individual finds unacceptable and represses from consciousness (173). In this study, dream means a mental image that comes in one s sleeping or something that one wants to achieve and its meaning is clearly linked to the context. 6

22 7 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of two parts. The first part consists of review of related theories. They are theory of character, characterization, critical approach, and psychology. 2.1 Review of Related Theories In this section, there will be some theories that are relevant and support this study. The first theory is theory of character that explains about characters in the literary work. The second theory is theory of characterization. The third theory is theory of critical approach that contains the approaches that are used in this study. The fourth theory is theory of motivation from psychology point of view Character Definitions of Character According to Abrams, there are two definitions of character (23). First, a character is the name of a literary genre; a short, and usually witty; sketch in prose of distinctive type of person. Second, he states a character is a person presented in dramatic or narrative work, who is interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue and by what they do the action. Stanton also states two interpretations on the meaning of character (17). First, character refers to the individuals appear in the story. Second, character refers to the mixture of interests, desire, emotions, and moral principles of these individuals that 7 7

23

24 9 character takes important role in story. He or she appears more often and becomes the focus during the progress of the story. If he or she fails in convincing dramatizations on the human issues of the story, then the story will essentially fail. A major character is almost the same as a round character in term of their complexity in the novel. He or she presence makes the story more interesting. On the other hand, secondary characters or minor characters appear more limited. Even though minor characters do not take important role in the story, their presences influence major characters. They are generally less complex because they do not play a central role in the story. Minor characters are used to bring out into the open crucial elements when they interact or clash with the major characters. Milligan (195) adds that the major character is the focus of the story. He gets more attention from the reader because he appears more often than other characters from the beginning until the end of the story. The minor characters are not too dominant. They appear in the story only to strengthen the minor character Characterization Definitions of Characterization Characters are very important in a literary work. Since literary works are the life reflection, many authors take some characters from the reality. In order to make the story interesting, an author needs to develop certain character s traits such as the creation of imaginary persons so that they exist for the readers as lifelike (Holman 81). A novel is an imaginative work. Many readers may meet with many kinds of unfamiliar people. And when they read a novel, they will become more familiar with them. Therefore, the author gives much effort in showing the readers what the characters are like their qualities, their likes, and dislikes, how they live, and what 9

25 10 they do (Blair and Gerber 52). These traits are what we call characters, while the technique used by the author to make these qualities is known as characterization Methods of Characterization Barnet, Burto, and Cain state that there are four points to be considered when we want to describe some persons in the story or novel (229). They are what the character says, what the character does, what the other characters say about the character, and what others do. The first two points are the inner factors and the other points are the outer factors. Murphy ( ) points out nine ways of how an author may reveal the characters personality and traits to the readers. First is personal description. It means the author describes the characters physical appearances directly. Second is character as seen by others which means the author uses other characters opinion to describe. We can know the main character by understanding other characters saying or thought about him or her. Third is speech. From what a character says the author can give the reader some clues to his or her character. Fourth is past life which means the author gives a clue to the character s past events. It helps the readers in having picture about his past lives and relating what the character did with his future life. Fifth is conversation of others. The author gives a clue to a character from the conversation of other characters and what they say about him describe to the reader about the character s personality. Sixth is reaction which means the author lets the reader recognize the character through his behaviour in various situation and events. Seventh is direct comment from the author to the character. Eighth is thought. The author gives his direct knowledge to the readers of what the character is thinking about in his story. Last one is mannerism. The reader can understand the character s 10

26

27 12 interest in the mythopoeic approach attempt to find particular recurrent patterns of human thought, which are considered sharing the same universal belief to certain community mind. Those recurrent patterns are found expressed in ancient myths and folk rites and are so basic to human through that they have meaning for all men. Last is the psychological approach. This approach involves effort to locate and demonstrate a certain recurrent pattern. The theory of human psychology is used in this study as the references to analyze the character s behaviour that could be referred to the psychological as the references of human beings. Through this approach, the character s thought and behaviour can be analyzed more profoundly. Those five approaches have their own values, limitation, strengths, and weaknesses. The readers may choose the most suitable approach in order to gain better understanding of literary works because not all approaches are suitable to be applied in every study Human Motivation. Petri states motivation as the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour (3). Bootzin et. al. say that motivation can be stimulated either from external condition, which is called incentives or from internal condition, which is called drives (368). Meanwhile, Jung (4) says that motivation includes terms that refer to such diverse states as desire, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. Some of these states imply a deliberate and calculated process involving reason The Causes Human motivation occurs because of human needs. When people need or want 12

28

29 14 sources. If a person lacks of this needs, he will feel anxious and tense. The fourth needs are esteem needs which are one-step above belongingness and love. There are two categories of the esteem needs; self-respect and esteem from other people. Self-respect from others includes such concept as prestige, recognition, acceptance, attention, status, reputation, and appreciation. Self-esteem includes such needs such as desire for confidence, competence, mastery, adequacy, achievement, independence, and freedom. Self-actualization needs are on the top level. They are important aspects in human motivation. Self-actualization needs include concerns not only with one s selfish interests but also with issues that affect the well-being of others, and even of all humanity. Malsow describes that a person with this need tends to show his or her abilities to others Kinds of Motivation According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (401) there are two forms of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation means the desire to perform an act for its own sake. While extrinsic motivation means the desire to perform an action because of external rewards or avoidance of punishment. As cited by Petri (315), Hunt points out that the organisms are still motivated even though when major needs are absent. Under conditions of low need, organisms still display exploratory behaviour, curiosity, and manipulative behaviours. In addition, these behaviours are intrinsically motivated. He says that the concept of intrinsic motivation suggests that we may often be motivated in a task, not because of some external reward associated with the task, but because the behaviour itself is rewarding. Meanwhile, Staw as cited by Petri (315) also defines intrinsic motivation as the value or 14

30 15 pleasure associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed. By contrast, extrinsic motivation emphasizes the external goals toward which the activity is directed. These intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are linked with de Charms terms; origin and pawn (Weiner 254). An origin person perceives his behaviour as determined by his own choice. This is what we call a determined person. On the other side, a pawn person perceives his behaviour as determined by external forces beyond his control. The concept of origin is associated with intrinsically motivated behaviour (own forces), freedom, of movement, and the perception of situations as challenging. Conversely, the concept of pawn is linked with extrinsically motivated behaviour (induced forces), restriction of movement, and the perception of situations as threatening. An experiment by de Charms is as an example (Weiner 254). Children were given a task of building models. In the origin condition, they proceeded in any manner they desired. In contrast with the pawn condition, they were told exactly what to do. And the subsequent questionnaire data revealed that origins enjoyed the task more and were more interested in continuing the activity than were the pawns Influence As cited by Schultz (415), Rotter says that if people perceive themselves as conscious beings, they are able to influence their experiences. It means our behaviour is influenced by several factors. Mischel ( ) states that there is a mutual influence between persons and conditions. And as human beings, people continuously influence their environment as well as being affected by them in a mutual interaction. d in the 15

31 16 interpersonal context in which it is evoked, maintained, and modified Person and Person Interaction Young (164) says that in the contact of human beings, people do not only have action and reaction, but also interaction. In other words, not only one s act influences other persons, but their acts in turn further affect one s subsequent behaviour. Meanwhile, Mischel (455) says that people have the ability to control their environment. He adds explanation in such diverse concepts as will power, mastery, and competence, and in their psychological opposites helplessness, and hopelessness. Therefore, many aspects can be influenced through interpersonal interaction The Influence of Person and Person Interaction One s self-control, responsibility and leadership are some of the aspects that can be influenced by other person s act. People believe that they have different self-control and personal responsibility (Mischel 479). As cited by Mischel (479), Rotter states that such perceptions involve a dimension of perceived locus of control. It is also called internal-external control of reinforcement. Rotter proposes (Schultz 423) the concept of locus of control in order to explain personality differences in our beliefs toward the source of our reinforcement. Meanwhile, perceived locus of control means to influence the specific goal expectancy in any given situation (Weiner 248). Rotter in Introduction to Personality Third Edition (Mischel 479) defines internal and external control of reinforcements. Internal control means the perception of positive and/or negative events as being a consequence of one s own actions and thereby under personal control. Conversely, external control means perception of positive and./or negative events as being unrelated to one s behaviours and hence 16

32 17 beyond personal control. There are two types of control, too (Schultz 423). First is internal locus of control. People with internal locus of control receive reinforcement under their own behaviours and attributes. In other words, they are responsible for what they do; everything that happens in their lives. Second is external locus of control. Those who have this type of control think that reinforcement is controlled by other people, fate, or luck. They are convinced that they are powerless with respect to these outside factors. Weiner (254) says that Rooter s differentiation of internal and external locus of control is similar with de Charms origin and pawn. An origin person perceives his behaviour as determined by his own choice. People with internal locus of control receive reinforcement under their own behaviours and attributes. Meanwhile, a pawn person perceives his behaviour as determined by external forces beyond his control. Thus, people who have external locus of control think that other people, fate, or luck controls reinforcement. They are convinced that they are powerless with respect to these outside factors. 2.2 Theoretical Framework Two problems will be analyzed in this study. First is how Santiago, the main character, and the minor characters are described in the novel. The second problem is how the minor characters influence Santiago s motivation in pursuing of his dream. Some theories are used in order to analyze these two problems. Those theories will be explained in this section. The first theories that are used are character and characterization. These theories are needed to explore how Santiago and the minor characters are described in The Alchemist. The types of character by Holman, Abrams, Henkle, Fosters, and Milligan 17

33

34 19 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of three sections. They are object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. Object of the study is the novel used in this study. Approach presents the approaches that are used in analyzing the novel. Method of the study describes the steps taken in analyzing the novel. 3.1 Object of the Study The object of the study is a novel entitled The Alchemist, written by Paulo Coelho. It was published in New York, in 2006, translated by Alan R. Clarke, and illustrated by Rodica Prato. Harper Torch published this novel. It consists of 195 pages and is divided in 2 parts. There are also a prologue and an epilogue in the novel. Since Coelho is a Brazilian, The Alchemist firstly published in Brazil in 1988 with the title O Alquimista. This novel has been translated into 63 languages, published in 150 countries, and has appealed to a large reading audience, regardless of their age, cultural or religious background. The Alchemist has received several international awards among them: the Nielsen Gold Book Award 2004 for its outstanding sales in the UK retail market; the Corine International Award 2002 for the best fiction in Germany; the Golden Book Award 1995 and 1996 in Yugoslavia; the Super Grinzane Cavour Book Award and Flaiano International Award 1996 in Italy; the Grand Prix Litteraire of Elle 1995 in France (SantJordi-Associados). In October 2003, Paulo Coelho also achieved a Guinness World Record for putting his signature in 53 different editions of The Alchemist in the Frankfurt Book Fair. In 1996, Warner Brothers acquired movie rights 19

35 20 to The Alchemist. This novel tells about a shepherd, Santiago, who tries to make his dream come true. Santiago loves to travel around the world. Some days he dreams about the treasure in Pyramids, Egypt. This dream interrupts him so because it comes twice and unfinished. Santiago meets an old man who knows about his dream. He gives him advice. Then, Santiago decides to leave everything he has to realize his dream. During his journey to find the treasure, he meets some people who influence his motivation. Santiago works for a crystal merchant in Egypt almost a year. This crystal merchant also has a dream like him, but he never tries to realize it. When Santiago is about too sure to leave his dream, he remembers with what the old man has said to him and the lesson he learns from the crystal merchant. And he decides to make his dream come true. Getting closer to the treasure, he faces a big dilemma. He meets Fatima, the desert woman he loves. His meeting with the alchemist in the desert makes him very sure that he has to find the treasure. Fatima also supports him. After facing all the troubles, difficulties, and obstacles of life, Santiago finally finds his treasure. 3.2 Approach of the Study The approach that is used in the study is the psychological approach proposed by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (6-15). This approach involves effort to locate and demonstrate a certain recurrent pattern, but from a different body language. The psychological approach enables the researcher to look deeply into Santiago s and the minor characters personalities. Getting better understanding about the major character s personality helps the researcher in understanding his motivation; what kind of motivation he has. The researcher also tries to find out about the minor characters personalities in the novel. After knowing their personalities, knowing how 20

36 21 the minor characters influence the major character s motivation can be easily done. The researcher finds out that the psychological approach is appropriate to answer the questions in problem formulation. Psychological approach applies the theory of psychology. In the theory of psychology, there are explanation about human motivation, its causes, and kinds of human motivation. Since the focus of this study is human motivation which is included in the theory of psychology, psychological approach is chosen in this study. 3.3 Method of the Study Some steps were undertaken in this study. Many supporting sources come from library. The primary source is the novel The Alchemist and the secondary sources are several reference books and articles which support this study. Some methods are used in this study. The first step was reading the novel. Reading the novel carefully was very important. Understanding the main character s actions and reactions, and pointed out the important details helped the researcher to know his nature personalities and characteristics. The minor characters behaviours and react to the main character were the focus in this step. In this step, the researcher got understanding about their personalities and how they influence Santiago s motivation. The second step was collecting supporting data and articles related to the topic of analysis. This is the step when the secondary sources were gained. The researcher read some books related to psychology theory to support the analysis of motivation. Then, beginning to analyze the topic discussed on the problem formulation was the third step. Many supporting sources were used during this step. Finally, after having completed in this study, making the conclusion based on the answers to the problems was conducted. 21

