CALLIE RUFFIN S INTRA-PERSONAL CONFLICT AS A JUROR IN GRISHAM S THE LAST JUROR. A Thesis

Transcription

1 CALLIE RUFFIN S INTRA-PERSONAL CONFLICT AS A JUROR IN GRISHAM S THE LAST JUROR A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Yohanes Christie Student Number: ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008 i

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5 The Journey of One Thousand Miles must Begin with a single step. -Chinese Proverb- A Champion is Someone who Gets up even They Can t - Anonymous - Student Today Leader for Tomorrow - Christ - v

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7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all, my supreme gratitude goes to my JC (Jesus Christ) for His assistance and eternal love in giving me inspiration to finish my thesis. Without Him I am hopeless. My immense gratitude and tribute go to Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., as my previous major sponsor, for her patience, criticisms, and contributions in assisting my thesis writing. My endless thanks go to L. Sumarni, S.Pd. I thank her for criticizing my work. My thanks also go to A. Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A., the head of English Language Education Study Program, for his help and encouragment to finish my thesis. I also thank him for being my emergency major sponsor. I excessively will bestow my life for people I love to whom I share my thoughts in completing my study. My next deepest gratitude goes to my beloved father and mother who have looked after me. I thank for their prayer, love, patience, understanding, trust, and everything they have given to me. Thanks also to my beloved wife Yullita Tri Rahayuningsih, my brother Adhams, and his wife Sitta. You all are the best things I have ever had. A friend is someone who will do anything to cheer you up. I do not only have a friend, but many friends beside me who always cheer my thesis writing days with their encouragement, smiles and laughter. I especially bestow my gratitude to the other survivor of PBI 98, Leting Kreasti. My gratitude also goes to Endah nduts, Painem, Kelik, Martina and also Popo, for their helpfulness and friendship for all the times, along with the other PBI 98ers. The last but not the least, I present my vii

8 truly thanks to all people, whose names cannot be mentioned, who have ever come in to my life. Thanks for all the special moments we share and for the encouragement in the last minutes. You all will be always noted in the history of my life. May God bless them all! Yohanes Christie viii

9 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated for my beloved wife, Yullita Tri Rahayuningsih, who has been sick for six years. We have been through hard days with struggles and tears against your diseases. Be sure that I will always be there for you to wipe your tears whenever you cry, to cheer you up whenever you are sad, to listen whenever you want to talk, and to hug you in your painful days. Although I am the very last of PBI, now I prove that I am not a loser. I hope this thesis will light up your spirit to heal. - I Love You - ix

10 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE... i PAGE OF APPROVAL... ii PAGE OF BOARD OF EXAMINERS... iii STATEMENTS OF WORK S ORIGINALITY... iv MOTTO... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... vi DEDICATION PAGE... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS... ix ABSTRACT... xii ABSTRAK... xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the Study Objectives of the Study Problems Formulation Benefits of the Study Definition of Terms... 5 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Review of Literary Theories Theory of Character and Characterization Theory of Critical Approaches x

11 2.2. Review of Psychological Theories Theory of Conflict Definitions of Conflict Kinds of Conflict Conflict Resolution Theoretical Framework CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Subject Matter The Approach Procedures CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS The Characterization of Callie Ruffin Smart Devout Christian Fair Brave The Revelation of Callie Ruffin s Internal Conflicts Callie Ruffin s Internal conflict on Judging Others Judging Traynor s Faith Receiving the Jury Summons Swearing in the Trial Giving the Penalty xi

12 Giving the Secret Note on Jury Discussion CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusions Suggestions Suggestions for the Future Researchers Suggestions for Teaching Writing Using Literature Suggestions for Teaching Writing through Literature BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX xii

13 ABSTRACT Christie, Yohanes. (2008). Callie Ruffin s Intra-Personal Conflict as a Juror in Grisham s The Last Juror. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program. Department of Language and Arts Education. Faculty of Teachers Training and Education. Sanata Dharma University. This study discusses a novel entitled The Last Juror. The objective of writing this thesis is derived from the writer s curiosity to find out Callie Ruffin s intrapersonal conflict as a juror in Grisham s The Last Juror. There are two problems related to the topic of this thesis (1) How is Callie Ruffin described in the novel? (2) How do Callie Ruffin s intra-personal conflicts emerge and its resolutions? In order to answer the problems, the writer uses the psychological approach because this study focuses on the main character s intra-personal conflict, which belongs to the psychological aspect. Moreover, the approach involves the psychological theories, especially theory of conflict by Hocker and Wilmot, Myers, Atkinson and Hilgard, Borisoff and Victor, Worchel, and Coleman and Broen, which supports the analysis towards the main character, Callie Ruffin. There are two sources used: primary and secondary sources. The Last Juror, the novel, is the primary source in this study. The secondary sources are obtained from books on literature and psychology. From the application of the theory of characterization by Murphy (1971), the writer can infer that Callie Ruffin is a smart woman. She also a true believer of Jesus Christ. Callie Ruffin is