37 22 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS This chapter consists of three major parts. The first part concerns Santiago s portrayal, as the main character in the story. The second part concerns the minor characters portrayals as portrayed in the story of The Alchemist. The third part concerns about the influence of the minor characters on Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream. 4.1 The Characterization of Santiago A character is the key in the story. It becomes essential because from a character s role in the story, the reader can obtain the messages behind the story. A character is the person who is life-like presented in a literary work and interpretable by the readers from his or her dialogues and actions (Abrams 23). According to Milligan (195), major or main character is the focus of the story. He appears more often than other characters from the beginning until the end of the story. In The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, Santiago is the major character. The readers attention is focused on him. Since the story is about his journey to find the treasure in Egypt, he appears from the beginning until the end of the story. Forster as quoted by Abrams (24) says that round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularly. Therefore, he or she is capable of surprising the readers, just like a real person. 22

38 23 Santiago is portrayed as a round character. For example, in the beginning of the story he is a seminarian who studies theology as well as learns Spanish and Latin languages. Then, he quits and becomes a shepherd because he likes to travel around the world. However, after he gets a recurrent dream about treasure in Egypt, he abandons shepherding and starts travelling to Egypt to find it. There are nine methods to reveal the personalities and traits of a character used by the author for the readers (Murphy ). Those are personal description, character as seen by others, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism. Some of nine methods are applied to convey Santiago s personalities and traits in The Alchemist. Santiago is portrayed as: Intelligent Santiago is an intelligent person. His schooling at seminary shows this. To be a seminarian is not an easy thing for a farmer family like Santiago s except that he is really smart. At the seminary, Santiago learns Latin, Spanish, and theology. Unfortunately, he has no interest in learning God and man s sins. Then he decides to quit. Santiago interests are more in travelling around the world. That he had attended a seminary until he was sixteen. His parents had wanted him to become a priest, and thereby a source of pride for a simple farm family. They worked hard just to have food and water, like the sheep. He had studied Lain, Spanish, and theology. But ever since he had been a child, he had wanted to know the world, and this was much more important to him than knowing God and man s sins. (Coelho 8)

39 24 During his time at the seminary, Santiago learns a lot. His experiences give him benefits. He becomes a good interpreter. When Melchizedek, the King of Salem, tells him about the story of a person who searches for the secret happiness (Coelho 31-32), he understands it very well. Santiago does not ask any question, and so he just keeps silent. Santiago realizes that he has to take care of his responsibilities while he travels. He reflects it to his life as a shepherd. The shepherd said nothing. He had understood the story the old king told him. A shepherd may like to travel, but he should never forget about his sheep. (Coelho 32) As an intelligent person, Santiago learns fast. When Melchizedek tells him to pay attention in omens on his way of finding the treasure, he has the skills of reading the omens. He learns from his experiences in life as a shepherd. Santiago has careful thoughts and observation in order to learn from his sheep. The old man had spoken about the signs and omens, and, as the boy was crossing the strait, he had thought about omens. Yes, the old man had known what he was talking about: during the time the boy had spent in the fields of Andalusia, he had become used to learning which path he should take by observing the ground and the sky. He had discovered that the presence of a certain bird meant that a snake was nearby, and that a certain shrub was a sign that there was water in the area. The sheep had taught him that. (Coelho 34-35) When he arrives at Tangier, Africa, he helps a candy seller to open his stall. Both of them speak with their own languages but they can understand each other well. Santiago speaks in Spanish and the candy seller speaks in Arabic (Coelho 43).

40 25 When Santiago meets Fatima, he does not say a word. He feels that life stands still when he sees into her dark eyes and her lips. He thinks that he does not need to understand any words because his heart is already known. Love is something that people cannot explain. It is the Pure Language of the World (Coelho 93). His intelligence in understanding omens, then, save many people in the oasis of a desert from a war. When Santiago walks alone in the desert, he sees two hawks fly above him. Suddenly one of them flies attack another one. As he notices their movements, he has a vision, an army is coming, riding to the oasis, completing with its swords. He sees it as an omen for the oasis where he lives because there is a war near the oasis (Coelho ). An intelligent person is a creative person, too. Santiago knows that his knowledge of omens can improve his life. When he works at a crystal shop, he makes some improvements, for example by installing a display shelves to attract customers. He also learns Arabic well while working there, so that he can do the business in Arabic very well. With his intelligence, Santiago realizes that he can get back to Spain soon. He plans to buy many sheep and to enlarge his business in Africa (Coelho 56). Thus, from his thoughts and actions, it can be concluded that Santiago is an intelligent person. His action of studying in seminary shows that he is brilliance. He can speak some languages, can understand advice, and omens during his journey to find treasure.

41 Critical Santiago is a critical person. He likes to think about something that is interested or awkward for him. He thinks and draws his conclusion based on what he sees and observes. As a shepherd, Santiago always pays attention to his flock s habit and sometimes he reflects it to his habit. He arose and, taking up his crook, began to awaken the sheep that still slept. He had noticed that, as soon as he awoke, most of his animals also began to stir. It was as if mysterious energy bound his life to that of the sheep, with whom he had spent the past two years, leading them through the countryside in search of food and water. They are so used to me that they know my schedule, he muttered. Thinking for that for a moment, he realized that is could be the other way around: that it was he who had become accustomed to their schedule.. (Coelho 4) He has been critical since he was a child. He is a young seminarian when he is sixteen but then he decides to quit. As a child, he wants to know about the world. In addition, this is much more important than knowing God and learning about men s sins (Coelho 8). This is the reason why he likes travelling. Santiago also likes to read books. His critical thinking can be seen when he reads books. He starts to criticize something when he feels annoyed with it. One day, he feels annoyed with a book in which the characters names are difficult to remember and to pronounce. He thinks that he will not do that if one day he writes a book. He wants the readers enjoy his book (Coelho 16). A critical person usually likes to ask many questions when he does not understand about the things. The old man or Melchizedek talks about the things that unfamiliar to Santiago when they have a conversation in the market. It raises Santiago s critical thinking. He always asks many questions to him.

42 27 It s a book that says the same thing almost all the other books in the world say, continued the old man. It describes people s inability to choose their own Personal Legend. And it ends up saying that everyone believes the world s greatest lie. What s the world s greatest lie? the boy asked, completely surprised. It s this: that at a certain point in our lives, we lose control of what s happening to us, and our lives become controlled by fate. That s the world s greatest lie. That s never happened to me, the boy said. They wanted me to be a priest, but I decided to become a shepherd. (Coelho 18) Santiago keeps asking questions when he cannot accept what people think. Since he is an intelligent person, Santiago is smart of arranging his questions when he really does not know anything about the topic in the conversation. It can be seen while he talks to Melchizedek about where Melchizedek comes from and what he does (Coelho 18-19). People say strange things, the boy thought. Sometimes it s better to be with the sheep, who don t say anything. And better still to be alone withy one s books. They tell their incredible stories at the time when you want to hear. But when you re talking to people, they say some things that are so strange that you don t know how to continue the conversation. (Coelho 19) Remembering a story about the baker told by Melchizedek, Santiago sometime reflects it to his life (Coelho 22-23). Actually, the baker wants to travel around the world. Santiago thinks that it would be better for the baker if he were a shepherd like him, so that he can travel around the world. Then Melchizedek relates what Santiago thinks with what he calls Personal Legend. Again, Santiago s curiosity arises his critical thinking. He asks many questions to Melchizedek for unusual things for him. Then the story of the baker really interrupts Santiago. He has to decide whether to continue his journey to search treasure or to keep being a shepherd. He

43 28 thinks that one day he may feel regretted if he does not follow his Personal Legend as what happens to the baker. He buys a loaf of bread in the baker s shop. He plays with his minds about some possibilities if he tells the baker the story told by Melchizedek. Then his mind comes into a decision that sometimes it is better to leave things as they are. He decides to say nothing to the baker (Coelho 25-26). He uses his critical thinking to reflect with his own life. Santiago thinks about it then takes lesson from them. He contemplates to what happens towards him and draws a conclusion from it, just as when he has some doubts about his decision to travel and to find the treasure. He still cannot understand that making a decision is only a beginning of things. Then he finds that when a person makes a decision, he really dives into a strong current which brings him too many places that he never imagines when he makes his first decision. This is what happens in his life. He never imagines joining a caravan when he decides to search the treasure. And where the caravan brings him is still a mystery for him (Coelho 68). Thus, Santiago s habit of thinking, asking, and reflecting things show that he is a critical person. He always shows these habits when he finds something interesting or awkward for him. He tries to get clear understanding based on his knowledge so that he can accept what people think about something Religious Santiago is a religious person. In spite of his quitting his study from a seminary and of becoming a priest, Santiago really believes in God. He has his own opinion about expressing his belief in God. Santiago feels that he cannot find

44 29 God at the seminary. However, he surely believes in God every morning when the sun rises. I couldn t have found God in the seminary, he thought, as he looked at the sunrise. (Coelho 10) Santiago s religious side can also be seen when he consults to the Gypsy woman in order to have his dream interpreted. Santiago is afraid to her because he has heard a bad story about a Gypsy woman from his family. When the Gypsy woman examines his hand, he feels scared. But she has the Sacred Heart of Jesus there, he thought, trying to reassure himself. He didn t want his hand to begin trembling. Showing the old woman that he was fearful. He recited an Our Father silently. (Coelho 12). He believes that God has a great power to control this imperfect world. In addition, he is sure that he has a purpose in his life. For long time, God always shows him the way to be a good shepherd and now he still believes in it. He believes that God will help him during his journey by giving some signs to be seen, listened, and followed. During his life as a shepherd, he finds that God always helps his flock. And he believes God helps him, too. If God leads the sheep so well, he will also lead a man, he thought, and that made him feel better. (Coelho 35) Santiago has to cross the desert in Africa in order to find treasure. He joins a caravan that heads him to Egypt. His religious trait in God can be seen when a caravan leader asks the caravan members to swear in the name of God they believe to obey his order during the journey in the desert. Santiago swears in the name of Jesus Christ.

45 30 But I want each and every one of you to swear by the God you believe in that you will follow my order no matter what. In the desert, disobedience means death. There was a murmur from the crowd. Each was swearing quietly to his or her own God. The boy swore to Jesus Christ. (Coelho 71-72) From his actions above, it is clear that Santiago is a religious person. Even he decides to quit from the seminary, it does not mean that he does not believe in God. Santiago still believes in God and it can be seen from his actions Independent Santiago is an independent person. This characteristic can be seen when he studies at seminary. By the age of sixteen, he lives in the seminary (Coelho 8). It means he leaves his parents and lives in the dormitory. A dormitory is surely has rules for its members. Because of it, Santiago has to take care of himself. When he decides to be a shepherd, he has to leave his parents farther than before. He also has to take care of himself and his flock, to lead them to food and water. Besides, Santiago must look after himself and them from something that dangerous. Because when he travels with his flock, there will be none available to protect them. In two years he had learned everything about shepherding: he knew how to shear sheep, how to care for pregnant ewes, and how to protect the sheep from wolves. He knew all the fields and pastures of Andalusia. And he what was the fair price for every one of his animals. (Coelho 26) When Melchizedek gives him two stones, the Urim and Thumim, to help him making a decision, Santiago does not depend on them at all. He tries to solve his problems and to make his own decision, even though the two stones will help him to make a decision easily and more accurate.

46 31 Take these, said the old man, holding out a white stone and a black stone that embedded at the center of the breastplate. They are called Urim and Thummim. The black signifies yes and the white no. When you are unable to read the omens, they will help you to do so. Always ask an objective question. But, if you can, try to make your own decision. The boy put the stones in his pouch. From then on, he would make his own decisions. (Coelho 30) During his journey to find treasure, Santiago meets people who then become his friends. However, when he faces problems, he tries to solve by himself. He does not depend on the people to make a decision. When he gets closer to his treasure, he decides to find it alone. The Alchemist tells him that it just takes 3 hours journey. Santiago just says thanks to him without asking any help (Coelho 153). From his actions, joining the seminarian and being shepherd, Santiago is described as an independent person. His decision to be a shepherd shows that he is free. Even though he can get help from the two stones, he always makes his own decision. He tries to solve his problems by himself until he finds the treasure Determined Santiago s father wants him to become a priest. Actually, he does not want to. What he wants is to travel around the world and he has to tell this to his father. He has to be brave to tell his father about his decision. In this case, Santiago shows that he is a determined person. One afternoon, on his visit to his family, he had summoned up the courage to tell his father that he didn t want to become a priest. That he wanted to travel. (Coelho 8)

47 32 Since his family cannot afford his travelling, he decides to be a shepherd. He argues with his father and expresses his idea with strong arguments. His father says that people who travel around the world are actually just search for new things. They are just the same people when they leave their homes and they come back again. Just as the people in his town. But Santiago persists that he wants to see those people s towns and how they live. His father still stands with his arguments. He says that he cannot afford Santiago if he persists to travel. Their family does not have enough money. Only shepherd can travel without cost. And Santiago is willing to be a shepherd to travel. Finally, his father understands his son s passion. He lets him to pursue his dream to travel (Coelho 9). When he has already decided to become a shepherd, he again has to decide one thing, realizing his dream by searching the treasure or keeping being a shepherd. Santiago becomes confused on those two choices. He likes travelling a lot. On the other hand, he is accustomed with his flock. Santiago thinks hard to get his best decision. He has to choose between his flock or his dream (Coelho 27). Finally, he is sure about his decision. He wants to make his dream comes true. He thinks about what he has already left behind when he decides to become a shepherd. He thinks about his family and his sheep. He is very sure that his family are accustomed to his being away. They understand that his dream is to travel around the world. And his sheep will get used to with his absence. They are just sheep, like other sheep in his town (Coelho 28). Santiago sticks to what he has decided. It can be seen when he has thought to come back to Spain and to start all from the beginning. He thinks about that

48 33 because he has good experiences about shepherding, but then he ignores his thought and decides to continue his journey to realize his dream. He notices that he always wants to come back to his flock because he stays with them for years. It creates a strong feeling in his life. They become good friends and understand each other. In contrast, he wants to search his treasure but he has no idea if he has to go through the desert. The two hours time between him and the Pyramids does not seem as a big matter. He puts this situation inside-out; he is two hours closer to his treasure. Even if he cannot find it, he can go back to his flock anytime he wants because he has enough money. Santiago comes to his decision that at least he has to try to find his treasure (Coelho 65). The same thing also happens in the desert when he decides to tell the chieftain of the oasis about his vision. Santiago sees the hawks flying and attacks the other. He gets the message and it means that the tribe will attack the oasis. He decides to tell this to the chieftain. Moreover, he knows that his decision may involve him into danger. If nothing he says happen in the future, the tribesmen hang him. However, Santiago states in his mind that he will remain on his decision to tell everything to the chieftain what he sees. Walking long in the silence, he had no regrets. If he died tomorrow, it would be because God was not willing to change the future. He would at least have died after having crossed the strait, after having work in the crystal shop, and after having known the silence of the desert and Fatima s eyes. He had lived every one of his days intensely since he had left home so long ago. If he died tomorrow, he would already have seen more than other shepherds, and he was proud of that. (Coelho ) From his arguments, thoughts, and actions, it is clear that Santiago is a determined person. He has his own freedom and values to believe. What people

49 34 say toward his decision does not affect him much. He is determined to continue his journey finding the treasure. 4.2 The Characterization of The Minor Characters According to Milligan (195), minor characters appear more limited than major character. Their function in the story is only to strengthen the major character. In this study, five minor characters influence Santiago s motivation to realize his dream. They are the old man, known as Melchizedek, the crystal merchant, the English man, the desert woman, named Fatima, and the Alchemist. According to Murphy, there are nine methods to reveal the personalities and traits of a character used by the author for the readers ( ). Those are personal description, character as seen by others, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism. Some of nine methods are also applied in this analysis to convey those minor characters personalities and traits. Moreover, they are portrayed in the story as follows: Melchizedek Known as The Old Man Melchizedek is first known as an old man. The author calls Melchizedek as an old man very often during the story. In the beginning of the story, the author calls Melchizedek as an old man many times. The readers can find it when Melchizedek has a conversation with Santiago at their first meeting (Coelho 16-17). In addition, Santiago is surprised when he knows that Melchizedek is able to read.

50 35 Hmm said the old man, looking at all sides of the book, as if it were strange object. This is an important book, but it s really irritating. The boy was shocked. The old man knew how to read and had already the book. (Coelho 17) Although Melchizedek is an old man, yet he is an intelligent person. When Santiago reads a book, Melchizedek gives his opinion about the book. It means he is able to read and has already read the book. He tells Santiago that the book tells about Personal Legends (Coelho 18). Melchizedek s intelligence also can be seen when he tells Santiago about the world s greatest lie. This topic is related with the book that Santiago reads. It s this: that at a certain point in our lives, we lose control of what s happening to us, and our lives become controlled by fate. That s the world s greatest lie. (Coelho 18) There are not many people know about this topic. The person who really understands about world s greatest lie is only the one who understands the meaning of life. As an intelligent person, Melchizedek has many ways to convince Santiago that his Personal Legend is travelling to find the treasure. Melchizedek offers him a lesson about the treasure with a fee one-tenth of his flock. Melchizedek knows that Santiago has to be separated with them to make him focus with the treasure. Melchizedek is a king of Salem. Being a king should be an intelligent person because a king should think about his kingdom and think how to protect his people. So, what is Salem like? he asked, trying to get some sort of clue.

51 36 And what do you do in Salem? he insisted. What do I do in Salem? The old man laughed. Well, I m king of Salem! People say strange things, the boy thought. (Coelho 19) The author uses the main character s opinion to describe about how Melchizedek dresses. He dresses like an Arab. It seems very strange for Santiago in the first time. Then he realizes that there are many Arabs in the city because Africa is only two - hour - trip from Tarifa. They can go and come easily (Coelho 18). Melchizedek knows many things very well, including the things that only a few people know. He is also able to read what a person thinks in his mind. He shows this ability when he has a conversation with Santiago about the world s greatest lie. It is when people lose control of their own lives, of what happen to them. And fate starts controlling people s lives. It reminds Santiago to what happens in his life when his parents want him to become a priest but he decides to become a shepherd. Santiago is surprised because the old man knows what he thinks about (Coelho 18). Melchizedek shows that he knows many things in people s lives, in this case is Santiago s life. In the first time meeting with him, Santiago never tells Melchizedek about his family, his experience, or even his secret. However, Melchizedek knows it all. He writes them down in the sand of the plaza where they converse. He writes the names of Santiago s parents, the name of the seminary he has attended, and the name of the merchant s daughter. Again, Santiago is surprised because he himself does not know her name. He tells none about the girl (Coelho 21).

52 37 The third time when Melchizedek shows that he is able to read what a person thinks is when they converse about omens and the treasure that Santiago wants to find. While they are talking about how Santiago will find the treasure, suddenly a butterfly flutters between them. Santiago remembers what his grandfather has told him. Butterflies are good omen, like crickets, grasshopper, lizards, and four-leaf clovers. Melchizedek says that his grandfather is right about the good omens (Coelho 29). As a king, Melchizedek is a wise person. He is willing to have conversation with a shepherd like Santiago. Moreover, he likes to share with him about Personal Legend which topic is never heard by Santiago. I m the king of Salem, the old man said. Why would a king be talking with a shepherd? the boy asked, awed and embarrassed. For several reasons. But let s say that the most important is that you have succeeded in discovering your Personal Legend. The boy didn t know what a person s Personal Legend was. It s what you always wanted to accomplish. Everyone, when they are young, knows what their Personal Legend is. (Coelho 21) Melchizedek likes to give his wise advice to Santiago. He knows that Santiago needs something that can make him sure about his later decision. Melchizedek tries to convince him that when he wants something in his life, all the universe conspires of helping him to achieve it. It is because the Soul of the World is nourished by people s happiness, unhappiness, envy, and jealousy (Coelho 22). When Santiago is ready to search the treasure, Melchizedek tells him another story about the secret of happiness from the wisest man in the world. By telling him this story, Melchizedek hopes that Santiago will always remember

53 38 about his sheep. The message of the story is always remembering the drops of oil on the spoon while enjoying all the marvels of the world. That is the secret of happiness. Santiago understands the story. He realizes that as a shepherd he may not forget to his flock while he travelling around the world (Coelho 32). Since Melchizedek is a wise person, he tells a story to Santiago that can convince him to follow his Personal Legend. Melchizedek tells him that it is more important to think about our own Personal Legend than to think what people think about us. His story compares between bakers and shepherds. He says that people think bakers are more important than shepherds. Parents are happy if their children marry with bakers than shepherds. It is because bakers have homes but shepherds always travel and live outside. It hurts Santiago. The old man says that in the end, what people think about shepherds and bakers becomes more important than their own Personal Legend (Coelho 23). Melchizedek is a generous person. When he is success in convincing Santiago to follow his Personal Legend that is finding the treasure, he gives his two precious stones to him. Melchizedek says that the two stones will help him to read the omens during his journey in finding the treasure. Take these, said the old man. Holding out a white stone and a black stone that had been embedded at the center of the breastplate. They are called Urrim and Thummim. The black signifies yes and the white no. whne you are unable to read the omens, they will help you to do so. Always ask an objective question. (Coelho 30) Melchizedek is a king of Salem. The reader can find the story about him in the Holy Bible (Hebrew 7: 1 14). Melchizedek is also known as the priest of the Most High God. His first name means King of Righteousness. Since he is a king

54 39 of Salem, it also has meaning as King of Peace. In the Holy Bible it is also written that there is no record of his father or mother or of any of his ancestors and record of his birth or his death. It is why Melchizedek remains as a priest forever because he is like the Son of God. There is also a story when Abraham gives him all he gets from the battle. Melchizedek is not a descendent of Levi but he collects one tenth from Abraham. As the person who receives God s promises, he blesses Abraham too. This story shows how great Melchizedek is. He is greater than Abraham, our great ancestor, because the one who blesses is greater than the one who is blessed. Melchizedek receives one tenth of Santiago s flock and he blesses him before Santiago crosses the strait to get into the new place of Africa (Coelho 25-33). Melchizedek is a God s servant. He should always be able whenever and wherever God calls him to work. In this case, his job is to convince Santiago about his treasure in the Pyramids, Egypt. When Melchizedek watches a small ship gets away from the port, he knows that he will never see Santiago anymore. It is just like when he asks Abraham to give him his one-tenth fee. Suddenly he realizes that this is his job. As a God s servant, he should not have a desire because he does not have Personal Legend. But Melchizedek hopes that Santiago will be success in his journey. Using six out of the nine ways of characterization proposed by Murphy, the readers can find Melchizedek s personalities. The personal description of Melchizedek shows that he is an old man. The main character confirms that Melchizedek dresses like an Arab. We can also find that Melchizedek is both an

55 40 intelligent and a wise person through his speech, thought, reactions, and conversation with Santiago as the main character. From these ways too, we can find that Melchizedek is a generous person and is able to read what a person thinks and what happen in one s life. Moreover, the author s comments suggest that he is a God s servant The Crystal Merchant The crystal merchant is conservative. It can be seen at the first scene of the story when the author tells about him. He lives in at the same place for thirty years and always does a same activity every morning. Even he knows that everything around him is changing, he keeps the way of his living without doing any improvement. Neighbours moved away and there remained only a few small shops on the hill. And no one was going to climb the hill just to browse through a few small shops. But the crystal merchant had no choice. He had lived thirty years of his life buying and selling crystal pieces, and now it was too late to do anything else. He spent the entire morning observing the infrequent comings and goings in the street. He had done this for years, and knew the schedule of everyone who passed.(coelho 45) The crystal merchant s conservative side is shown when Santiago wants to build a display case for the crystal to attract people in the downhill. The crystal merchant is very afraid of doing that because he thinks this idea is too risky. He says to Santiago that he does not like any changes in his shop. He tells him that they are not like Hassan, the rich man. If Hassan makes a buying mistake, it does not affect him much. But the crystal merchant and Santiago have to live with their mistakes, so they have to be careful with their decisions (Coelho 53).

56 41 Furthermore, the crystal merchant shows that he is afraid of having different way of living when Santiago wants to make an improvement at the shop by selling tea in crystal. He feels comfortable with his old-fashioned living and his shop that he has for thirty years. He knows crystal very well. He also knows that if they sell tea in the crystal, the shop will be expanded. It means he has to change his way of life. Unfortunately, he does not like to change anything because he does not know how to deal with changes (Coelho 58). The crystal merchant s generosity can be seen through his reaction. He treats Santiago to eat after cleaning his crystal glassware. It happens in the first day they meet. Even though they do not know each other, the crystal merchant lets Santiago cleaning his crystal glassware. In return, the crystal merchant has to give food for Santiago. When he had completed the cleaning, he asked the man for something to eat. Let s go and have some lunch, said the crystal merchant. He put a sign on the door, and they went to a small café nearby. As they sat down at the only table in the plaza, the crystal merchant laughed. (Coelho 46) During their lunch, Santiago tells his story about going to the Pyramids to him. The crystal merchant fells regretted to Santiago, for his story that he needs an entire year to spend money to go to the Pyramids. Santiago seems very depressed after hearing what the crystal merchant has said. Then, the crystal merchant is eager to give some money to Santiago so that he can get back to his country (Coelho 47). It shows that he is a generous person. After hiring Santiago for almost a month, the crystal merchant keeps showing his generosity. He treats him well. He always gives Santiago a good

57 42 commission for every selling that he makes. This reaction shows that the crystal merchant is a generous person. The readers can find it in the story. Even though the merchant is an old grouch, he treats Santiago fairly by giving him a good commission for each piece he sells (Coelho 51). The author lets the readers recognize the crystal merchant s generosity from his reactions. The crystal merchant offers Santiago a high commission rate after realizing that his business shows improvement since he works for him. He does it because he knows that Santiago wants to get back to his country and buy some sheep (Coelho 53). The readers can also find that the crystal merchant is a religious person from his speech. When he decides to treat Santiago after he cleans his crystal glassware, the crystal merchant says he does it because Koran requires him to do so. He tells Santiago that actually he does not need to clean the crystal to get some food because the Koran requires all Muslims to feed a hungry person (Coelho 46). As a Muslim, the crystal merchant wants to go to Mecca. This pilgrimage is the fifth obligation for every Muslim. The crystal merchant always dreams of it since he is very young. In fact he has not done it yet although he has already had the money that he needs. The merchant was silent for a few moments. Then he said, The Prophet gave us the Koran, and left us five obligations to satisfy during our lives. The most important is to believe only in true God. The others are to pray five times a day, fast during Ramadan, and be charitable to the poor. He stopped there. His eyes filled with tears as he spoke of the Prophet. He was a devout man, and, even with all his impatience, he wanted to live his life in accordance with Muslim law. What is the fifth obligation? the boy asked. Two days ago, you said that I had never dreamed of travel, the merchant answered. The fifth obligation of every Muslim is pilgrimage.

58 43 We are obliged, at least once in our lives, to visit the holy city of Mecca. (Coelho 54) The crystal merchant is a selective person. As a merchant for thirty years, he has to think about profit and loss. Realizing that there are two customers come in his shop while Santiago is cleaning the crystal, the crystal merchant then decides to hire him in his shop (Coelho 46). The way of the crystal merchant thinking shows how selective he is. He shows it when Santiago wants to build a crystal display to attract people in the downhill. The crystal merchant does not agree directly. I ve never had one before,' the merchant answered. People will pass by and bump into it, and pieces will be broken. (Coelho 52) He thinks that it is too risky for his business. Even Santiago tells his experience about his sheep in fields, which may be killed by snake, the crystal merchant keeps in his opinion. He argues that he is not like Hassan, the rich man. If he makes a buying mistake, it will affect him much, so he chooses to be more selective (Coelho 53). After having a quite long conversation with Santiago, the crystal merchant knows that the boy wants to make his dream happen, going back to his country and buying sheep. Thinking that Santiago has already made improvement in his business, then the crystal merchant permits him to build the crystal display. That day, the merchant gave the boy permission to build the display. Not everyone can see his dreams come true in the same way. (Coelho 56) Two months after building the display, another improvement is suggested by Santiago. Then, the crystal merchant has to think again about the idea. He does not want to lose his business he has.

59 44 Let s sell tea to the people who climb the hill. Lots of places sell tea around here, the merchant said. But we could sell tea in crystal glasses. The people will enjoy the tea and want to buy the glasses. I have been told that beauty is the great seducer of men. (Coelho 57) He converses with Santiago as he thinks about the idea. Then he understands that what happens to him and his business is a real blessing. Since Santiago works in his shop, he gets a big profit that he never imagines in his life before. The crystal merchant thinks that he does not want to get a curse if he ignores the blessing brought by Santiago. Therefore, he lets Santiago begin selling tea in the crystal glasses. By saying Sometimes, there s just no way to hold back the river., the crystal merchant lets Santiago begin selling tea in the crystal glasses (Coelho 59). The crystal merchant is also a dreamer. The readers can understand it from his speech to Santiago. The crystal merchant knows that the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca is an obligation for all Muslims. In fact, he just likes to dream his pilgrimage. He keeps it as his dream since he was very young. Even he has already had enough money to go to Mecca; he keeps his pilgrimage as his dream. He is afraid if he realizes his dream, he has no more reason to live in the world. He tells Santiago that they are different because Santiago wants to make his dream comes true. Even the crystal merchant has imagined his trip to the holly city of Mecca as his pilgrimage in detail since he is a young, he is still afraid that it will be just a disappointment for him (Coelho 55).

60 45 The crystal merchant gives his blessing to Santiago the day before he leaves the crystal shop. As he gives his blessing, he says to Santiago that he will not go to Mecca. Will you give me your blessing? asked the boy. You have help me. The man continued to prepare his tea, saying nothing. Then he returned to the boy. I m proud of you, he said. You brought a new feeling into my crystal shop. But you know that I m not going to go to Mecca. Just as you know that you re not going to buy your sheep. (Coelho 61) The readers may find that the crystal merchant is a conservative person through his speech, reactions, and direct knowledge from the author. In addition, through his reactions too, the readers can understand that he is a generous and a selective man. Moreover, from his speech to another character, Santiago, the readers can find that he is a dreamer Fatima Fatima is a typical Arab woman. She is single because a woman who has already married in this story must be dressed in black. Yet, Fatima is not dressed in black. Finally, a young woman approached who was not dressed in black. She had vessel on her shoulder, and her head was covered by veil, but her face was uncovered. The boy approached her to ask about the alchemist. (Coelho 92) She is a beautiful desert woman who has dark eyes. At the first sight, Santiago is mesmerized by Fatima s beauty. Because of her beauty, Santiago directly falls in love with her at that time, too. When he looked into her dark eyes, and saw that her lips were poised between a laugh and silence, he learned the most important part of the language that all the world spoke the language that everyone on earth was capable of understanding in their heart. It was love. (Coelho 92)

61 46 The author of the novel also gives his direct comment about how Fatima looks like. It can be seen when Fatima introduces herself to Santiago. She tells him that her name is the name of the Prophet s daughter. The invaders carry the name everywhere. Fatima is a supportive girl. At the first time, she shows this personality when Santiago tells her that he thinks the war is a curse for him because he cannot find the treasure near the Pyramids. Now he thinks that the war is a blessing because he can meet her. Moreover, he will wait her every day in the well where she takes water. Fatima does not show her enthusiasm directly. She knows that Santiago loves her much, but she does not try to detain him from searching the treasure. By saying, The tribesmen are always in search of treasure, the girl said, as if knowing what he was thinking. And the women of the desert are proud of their tribesmen. (Coelho 96), Fatima shows her support for Santiago to keep searching his treasure. Fatima tells Santiago why she wants him to continue toward his goal, searching the treasure. She encourages him that she does not need to fear about anything when he has to go because she is part of him, part of his dream. That s why I want you to continue toward your goal. If you have to wait until the war is over, then wait. But if you have to go before then, go on pursuit of your dream. The dunes are changed by the wind, but the desert never changes. That s the way it will be our love for each other. Maktub, she said. If I m really part of your dream, you ll come back one day. (Coelho 97) In the next meeting, Fatima and Santiago still talk about the same topic; Santiago s searching of treasure in the Pyramids. Fatima s supportive side is seen when she encourages Santiago to realize his dream. Since many desert men leave their wives, Fatima knows how a woman s feeling about being left by

62 47 her husband, even though she has not married yet. Since she is a desert woman, watching other desert women wait for their coming men is a part of her life. She becomes accustomed with it. Now, she is one of the desert women who wait for their coming men. She is proud of it because she knows that her man is a great man (Coelho 98). On the day before Santiago leaves, Fatima still supports him. She wants Santiago to go for searching the treasure because it is what he wants. In addition, she wants to make him believes that she will always wait for him. She promises to him that she will wait with hope. She has an experience which happens to her parents. One day, her father goes away but he comes back. Since then, whenever and wherever her father goes, he always comes back to her mother. Because of this, she has a strong belief that Santiago will come back for her (Coelho 122). Fatima is a sincere girl. She likes to tell the truth about what she really feels and believes about something. Since she is a child, she dreams that the desert will bring her a present. She wants it for years. Now, her present is here. It is Santiago (Coelho 97). She believes that Santiago really loves her. She tells him that she loves him too. Fatima does not afraid if one day Santiago has to leave her to search his treasure. She believes that they meet because of destiny. All the omens in his life bring him to her (Coelho 97). When Fatima and Santiago talk about his leaving, she tells him that she is used to of being left by her father. She lives in the desert. And desert men usually leave their wives. When the men do not come back, the women know that their

63 48 men become part of everything in the world. They become part of the Soul of the World. Even Fatima has not married yet, she is accustomed to it (Coelho 98). Fatima also tells him that she is proud of being a desert woman. And she says that if one day Santiago becomes her husband, she wants him to be like other desert men. She will accept the fact if one day her husband will be the part of the world like other men who do not return. I m a desert woman, and I m proud of that. I want my husband to wander as free as the wind that shapes the dunes. And, if I have to, I will accept the fact that he has become a part of the clouds, and the animals, and the water of the desert. (Coelho 98) On the day before Santiago leaves, Fatima shows her sincerity. When Santiago tries to tell Fatima that he loves her because of something, Fatima interrupts his talk. She believes that there is no reason for someone to be loved or to love (Coelho 122). After having some talks, Fatima cries. She cries because she loves Santiago. Now, the man who she loves will go for pursuing his dream. In addition, Fatima has to accept the risk if something bad will happen to Santiago. He saw that Fatima s eyes were filled with tears. You re crying? I m a woman of the desert, she said, averting her face. But above all, I m a woman. (Coelho 122) The personal description of Fatima shows that she is a beautiful Arab girl with dark eyes. The author s direct comment also shows that her beauty makes Santiago falls in love with her at his first sight. From her speeches and reactions, the readers may find that she is a supportive girl. Even loves Santiago, she keeps supporting and encouraging him to pursue his dream in finding the treasure near

64 49 the Pyramids. And from these two methods of characterization too, Fatima s sincerity is seen The Alchemist The Alchemist is a desert man. He grows up and lives in the desert. He knows the desert very well. He watches the changing dunes because of the wind since he is a child. He has seen many kinds of people come and go in the desert (Coelho 86). The Alchemist is first seen as a mysterious person. Santiago is afraid at the first time he sees him. He rides a horse dressing with all black and with a falcon on his shoulder. He also wears a turban. He covers his face with a black kerchief but not his eyes. His enormous curved sword from a scabbard that mounts on his saddle shows him like a mere messenger. The way of his coming and his dressing frighten Santiago. He rides a white horse when he comes to Santiago (Coelho 109.) The Alchemist is a wise man. The readers know it through Santiago s thought. The first time, he meets Santiago, he says about a topic that surprises Santiago. The Alchemist talks about the Language of the World. What he says reminds Santiago about the old king. Only few people know this topic and they must be wise people. I had to test your courage, the stranger said. Courage is the quality most essential to understanding the Language of the World. The boy was surprised. The stranger was speaking of things that very people knew about. You must not let up, even after having come so far, he continued. You must love the desert, but never trust it completely. Because the desert tests all men: it challenges every step, and kills those

65 50 who become distracted. What he said reminded the boy of the old king. (Coelho 111) When the Alchemist invites Santiago to come to his tent, he gives him an advice that is almost the same as what the old king has said. The Alchemist tells Santiago that if he really wants something, the entire universe will conspire to help him realizing his dream. Santiago realizes that he will help him to find the treasure (Coelho ). The Alchemist serves Santiago a bottle of wine. Santiago knows that wine is prohibited in that area because Muslims are not allowed to consume it. The Alchemist gives his good reason why he drinks a wine by saying It s what comes out of their mouths that is. (Coelho 115) During their meal, the Alchemist gives Santiago his good advice about treasure. He also suggests him to buy a horse rather than a camel if he wants to ride through the desert. Drink and enjoy yourself, said the alchemist, noticing that the boy was feeling happier. Rest well tonight, as if you were a warrior preparing for combat. Remember that wherever your heart is, there you will find your treasure. You ve got to find the treasure, so that everything you have learned along the way can make sense. Tomorrow, sell your camel and buy a horse. Camels are traitorous: they walk thousands of paces and never seem to tire. Then suddenly, they kneel and die. But horse tire bit by bit. You always know how much you can ask of them and when it is that they are about to die. (Coelho ) The next day, when the Alchemist and Santiago ride in the desert, Santiago tells him that his heart is heavy about leaving Fatima. And he does not want to go actually. Then the Alchemist tells him a possibility if Santiago decides to stay in the oasis and abandons his treasure. He also gives him another good

66 51 advice about what he feels in his heart. You must understand that love never keeps a man from pursuing his Personal Legend. If he abandons that pursuit, it s because it wasn t true love the love that speaks the Language of the World. (Coelho 120). Finally, the Alchemist is successful in persuading Santiago. The next day, Santiago decides to search for the treasure with the Alchemist as his companion. The Alchemist understands that Santiago thinks about Fatima who is left behind. He convinces Santiago that Fatima will wait for him until he comes back to the desert. Don t think about what you left behind, the alchemist said to the boy as they began to ride across the sand of the desert. Everything is written in the Soul of the World, and there it will stay forever. Men dream more about coming home than about leaving, the by said. He was already reaccustomed to the desert s silence. If what one finds is made of pure matter, it will never spoil. And one can always come back. If what you had found was only a moment of light, like the explosion of a star, you would find nothing on your return. The man was speaking the language of alchemy. But the boy knew that he was referring to Fatima. (Coelho ) During their journey in the desert, the Alchemist gives a lot advice to Santiago. If he contemplates a simple grain of sand in the desert, the desert gives him understanding of the world. The Alchemist tells him the way how to immerse the desert. All he needs to do is just listening to his heart because it always tells the truth of the world. Because by doing so, Santiago will have understanding of the world from it. The heart never tells a lie because it comes from the Soul of the World (Coelho 127). The Alchemist is cautious. The author gives his direct comment about this characteristic of the Alchemist. They crossed the desert for another two days in

67 52 silence. The Alchemist had become much more cautious, because they were approaching the area where the most violent battles were being waged. (Coelho ) The Alchemist shows his cautiousness when he and Santiago meet three armed tribesmen. The Alchemist knows that anything can happen in the desert. He knows that if he or Santiago shows something suspicious in front of them, they will think that he and Santiago are spies. Therefore, when the tribesmen ask him and Santiago about their luggage, the Alchemist honestly tells them. The Arabs laughed at him, and the alchemist laughed along. They thought his answer was amusing, and they allowed the boy and the alchemist to proceed with all of their belongings. Are you crazy? the boy asked the alchemist, when they had moved on. What did you do that for? To show you one of life s simple lessons, the alchemist answered. When you possess great treasures within you, and try to tell others of them, seldom are you believed. (Coelho ) One afternoon when the Alchemist and Santiago ride in the desert, they pass the encampment of one of the tribes. None of the tribesmen pays attention to them. In addition, Santiago tells the Alchemist that there is no danger. Nevertheless, suddenly the Alchemist is upset with Santiago because he seems not to realize that they are in the desert. When there is a war, the Soul of the World can hear the screams of the battle. And everyone can suffer because of the war. Then Santiago realizes that everything in the world is one. Suddenly, two equestrians appear behind them. Santiago is surprised that the Alchemist is right that no one fails to suffer from war (Coelho 135). The readers also can find the Alchemist cautiousness through his reaction. When the Alchemist and Santiago are taken to a military camp in the desert, he

68 53 offers Santiago s money to the tribesmen. Santiago is surprised because he saves it for his entire life. The Alchemist tells him that everything can happen in the desert and money will have no value if they die. In fact, the money saves them for three days in the military camp (Coelho 141). The Alchemist is a brave man. When the tribesmen stop them, the Alchemist bravely looks into the eyes of the tribesmen. He does not show any fear to the tribesmen. Moreover, Santiago realizes that the Alchemist dominates them. You can t go ay father, one of them said. You re in the area where the tribes are at war. I m not going very far, the alchemist answered, looking straight into the eyes of the horsemen. They were silent for a moment, and then agreed that the boy and the alchemist could move along. The boy watched the exchange with fascination. You dominated those horsemen with the way you looked at them, he said. Your eyes show the strength of your soul, answered the alchemist. (Coelho 136) The author describes the Alchemist s personal description as a mysterious desert man. The readers may find that the Alchemist is a wise man through his thoughts, speech, and actions. In addition, through his reaction and direct comment from the author, the readers can understand that he is a cautious person. Moreover, from his speech to other characters, the readers will find his brave side. Using six out of nine ways proposed by Murphy, the readers will be able to understand more about the Alchemist s characteristics. 4.3 The Influence of the Minor Characters on Santiago s Motivation in Realizing His Dream In this section, theories by Mischel and Rotter as cited by Schultz and Mischel are applied. Mischel (530) states that there is a mutual influence between

69 54 person and condition. He also says that people have the ability to control their environment (Mischel 455). Some aspects that can be influenced by others are self-control and personal responsibility. As cited by Mischel (479), Rotter states that such perceptions involve a dimension of perceived locus of control. Internal and external loci of control are the types of locus of control proposed by Rotter as cited by Schultz (423). The major character of The Alchemist is Santiago. He is a shepherd who wants to make his dream come true. He decides to have a journey to the Pyramids in Egypt in order to search the treasure just like in his dream. At first, Santiago s motivation is intrinsic motivation. All he wants is just to travel around the world. Santiago meets many people in his journey to realize his dream to find the treasure in Egypt. Sometimes during the journey, Santiago faces some moments which make him unsure about his decision. Thus, his motivation about travelling changes. Five minor characters in the story influence his motivation in searching the treasure in the Pyramids, Egypt The Influence of The Old Man Known as Melchizedek In the beginning of the novel, it is described that Santiago has just visited a gipsy woman to interpret his dream about the treasure in the Pyramids but the woman cannot tell any information he needs about his dream. Because of that, Santiago decides that he will not believe in dreams anymore (Coelho 15). At the time when Santiago is unsure about his dream, whether he has to realize it or just leave it, he meets Melchizedek. They have a conversation at the marketplace.

70 55 Melchizedek, who is intelligent and is able to read people s mind, knows a lot about Santiago s life even though they have not meet each other. Melchizedek also tells him a story about a baker that they see during their conversation (Coelho 22-23). The baker leaves his Personal Legend; all he wants is travelling, just like a shepherd. As time goes by, people think bakers are more important than shepherds, because they have homes and shepherds do not. In addition, for the baker him self it becomes more important than his Personal Legend. Melchizedek tells it to Santiago because Santiago is trying to realize his Personal Legend. Nevertheless, he is also at the point where he is about to give it all up. While they are conversing, Santiago reminds Melchizedek of something about treasure. The boy reminded the old man that he had said something about hidden treasure. Treasure is uncovered by the force of flowing water, and it is buried by the same currents, said the old man. If you want to learn about your own treasure, you will have to give me one-tenth of your flock. (Coelho 24) Santiago has a Personal Legend. It is travelling around the world. He is determined about his Personal Legend. It can be seen when Santiago refuses to become a priest and chooses to travel and when he decides to be a shepherd because his family cannot afford his travelling. It is clear that Santiago is intent in pursuing his dream to travel around the world. Jung (4) says that motivation includes terms that refer to such diverse states as desires, wishes, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. Thus, Personal Legend in this story means motivation. Santiago s motivation occurs because of his needs. He likes to travel because he can feel the freedom. Conversely, he cannot feel it when he has to stay at the seminary. This is the reason why he refuses to become a priest.

71 56 But ever since he had been a child, he had wanted to know the world, and this was much more important to him than knowing God and learning about man s sins. One afternoon, on a visit to his family, he had summoned up the courage to tell his father that he didn t want to become priest. That he wanted to travel. (Coelho 8) Reflecting hierarchy of needs by Maslow as cited by Baron ( ), Santiago s motivation is included to esteem needs. Since Santiago looks for freedom in his travelling, his motivation is categorized to self-esteem. Before leaving, Melchizedek says that he will wait for Santiago the next day to give him one-tenth of his flock. After saying so, Melchizedek leaves him. Melchizedek is an intelligent person and is able to read people s mind. He knows what exactly Santiago thinks about, so he lets him go. Santiago begins to read his book again, but he is not able to concentrate. He is upset because he knows that Melchizedek is right about Personal Legend (Coelho 25). It influences Santiago s mind. On the way to his friend s stable, he interrupts his return and climbs the stone ramp of the city s castle (Coelho 26-27). There he starts to think about his flock and his treasure. It indicates that Santiago is influenced by what Melchizedek has said to him. Once, he is unsure about his treasure but after having a conversation with Melchizedek, Santiago realizes that actually he wants it. Here I am, between my flock and my treasure, the boy thought. He had to choose between something he had become accustomed to and something he wanted to have. There was also the merchant s daughter, but she wasn t as important as his flock, because she didn t depend on him. Maybe she didn t even remember him. (Coelho 27) He also thinks about his family and his hometown that he leaves behind. I left my father, my mother, and the town castle behind. They have

72 57 gotten to my being away, and so have I. The sheep will get used to my not being there, too, the boy thought. (Coelho 28) It shows that Santiago decides to find his treasure in the Pyramids. He wants to pursue his Personal Legend, just as what Melchizedek has said to him. He understands that everything he leaves is only the steps toward his Personal Legend (Coelho 28). Here, we can see that Melchizedek really influences Santiago s motivation. Santiago interacts with Melchizedek. Within this interpersonal interaction, Melchizedek influences Santiago through his wise advice. According to Young (164), people have actions, reactions, and interactions. It means that their acts in turn further affect one s behaviour within their interaction. Referring to Schultz (423), Santiago is a person with external locus of control because Melchizedek controls his reinforcement. In this situation, Santiago is a pawn person. Finally, in the next day Santiago gives Melchizedek one-tenth of his flock. Then Melchizedek gives his advice to Santiago about the treasure. This advice is always remembered by Santiago during his journey: In order to find the treasure, you will have to follow the omens. God has prepared a path for everyone to follow. You just have to read the omens that he left for you. (Coelho 29) Then Santiago crosses the strait to go to Egypt. In the new continent, Santiago sees that everything is very different. How strange Africa is, thought the boy (Coelho 33). However, Santiago does not seem worry to what happens around him. He keeps his motivation as influenced by Melchizedek to come to the Pyramids and to find the treasure. Santiago thinks about the omens during his time

73 58 crossing the strait. Melchizedek teaches him to pay more attention to signs and to omens. And he thinks that it is quite easy because he is used to learn about signs and omens when he is a shepherd (Coelho 34-35). In the situation above, we can see that Santiago maintains his motivation just as when he decide s to pursue his journey. Melchizedek influences Santiago s motivation since the first time when he is unsure about finding categorized as extrinsic motivation because Santiago changes his decision of finding the treasure after hearing and understanding the advice from Melchizedek. Staw as cited by Petri (315) says that extrinsic motivation emphasizes the external goals toward which the activity is directed. Weiner in Human Motivation (254) states that the concept of pawn by de Charm is linked with extrinsically motivated behaviour. It is proper with Santiago s external locus of control. Since Santiago is a new comer in Africa, he does not know a lot about the place. He has bad luck in Tangier, the harbour city. A boy who promises him to be his guide during his journey to the Pyramids cheats him. That boy takes away all Santiago s money. He is so sad until he cries. When Santiago is sad, he finds two stones that are given by Melchizedek, the Urim and Thummim. Then he hands the two stones. He feels better than before because he believes that a king gives two precious stones. These two stones remind him to what the old man has said that if he really wants something, the entire universe conspires to help him. It shows that Melchizedek s trait as a king also influences Santiago (Coelho 40). Santiago tries to do an experiment with the two stones. He knows that the old man s blessing is still with him. When he puts them in his pocket, the two

74 59 stones fall as there is a hole in his pocket. He remembers what Melchizedek has said to him. He has to recognize omens and then follow them. And it is an omen for him. Then he puts the two stones back in his pouch. He believes that they can fall anytime they want (Coelho 41). Santiago does not only remember to what Melchizedek has said, but he also does as what he has said. It shows that Melchizedek s trait as a king really influences Santiago. After realizing about the omen, Santiago gains his motivation and his confidence. It is described that Santiago feels that Africa a new place to conquer (Coelho 41). In this situation, Santiago gains back his motivation after knowing that Melchizedek s blessing is still with him. As a shepherd, Santiago feels very special that a king gives him a blessing. He perceives his behaviour as determined by external forces beyond his control. In this case, the two stones that are given by Melchizedek control him. This kind of person is called pawn. And a pawn person is linked with extrinsic motivation (Weiner 254). When Santiago works at the crystal shop in Africa, he loses his motivation to find his treasure. After working for almost a year in the crystal shop, Santiago makes a decision to get back to Andalusia and to buy many sheep. At the time when he is very unsure about his decision, he remembers the old man. He realizes that the old man is really a king (Coelho 64). It makes him thinks clearly and feels happy. As Santiago recalls the old man, he gains his motivation back. He knows what actually he wants and he feels very happy because of that. Santiago believes that the old man s blessing is always with him.

75 60 He suddenly felt tremendously happy. He could always go back to being a shepherd. He could always become a crystal salesman again. Maybe the world had other hidden treasures, but he had a dream, and he had met with a king. That doesn t happen to just anyone. He held Urim and Thumim in his hand; because of those two stones, he was once again on the way to his treasure. I an always nearby, when someone wants to realize their Personal Legend, tie old king had told him. (Coelho 65) When Santiago is very close to his treasure, he still remembers the old king s advice about omen. In order to find the treasure, you will have to follow the omens. God has prepared a path for everyone to follow. You just have to read the omens that he left for you. (Coelho 29) Santiago finds an omen before he digs the dune near the Pyramids to find his treasure. Another omen! The boy begin to dig into the dune. (Coelho 161) The character of Melchizedek in the novel has some equal characteristics as the one in the Holy Bible. Among the Catholics, Melchizedek is a famous character for his blessing to Abraham. As we can find in the novel, Santiago is a religious person. He has attended a seminary. In the seminary, a seminarian has an obligation to read the Holy Bible regularly. Someone who reads the Holy Bible regularly should be aware of Melchizedek s reputation and fame. From the first meeting, Santiago is already interrupted with this old man presence. And when he tells who he is and his name to Santiago, Santiago feels it is strange. It may remain Santiago to the same character as he knows in the Holy Bible for he thinks that Melchizedek says something strange. And do you do in Salem? he insisted. What do I do in Salem? The old man laughed. Well, I m the king of Salem!

76 61 People say strange things, the boy thought. Sometimes it is better to be with the sheep, who don t say anything. (Coelho 19) Melchizedek has a great influence toward Santiago s motivation in finding the treasure. The readers can find it in from the beginning until the end of the story. Melchizedek is the first person who believes in Santiago s dream about the Pyramids. He is also the one who supports and who gives many good advices to Santiago. Those advices are very helpful for Santiago during his journey in searching the treasure in the Pyramids, Egypt. This is the reason why Santiago always remembers to Melchizedek, to his advices, and misses his blessing. Melchizedek influences Santiago through his interaction with him. He gives many advices to Santiago. His speech to Santiago and his attitude on selfcontrol, responsibility, and leadership influence Santiago s motivation to search his treasure. Through Melchizedek s advice, Santiago gains back his motivation to continue his journey. Rotter said (Schultz 415), if people perceive themselves as conscious beings, they are able to influence their experiences. Melchizedek realizes that he has power to help people to get back their motivation toward their Personal Legend The Influence of the Crystal Merchant Santiago meets the crystal merchant when he passes his shop. At that time he does not have any money and he sees an opportunity to work at the shop to get some money to go to the Pyramids. After cleaning some crystal pieces, the crystal merchant asks Santiago to have lunch together. At their mealtime, Santiago tells the merchant that he needs some money to go to Egypt.

77 62 Do you want to go to work for me? the merchant asked. I can work for the rest of today, the boy answered. I ll work all night, until dawn, and I ll clean every piece of crystal in your shop. In return, I need money to get to Egypt tomorrow. The merchant laughed, Even if you cleaned my crystal for entire year even if you earned a good commission selling every piece, you would still have to borrow money to get to Egypt. There are thousands of kilometres of desert here and there. (Coelho 47) What the crystal merchant says about Egypt surprises Santiago. Santiago never imagines that the situation will get worse. Santiago suddenly looses his motivation to search the treasure. He feels that what he has done is useless. He is so sad, more sad than before when he losses all his money at the harbour. His face does not show any joy. The crystal merchant sees this and feels sorry for that (Coelho 47). From his speech, the readers can analysis that the crystal merchant has a conservative way of thinking which influences Santiago motivation. Santiago does not know at all about the Pyramids. When he hears about it from the crystal merchant who lives at Africa and knows much about it, he becomes sad. Since Santiago has a low self-control about his motivation, the crystal merchant easily influences him. Mischel (479) says that one s self-control, responsibility, and leadership are some of the aspects that can be influenced by other person s act. Realizing that he cannot continue his journey to the Pyramids in Egypt, Santiago decides to get back to Andalusia and to become a shepherd again. He accepts the merchant s offer to work at the shop. He decides to work with the crystal merchant. But he no longer thinks about the treasure. He wants to work with the merchant because he wants to buy some sheep (Coelho 47). Here the readers can find that the merchant s generosity unconsciously influences Santiago.

78 63 After almost a month working at the crystal shop, Santiago s motivation is still down. He finds nothing that can raise his motivation back. He spends his time only with the crystal merchant and the shop. The merchant says that there is nothing special about a pile of stones like the Pyramids because everyone can have it at their home. It makes Santiago s heart suffer more to talk about the Pyramids. Moreover, bit by bit, Santiago gets more pain in his heart to think about the treasure (Coelho 53). Again, the crystal merchant s conservative trait influence Santiago s motivation. Time goes on; Santiago works at the shop for almost a year. And he has enough money to buy more than a hundred sheep and also to enlarge his shepherding business in Andalusia. It is time for him to get back to his hometown and to his old job as a shepherd. Nevertheless, the crystal merchant says something to Santiago before his leaving. I am proud of you, he said. You brought a new feeling into my crystal shop. But you know that I m not going to go to Mecca. Just as you know that you re not going to buy your sheep. Who told you that? asked the boy, startled. Maktub said the old crystal merchant. And he gave his blessing. (Coelho 61) When Santiago joins a caravan to get to the Pyramids, he remembers what the crystal merchant has said. It influences him to be wiser to what happens in life. He begins to understand that intuition is really a sudden immersion of the soul into the universal current of life, where the histories of all people are connected, and we are able to know everything, because it is all written there as Maktub which means is already written, just like what the merchant has said (Coelho 74).

79 64 The crystal merchant influences Santiago through their interaction. Young (164) says that in the contact of human beings, we interact with other. Through an interaction, we can influence other people. During his first a year in Africa, Santiago spends much time on the crystal merchant. They have a good interaction as an employee and an employer. As one s self-control, responsibility and leadership are some of the aspects that can be influenced by other person s act (Mischel 479). As Santiago has a low self-control to his motivation, he loses his motivation three times. First, when the crystal merchant says that it is impossible for him to go to the Pyramids. Second, when he knows that the merchant also has dream but he just keeps it as dream. Third, when Santiago has everything that he needs to get back as a shepherd after working at the crystal shop. As Mischel (455) says that, the people have the ability to control their environment. In this case, the crystal merchant controls Santiago as his employee at his shop. He has the ability and the power The Influence of Fatima Fatima is a desert girl, whom Santiago loves at his first sight. At the first meeting, Fatima influences Santiago with her beauty. Even though she loves him; Fatima lets Santiago pursue his dream. She supports him to find the treasure in the Pyramids which means he has to leave her. Nevertheless, Santiago thinks that Fatima is more important than his treasure, and he is willing to stay at the oasis as long as the war ends. In fact, Fatima supports him implicitly.

80 65 I m going to wait here for you every day. I have crossed the desert in search of a treasure that is somewhere near the Pyramids, and for me, the war seemed a curse. But now it s a blessing, because it brought me to you. The war is going to end someday, the girl said. The boy looked around him at the date palms. He reminded himself that he had been a shepherd, and that he could he a shepherd again. Fatima was more important than his treasure. The tribesmen are always in search of treasure, the girl said, as if she had guessed what he was thinking. And the women of the desert are proud of their tribesmen. (Coelho 95-96) Santiago knows that the war may take a long time. And it is possible for him not to continue his journey to the Pyramids. However, Fatima keeps supporting him to continue his journey. She is willing to wait for his coming to the oasis because she believes that Santiago will come back some day. Santiago tells Fatima about his dreams, the old king, his treasure, and omens. It makes Fatima realizes that now she becomes part of his Personal Legend. Because of it, Fatima wants him to go on in pursuing his dream. She believes that their love stays forever and that he will come back for her (Coelho 97). It is hard for Santiago to leave Fatima. The married shepherds that he knows remind him how difficult they convince their wives that they will come back. Fatima tells Santiago that she is used to look other desert women who wait for husbands coming. She realizes that Santiago may not come back just like other men. Nevertheless, she is proud of that because she believes that he becomes part of the nature. Santiago s love to Fatima is unfulfilled needs. In contrast, his journey to the Pyramids is on the way to move. Belongingness and love are lower needs that

81 66 come before esteem needs. Self-esteem needs include in the esteem needs (Kasschau 143). Therefore it is hard for Santiago to achieve his self-esteem needs because his needs of belongingness and love are unfulfilled yet. That is why he has to make sure about Fatima s love; whether she is willing to wait for him from the Pyramids. When Santiago believes in Fatima s true love, he becomes very sure about pursuing the treasure. His motivation to find the treasure is back. In this case, this motivation is extrinsic motivation. Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (401) say that extrinsic motivation means the desire to perform an action because of external rewards or avoidance of punishment. Santiago s motivation is back is because of Fatima. She convinces him about her love. He believes that if he leaves her for the treasure, she will wait him until his arrival. At first, he feels afraid to leave Fatima. It means Santiago feel restrictive about his movement. Weiner (254) says that the concept of pawn is linked with extrinsically motivated behaviour (included forces), restriction movement, and the perception of threatening. Finally, the day comes. Santiago decides to find his treasure and leaves Fatima at the oasis. He is very sure that Fatima s love is pure and is only for him. He tells Fatima about it and promises her that he will come back for her. Fatima s belief and love influence Santiago s motivation to go to the Pyramids. I ll be back, the boy said. Before this, I always looked to the desert with longing, said Fatima. Now it will be with hope. My father went away one day, but he returned to my mother, and he has always come back since then. They said nothing else. They walked a bit farther among the palms, and then the boy lest her at the entrance to her tent. I ll return, just as your father came to your mother, he said. (Coelho 122)

82 67 Santiago and Fatima are in love. It is mutual interaction if people are in love; they do anything for the person he or she loves. Santiago is willingly leaving his treasure in the Pyramids just to stay in the oasis with Fatima. But Fatima influences him with her pure love that he has to go on pursue his searching. As human beings, people continuously influence their environment as well as being affected by them in a mutual interaction (Mischel 530). And Fatima is succeeded in influencing Santiago s motivation as pursue the treasure The Influence of The Alchemist The Alchemist is the person the Englishman looks for. The Alchemist is almost the same as Melchizedek in giving advice to Santiago so that he keeps his motivation to find his treasure in the Pyramids. When the Alchemist says something that really has the same meaning with what Melchizedek has said, Santiago understands that the alchemist is there to help him toward his Personal Legend (Coelho 114). Even though Santiago realizes that the Alchemist is there to help him, he keeps his minds about Fatima as his treasure. He does not want to continue his journey to the Pyramids. I m going to guide you across the desert, the alchemist said. I want to stay at the oasis, the boy answered. I ve found Fatima, and, as far as I concerned, she s worth more than treasure. Fatima is a woman of the desert, said the alchemist. She knows that men have to go away in order to return. And she already has her treasure; it s you. Now she expects that you will find what it is you looking for. (Coelho 118) Santiago does not change his decision. He asks the Alchemist about the possibilities if he decides to stay at the oasis. With his wise trait, the Alchemist

83 68 tells him the possibilities. In the first year, he becomes a rich man and gets married with Fatima. In the second year, he remembers about the treasure but he ignores the omens of the treasure because he enjoys his life as a counsellor. In the third year, the omens of the treasure and his Personal Legend begin to haunt him during his nights. Fatima gets upset because she thinks that she interrupts his quest to find the treasure. But Santiago never blames her because he knows that it is because of his own fear that he may not come back if he leave the oasis. In the fourth year, the omens abandon him because he never listens to them. As it happens so, he loses his position as a counsellor. However, he still has much money to live with his family. Moreover, during his life too, he spends his days on thinking about his Personal Legend. It makes Santiago regrets because it is too late (Coelho ). After hearing those possibilities from the Alchemist, Santiago remembers the crystal merchant who always wants to go to Mecca, the Englishman who searches for the Alchemist, and Fatima, a desert woman that he loves so. He begins to think twice about his Personal Legend. The Alchemist s story influences him a lot. But that night, as he had watched the cobra within the circle, the strange horseman with the falcon on his shoulder had had spoken of love and treasure, of the woman of the desert and of his Personal Legend. I m going with you, the boy said. And he immediately felt peace in his heart. We ll leave tomorrow before sunrise, was the alchemist only response. (Coelho 121) From the explanation and quotation above, we can understand how the Alchemist influences Santiago s motivation. Mischel (455) says that people have the ability to control their environment. It is in such diverse concept as will

84 69 power, mastery, and competence, and in their psychological opposites helplessness and hopelessness. Santiago has nothing to think about except Fatima. He becomes hopeless when the Alchemist talks about the treasure. Santiago needs advice and courage from another to convince him. The Alchemist has a competence in giving logical advice about the possibilities if Santiago decides to abandon his treasure. His ability of convincing Santiago really influences Santiago on making his decision. At their first day journey in the desert to the Pyramids, Santiago cannot but think about Fatima. He always thinks about coming back to her at the oasis. The Alchemist tells him not to worry about her. He says that she waits for him at the oasis until he comes back if she really loves him. Don t think about what you left behind, the alchemist said to the boy as they began to ride across the sands of the desert. Everything is written in the Soul of the World, and there it will stay forever. Men dream more about coming home than about leaving, the boy said. He was already reaccustomed to the desert s silence. If what one finds is made of pure matter, it will never spoil. And one can always come back. If what you had found was only a moment of light, like the explosion of a star, you would find nothing on your return. The man was speaking the language of alchemy. But the boy knew that he was referring to Fatima. (Coelho ) The Alchemist tells Santiago to listen his to his heart because it knows everything. Nevertheless, Santiago still cannot understand because it becomes agitated when he thinks about Fatima. It makes him find a difficulty of keeping the focus on his treasure. He feels that she does not want him to go on to pursue his dream. However, Santiago feels no fear and forgets about going back to the oasis, after understanding what the Alchemist tells about his heart (Coelho ).

85 70 Santiago has a limit understanding about his heart. He seems helpless when he finds that his heart always brings him to the girl at the oasis. He thinks that it betrays him. Yet, the Alchemist seems very familiar with this subject. With all his mastery of understanding heart, he helps Santiago to keep listening to what his heart is saying (Coelho 128). Mastery is one of the diverse concepts that people may have in controlling his environment. And helplessness is one of the psychological opposites of it (Mischel 455). Now, Santiago is able to listen to his heart. During his trip with the Alchemist, he practices what the Alchemist has said to him about how important is listening his heart. He understands his heart more than before. As doing so, he gets more confidence that his heart is always with him during his searching for treasure. One day, Santiago understands why his heart always asks him to continue following his dream. The Alchemist says that people s hearts will suffer if they let the people stop to pursue their dreams. Santiago promises to himself that he will listen to his heart whatever it says (Coelho ). On their trip, two tribesmen capture Santiago and the Alchemist and get them to their military camp. They are suspected as spies. In order to save their lives, the Alchemist tells to the tribesmen that Santiago is able to transform himself into wind. Realizing that his life is threatened, which means he can no longer find his treasure, Santiago tries his best to change himself to wind. He remembers to what the Alchemist has said to him (Coelho ). It s the point at which, as we say in the language of the desert, one dies of

86 71 thirst just when the palm tress have appeared on the horizon. Every search begins with beginner s luck. And every search end with the victor s being severely tested. The boy remembered an old proverb from his country. It said that the darkest hour of the night came just before the dawn. (Coelho 132) The Alchemist s cautious action influence Santiago when he talks to the desert. He tells it the meaning of love with an analogy from the Alchemist s habit, Love is the falcon s flight over your sands. Because for him, you are a green filed, from which he always returns with game. He knows your rocks, your dunes, and your mountains, and you re generous to him. (Coelho 144) Santiago notices the Alchemist s habit during their journey on the desert. The Alchemist always rode in front with the falcon in his shoulder. Santiago finds that every time the Alchemist s falcon flies, it always comes back with something for them to eat; a rabbit at the first day, and two birds at the second days. Travelling in the desert for him is just like a search of game. He understands that the falcon knows the desert very well because it always wins the game by finding their menu to eat (Coelho 124). When Santiago talks to the sun, he explains the meaning of love too. The sun knows everything in the world. However, when Santiago asks about what love is, the sun does not know it much. You are wise, because you observe everything from a distance, the boy said. But you don t know about love. If there hadn t been a sixth day, man would not exist; copper would always be just copper, and lead just lead. It s true that everything has its own Personal Legend, but one day that Personal Legend will be realized. So each thing has to transform itself into

87 72 something better, and to acquire a new Personal Legend, until, someday, the Soul of the World becomes one thing only. (Coelho 150) The Alchemist influences what Santiago says above. Santiago gets better understanding when the Alchemist tells him about everything that has its own Personal Legend (Coelho ). The Alchemist has better knowledge about this topic than Santiago has. Since Santiago has a limitation in understanding Personal Legend, what the Alchemist says gets into his mind easily. Mastery is one of the diverse concepts that people may have to control their environment (Mischel 455). The Alchemist can control Santiago s behaviour easily because he masters the topic better than Santiago. Santiago perceives his behaviour as determined by external forces beyond his control when he talks with the sun about Personal Legend. Based on Weiner (254), a person like Santiago is called a pawn. And a pawn person is associated with extrinsically motivated behaviour. It means that Santiago has an extrinsic motivation. Finally, Santiago gets closer to the Pyramids. He rides alone along the desert because it just takes several hours. Suddenly, he remembers what the Alchemist says about treasure. It makes his heart think about something else, about shepherd. told Where your treasure is, there also will be your heart, the alchemist had him. But his heart was speaking of other things. With pride, it told the story of a shepherd who had left his flock to follow a dream he had on two different occasions. It told of Personal Legend, and of the many men who had wandered in search of distant lands or beautiful women, confronting the people of their times with their preconceived nations. It spoke of journeys, discoveries, books, and change. (Coelho 159)

88 73 When Santiago is digging the dunes to find his treasure, several refugees approach him. They take gold in his bag. Since Santiago does not want them to know that he dig treasure, he tells a lie to them I m not hiding anything, the boy answered. (Coelho 162) But they think that Santiago may hide something in the dunes so they beat him. At that time, he remembers the Alchemist s advice, What a good is money to you if you re going to die? It s not often that money can save someone s life, the Alchemist had said. (Coelho 162) The Santiago tells them that he digs the treasure. He also tells about his dream about the hidden treasure in the Pyramids. Hearing this, the leader of the group tells his men to leave him because he has nothing (Coelho 162). We can see from this how the Alchemist influences Santiago s action in finding the treasure. The Alchemist influences Santiago through his interaction. He gives his advice and shows his attitudes on act of leadership. Santiago feels hard to go to the Pyramids for finding his treasure because he has to leave Fatima. Through Alchemist s advice, Santiago gains his motivation and believes in Fatima s love. Young (164) says that in the contact of human beings, people do not only have action and reaction, but also interaction. In other words, not only one s act influences other persons, but their acts in turn further affect one s subsequent behaviour. It is can be seen when Santiago does not want to continue his journey to the Pyramids because of Fatima, but then he changes his decision after he interacts with the Alchemist.

89 74 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS This chapter consists of two parts. They are conclusions and suggestions. The conclusions summarize the characterizations of Santiago and the minor characters and how the minor characters influence Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream. The second part presents the suggestions for the further researchers who will conduct analysis on Paulo Coelho s literary works and for the teaching learning activities. 5.1 Conclusions There are three parts that can be concluded from the analysis of the problem formulation. The first is how Santiago is portrayed in the story, how the minor characters are portrayed, and the influences of the minor characters in Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream. By using some of the ways of characterization by Murphy, such as personal description, character as seen by others, speech, reactions, direct comment, and thought, Santiago s and the minor characters characteristics can be described. Santiago is the major character in this story. Based on the analysis, first, Santiago is described as an intelligent person. It can be seen through his reactions and his thoughts. Santiago learns Latin, Spanish, and theology at a seminary there. His intelligence in understanding omens saves many people in the oasis. Second, Santiago is described as a critical person. It can be seen in the story when he decides to quit from the seminary. Santiago thinks that he cannot find God in learning men s sins but out there when he can see the sunrise s everyday. This characteristic can be seen through his reactions and mannerism. Third, Santiago is described as a religious person. It can 74 74

90 75 be seen through his reactions. When Santiago meets the Gypsy woman, he feels afraid. But after realizing that the Gypsy woman has the Sacred Heart of Jesus, he tries to reassure himself and prays Our Father silently. Fourth, Santiago is described as an independent person. This characteristic can be seen through his reactions. When Santiago decides to quit from the seminary and becomes a shepherd, he is ready to leave his family and to live alone. The last, Santiago is described as a determined person. It can be seen through his thought and reactions. Santiago chooses to find the treasure and leaves his sheep because he is very sure that his flock is accustomed to his absence and so do his family. There are four minor characters who influence Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream. They are Melchizedek, the crystal merchant, Fatima, and the Alchemist. The personal description of Melchizedek shows that he is an old man. The reader can find that he is a king who is both an intelligent and a wise person through his speech, thought, reactions, and conversation with Santiago as the main character. From these ways too, I can find that Melchizedek is a generous person and is able to read what a person thinks and what happen in one s life. Moreover, the author s comments suggest that he is a God s servant. The characteristics of the crystal merchant can be seen through his speech, reactions, and direct knowledge from the author. The readers may find that the crystal merchant is a conservative person. In addition, through his reactions too, the readers can understand that he is a generous and a selective man. Moreover, from his speech to another character, Santiago, the readers can find that he is a dreamer. The personal description of Fatima shows that she is a beautiful Arab girl with dark eyes. The author s direct comment also shows that her beauty makes Santiago falls in love with her at his first sight. Through her speech and reactions, the readers may find 75

91 76 that she is a supportive girl. Even loves Santiago, she keeps supporting and encouraging him to pursue his dream in finding the treasure near the Pyramids. And from these two methods of characterization too, Fatima s sincerity is seen. The author describes the Alchemist s personal description as a mysterious desert man. The readers may find that the Alchemist is a wise man through his thoughts, speech, and actions. In addition, through his reaction and direct comment from the author, the readers can understand that he is a cautious person. Moreover, from his speech to other characters, the readers will find his brave side. Those minor characters influence Santiago. They have different ways of influencing. These minor characters consciously and unconsciously use their traits in influencing Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream. The first minor character who influences Santiago s motivation is Melchizedek. Melchizedek influences Santiago through their interactions. As a wise and a generous person, Melchizedek gives many advices to Santiago. He also uses his intelligent trait to convince Santiago to keep pursue in finding the treasure. His speech to Santiago and his attitude on self-control, responsibility, and leadership influence Santiago s motivation to search it. Melchizedek shares the same traits as the one in the Holy Bible. Because of it, Santiago remembers Melchizedek easily. Through Melchizedek s advices, Santiago gains back his motivation to continue his journey. Melchizedek realizes that he has power to help people to get back their motivation toward their Personal Legend. Based on the hierarchy of needs, Santiago s motivation is included in esteem needs. It is because in esteem needs a person tends to look for freedom and Santiago looks for his freedom by travelling around the world. His kind of motivation is categorized in extrinsic motivation. Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream is influenced after he hears and understands Melchizedek s advice. Santiago is convinced 76

92 77 to keep searching the treasure. The crystal merchant is the second minor character who influences Santiago. The crystal merchant uses his conservative trait to influence Santiago s motivation. As a generous person, he hires Santiago in his shop. They have a good interaction as an employee and an employer. Unconsciously, the merchant s generosity influences Santiago s motivation. Since Santiago has a low self-control to his motivation, he loses his motivation when the crystal merchant tells him that it is impossible for him to go to the Pyramids, when he knows that the merchant also has dream but he just keeps it as dream, and when Santiago has everything that he needs to get back as a shepherd after working at the crystal shop. In this case, the crystal merchant controls Santiago as his employee at his shop. Santiago and the crystal merchant share a mutual interaction. Through an interaction, a person can influence his or her environment. In this case, the crystal merchant influences Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream. Hence, his motivation is included to extrinsic motivation. A person who has an extrinsic motivation is linked with a concept of external locus of control. This kind of person is called a pawn. It means Santiago is a pawn person. Fatima is the third minor character who influences Santiago s motivation in realizing his dream. Santiago and Fatima are in love. It is mutual interaction if people are in love; they do anything for the person he or she loves. Fatima influences Santiago with her physical trait, beauty. Santiago is willingly leaving his treasure in the Pyramids just to stay in the oasis with Fatima. However, Fatima shows her supportive trait by influencing him with her pure love that he has to go on pursue his searching. Finally Fatima is succeeded in influencing Santiago s motivation as pursue the treasure. Santiago and Fatima share a mutual interaction because they love each other. Santiago is willing to stay at the oasis as long as Fatima besides him. Based on the 77

93 78 hierarchy of needs, Santiago s motivation is included to belongingness and love. These needs are lower than esteem needs. Therefore, it is hard for Santiago to keep pursuing to find the treasure. It makes he loses his motivation in realizing his dream. Hence, Santiago s motivation is categorized in extrinsic motivation which is linked with a pawn s behaviour. The last minor character who influences Santiago s motivation is the Alchemist. The Alchemist influences Santiago through their interaction. He gives his wise advice and shows his attitudes on act of leadership to Santiago. Through the Alchemist s advice, Santiago gains his motivation and believes in Fatima s love. It can be seen when Santiago does not want to continue his journey to the Pyramids because of Fatima, but then he changes his decision after he interacts with the Alchemist. During the journey to the Pyramids, Santiago always thinks about Fatima. When the Alchemist tells him to focus on the journey, Santiago seems hopeless. Then the Alchemist gives him advice that shows his mastery in facing this kind of problem. A hopeless person like Santiago is easily influenced by a person whose master in certain subject like the Alchemist. It means Santiago perceives his behaviour as determined by external forces beyond his control. This kind of person is called a pawn who is associated with extrinsically motivated behaviour. 5.2 Suggestions This part is divided into two parts. The first is suggestion for the future researcher(s) and the second part is suggestion for teaching Public Speaking I Suggestion for the Future Researcher(s) Paulo Coelho s The Alchemist is an inspiring novel. This novel is not only for enjoyment but rather for motivating people who read it. It is our prior ability to see the values behind events in the novel and how we value the events to come up the 78

94 79 conclusions. The reason why this novel is worth to read is because it presents how a man comes up to make his dream come true. Everybody has different dreams and different ways to come up to his or her dreams. This study focuses on the major character s motivation as influenced by the minor characters. Since the analysis of The Alchemist which is applied psychological approach is limited this thesis, analyzing on other aspects in this novel is suggested. The analysis of the characters is interesting because there are many characters in The Alchemist. Each character has his or her own role and point of view. Therefore, for those who are interested to take The Alchemist as the subject of their research, this thesis can be a reference, which will give some information about the novel Suggestion for Teaching Public Speaking I Mastering other languages like English is difficult for students whose mother tongue is not English. It requires time to master English as well. The students should learn four language skills namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In this study, the writer emphasizes in teaching speaking. Teaching speaking in English is more difficult than listening and reading. Nunan says that speaking is a productive aural or oral skill (48). Speaking also requires a speaker and a listener at least. The speaker talks in order to have some effect on his or her listener while the listener has to react to what s/he hears and to contribute at high speed (Johnson and Morrow 70). In teaching speaking, teachers do not only teach the students to speak but more to learn about the life values. Many sources can be used in learning speaking like newspapers, magazine, or literary works. Literary works like a novel is a good source to teach speaking because the students can find many moral values. A novel can amuse the students by presenting an adventure of a person to another part of the world for instance. 79

95 80 Moreover, they also can enrich their vocabularies and grammar skill through reading a novel. Instead using many interesting sources, teachers have to make the teachinglearning speaking activities interesting. Teachers can use games, debates, role-plays, or story telling. In this study, the writer implements the use of literary work that is The Alchemist to teach speaking through debate. The procedures of teaching speaking using The Alchemist novel are as follow: 1. The lecturer explains briefly about The Alchemist novel. 2. The lecturer explains how to conduct a debate. 3. The lecturer distributes the selected quotations of The Alchemist novel that will be the topics to be debated. 4. The lecturer divides the students into several groups. Each group consists of seven students where one student will be the chairperson, three of them will be the Affirmative and the other three will be the Negative. 5. The lecturer gives each group a topic to be debated. 6. The lecturer gives the students time to prepare the arguments. 7. The lecturer invites each group to come in front and perform the debate. 80

96 81 REFERENCES Anonymous. Holy Bible with Deuterocanicals/Apocrypha. New York: Good News Translation, Print. Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston, Inc., Print. Barnet, S., William Burto and William E. Cain. Literature for Composition, Essay, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama Seventh Edition. United States: Pearson-Longman, Print. Baron, R.A. Psychology Third Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Print. Blair, W. and John C. Gerber. Better Reading 2 Literature. New York: Scoot, Foresman and Company, Print. Bootzin, R.R. Elizabeth F. Loftus, and Robert B Zajonc. Psychology Today An Introduction Fifth Edition. New York: Random House Inc., Print. Coelho, P. The Alchemist. New York: HarperTorch, HarperCollins Publishers Inc., Print. Forster, E.M. Aspects of the Novel and Related Writings. England: Edward Arnold Ltd., Print. Goble, F. The Third Force: The Psychology of Abraham Maslow. New York: Pocket Books, Print. Hilgard, E.R., Rita C Atkinson, and Richard C. Atkinson. Introduction to Psychology Seventh Edition. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Published, Print. Holman, C.H. A Handbook to Literature. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, Print. Huffman, K., Mark Vernoy and Judith Vernoy. Psychology in Action Fifth Edition. New York: John Wiley &Sons, Inc., Print. Jung, J. Understanding Human Motivation. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., Print. Johnson, K., and Marrow. Communication in the Classroom. England: Pearson Education Ltd., Print. Kasschau, R.A. Understanding Psychology. Ohio: Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, Print. 81

97 82 Milligan, I. The Novel in English: An Introduction. London: The Macmillan Press, Ltd., Print. Mischel, W. Introduction to Personality Third Edition. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Print. Murphy, M.J. Unseen Understanding An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., Print. Nunan, D. Practical English Language Teaching. New York: McGraw-Hill., Inc., Print. Petri, H. Understanding Human Values. New York: the Free Press A Division of Macmillan publishing Co., Inc., Print. Rohrberger, M., Samuel H, and Woods, Jr. Reading and Writing about Literature. New York: Random House. Inc., Print. Schultz, D. Theories of Personalities. California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Print. Stanton, R. An Introduction to Fiction. New York City: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc Print. Weiner, B. Human Motivation. San Francisco: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Print. Young, K. Personality and Problems of Adjustment. New York: F.S. Crofts & Co., Print.

98 83 APPENDIXES DIX 1 83

99 84 APPENDIX 1 SUMMARY OF THE STORY The novel opens with a prologue. It tells when the Alchemist is in the caravan. He picks a book of someone there and leafs through the pages. He finds a story about Narcissus. He knows the story. It is about a youth who daily kneels down besides the lake just to contemplate his beauty. Until one day, he falls into the lake and drowns. At the spot where he falls, a flower arises, the narcissus. In fact, the author ends it differently. The lake becomes a salty lake. When Narcissus dies, the forest goddesses come to the lake. They ask to the lake why the lake weeps. The lake answers that it is for Narcissus. The goddesses aren t surprise because it is only the lake who contemplates his beauty. But the lake isn t sure whether Narcissus is beautiful. The goddesses are surprised. And the lake says that he weeps for him but never notice his beauty. What the lake sees in everyday when Narcissus kneels is the lake own beauty in his eyes. The Alchemist thinks that it is a lovely story. This story tells about a boy, named Santiago, who travels from Spain to Egypt to find the treasure. Santiago is a well educated person because he studied in seminary. His father wants him to become a priest but he decides to become a shepherd because he wants to travel around the world. His father finally gives him blessing even though he fells reluctant. Santiago also gets some money from him. He uses it to buy some sheep. From that day he is a shepherd and travels around Andalusia. At one night, when Santiago sleeps in an old church where a sycamore grows he has a recurrent dream. He gets it twice and it annoys him much. He consults to a Gypsy 84

100 85 woman in the nearby city about his dream. The Gypsy woman tells him that it is about the hidden treasure in Egypt. Santiago does not believe her because she does not tell him how he can get there. Then the boy meets an old man in the park while he is reading a book. He introduces himself as Melchizedek, the King of Salem. He asks Santiago to give him one-tenth of his flock and he will tell him how to find the hidden treasure. Melchizedek also tells him that it is important for one to follow his Personal Legend. Santiago realizes that his Personal Legend is travelling. He gives what the old wants and he gets some advice if he decides to travel to Pyramids in Egypt. Santiago decides to find his treasure. After arriving in Africa, he meets a stranger who promises to show him the way to Pyramids. The stranger asks if he has enough money to buy camels and Santiago shows all to him. He takes it and takes Santiago to the market to buy some camels. Unfortunately, just in a blink when he is attracted with a sword there, the stranger is gone with all the money he takes. Since he loses all what he has, Santiago works for a crystal merchant for almost a year. Working with the crystal merchant makes Santiago learns Arabic well. After working almost a year, Santiago has money and he is about too sure to go back to Spain to buy some sheep and becomes a shepherd again. Then he remembers with the hidden treasure in Pyramids after some talking with the crystal merchant. Santiago feels sad and confused. Melchizedek s words remain him that when he really wants something, the entire universe will conspire to help him. He quickly decides to find his treasure and at the same moment he feels tremendously happy. Santiago is lucky because there is a caravan which is about going to Pyramids today. Because of the tribal war, the caravan has to postpone its journey to Pyramids. They stay in the oasis. There Santiago meets Fatima, the desert woman, and he falls in 85

101 86 love with her. Santiago wants to marry her and stay in the oasis with her. It means he does not have to continue his journey to find the hidden treasure. He considers that Fatima is worthier than the hidden treasure. The Alchemist appears when Santiago is about leaving his Personal Legend. He tells him some possibilities if he lets his dream just become dream. Then, Santiago is very sure that if he leaves Fatima, she will wait for him until he comes back only for her. He talks it with her and she supports him. Since Santiago believes the Alchemist, he decides to go to Pyramids with him. During the journey, they face many terrible things. They meet a tribal chief man in a military camp. He will kill Santiago unless he can transform himself into wind. Again, he has to postpone his journey. Fortunately, he does it well after three days waiting and they continue their journey. But when only several hours toward to Pyramids, the Alchemist lets him alone to find it. Finally, Santiago arrives in Pyramids. He remembers what the Alchemist said to him; where your treasure is, there also will be your heart. His heart is full with the story of a shepherd. Then, he starts digging the sand to fin the treasure. After hours, he does not find anything but he keeps digging. Suddenly, some refugees of the tribal war come to him and ask what he is hiding, but Santiago said he does not hide anything there. Harshly, they beat him to get all what he has. Feeling desperate and hurt he tells them about his recurrent dream about finding treasure in Pyramids. They just laugh and leave him alone. Yet, one of them comes back and tells him that he also has had a recurrent dream two years ago. It is also about finding treasure in an old church where shepherds and their sheep sleep in Spain. He would go there and dug where a sycamore grows in the sacristy. Since he does not believe it, he does not do it. Then he leaves him. Santiago smiles and knows where his treasure really is. Adapted from: Coelho, Paulo. The Alchemist. New York: Harper Collins Publishers

102 87 APPENDIX 2 THE BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR Paulo Coelho was born in 1947 into a middle-class family. He is the son of Pedro, an engineer, and Lygia, a housewife. He attended a the Jesuit school of San Ignacio in Rio De Janeiro when he was seven. He hated praying and going to mass but there were compensations. In the school s austere corridors, Paulo discovers his true destiny: to be a writer. He won his first literary prize in a school poetry competition. His sister, Sonia, won an essay prize by entering something that Paulo has discarded in the wastepaper bin. However, Paulo s parents had very different plans for his future. They wanted him to be an engineer and tried to avert his desires to devote himself to literature. Paulo began his rebellion, and he started routinely to flout the family rules. His father considered this behaviour as a sign of mental illness. Paulo, at the age of seventeen, had been committed to a psychiatric hospital twice, where Paulo underwent several sessions of electroconvulsive therapy. Not long after this, Paulo involved himself with a theatre group and began working as a journalist. In the eyes of comfortably-off middle class of the time, the theatre was a hotbed of immortality. His frightened parents decided to continue him again and had him readmitted to the hospital for the third time. When he came out, Paulo was even more lost and more enclosed in his own private world. In despair, the family called another doctor who told them: Paulo is not mad and should not be in a psychiatric hospital. He simply has to learn how to face up to life. Thirty years after these experiences, Paulo wrote Veronika Decides to Die. After this period, Paulo returned to his studies and it looked as if he has finally going to follow the route his parents had prepared for him. Not long afterwards, 87

103 88 though, he dropped out and went back to the theatre. This was in the sixties, and the hippie movement had exploded onto the world scene. These new trends took root even in Brazil, ruled at the time by repressive a military regime. Paulo wore his hair long and made a point of never carrying his identity card; for a time, he took drugs, wanting to live the hippie experience to the full. His passion for writing drove him to start a magazine, of which only two issues were ever published. Around this time, the musician and the composer, Raul Sexias invited Paulo to write the words of his song. Their second record was a huge success and sold more than 500,000 copies. This was the first time Paulo had earned a large amount of money. Their partnership continued up until Paulo wrote more than sixty songs with Raul Sexias, and together they changed the Brazilian rock scene. In 1973, Paulo and Raul became part of Alternative Society, an organization that opposed capitalist ideology, defended the individual s right to do what he or she pleased, and practiced black magic. He later described these experiences in The Valkyries (1992). During this period, they began publishing Kring-ha, a series of comic strips, calling for more freedom. The dictatorship considered these subversive, and Paulo and Raul were detained and imprisoned. Raul was soon released, but Paulo was kept in for longer because he was considered to be the brains behind the comic strips. His problem did not end there however, two days after his release, Paulo was seized as he was walking down the street and taken to a military torture centre where he remained for several days. According to him, he only escaped that by telling them that he was mad and had already admitted to mental hospital three times, he started physically harming himself when his kidnappers were there in the room, and, in the end, they stopped torturing him and let him go. In 1977, they moved to London. Paulo bought a typewriter and started writing, 88

104 89 without much success. The following year, he returned to Brazil where he worked as an executive for another record company, CBS. This only lasted three months, after which he separated from his wife and left is job. In 1979, he met up an old friend, Christina Oiticica, whom he would latter marry and with whom he still alive. In 1987, a year after completing a pilgrimage, Paulo wrote his first book, The Pilgrimage (The Diary of a Magus). The book described his experiences during the pilgrimage and his discovery the extraordinary occurs I the lives of ordinary people. It was published by a small Brazilian publishing house and although it received very few reviews, it sold quite well. In 1988, Paulo wrote another, very different book: The Alchemist. This was a highly symbolic book, a metaphor of life, which reflected his eleven years spent studying alchemy. This first edition sold only 900 copies, and the publishing house decided not to reprint. Paulo would not give up the pursuit of his dream. He got the second chance, he found a bigger publishing house, Rocco that was interested in his work. In 1990, he published Brida, in which he wrote about the girl that we all carry within us. The publication of this book, which, this time, received plenty of press attention, took The Alchemy and The Pilgrimage to the top of the bestseller lists. The Alchemist went to sell more than any other book in the history of Brazil and even made it into the Guinness Book of Records. In 2002, the Portuguese literary view, Jornal de Letras, the great authority on literature and the Portuguese literary market, declared that The Alchemist had sold more than any other books written in Portuguese in the entire history of the language. In September 1993, The Alchemist topped the bestseller lists in Australia. The Sydney Morning Herald claimed: It s the book of the year. An enchanting work of 89

105 90 infinite philosophical beauty. By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept, published in Brazil by Rocco in 1994, confirmed his international status. In this book, Paulo explored his feminine side. In 1997, Paulo published his remarkable book, The Manual of the Warrior of Light, a collection of philosophical thoughts aimed at helping us to discover the warrior of light within. It was first published in Italy (Bompiam), where it was a spectacular sales success. With Veronika Decides to Die, published in 1998, Paulo returned to a more narrative style, and the book received excellent reviews. In 1999, he was given the prestigious Crystal Award to the World Economic Forum, Paulo s most important contribution has been to touch and unite so many different cultures through the power language, which clearly marks him out for this Award. Paulo has been an invited member of the World Economic Forum from until the present day. In 2000, he was appointed to the Board of the Schwab Foundation Entrepreneurship. In 1999, the French government made him a Chevalier de I Odre National de la Légion d Honneur. In September The Devil and Miss Prym was published simultaneously in Italy (Bompiani), Portugal (Pergaminho) and Brazil (Objectiva). Paulo was awarded the BAMBI 2001, the oldest and most prestigious award in Germany. In the jury s opinion, Paulo Coelho s belief that the destiny and gift of every human being is to become a warrior of light in the dark world, contains a deeply humanistic message, a message that had particular poignancy that year. On 25 th July 202, Paulo Coelho was elected to chair number 21 of the prestigious Brazilian Academy of Letters (ABL). The aim of the academy is to 90

106 91 safeguard the Brazilian language and culture. Following the announcement of his election and during the following night, Paulo received more than three thousands messages from his readers and became the focus of media attention throughout the country. In October 2002, Paulo received the Club of Budapest Planetary Arts Award 2002 in Frankfurt, and the Best Fiction Corine Award 2002 in Munich. Alongside the books are a whole series of products related to the author and his work, amongst them, diaries, calendars, journals, appointment books, art books and even three electronic games: The Pilgrim, the Legend and The Secret of Alamut (The Arxel Guild), designed in collaboration with the author. In March 1998, he began writing a weekly column in the Brazilian newspaper O Globo. Such was its success among readers, that Sant Jordi started syndicating the columns in other international media. Four years on, newspapers such as Reforma in Mexico are still publishing the columns. He also appears on the internet. Paulo has written a series of 365 brief essays, which have been published in the form of a daily message on the following internet portals: Ynet (Hebrew), RCS (Italian), UOL (Portuguese), and Terra (Spanish). Paulo has also created a newsletter, The Manual On-Line, which has 30,000 subscribers. Paulo has appeared in various documents about his life for Discovery Networks/Polo de Imagem (Latin America and Spain), ZDF (Germany) and Unkwon Planet (Rusia). In other programmes, he has been filmed travelling (RTE, Ireland) or on pilgrimages (NHK and Aichi, Japan). He has appeared, too, in other documentaries about various aspects of Brazilian life (Production Escape VErt, Canada and France). Adapted from 91

107 92 APPENDIX 3 Pictures of Paulo Coelho Childhood Transition The Crazy Years With his lovely wife In Carcassone 92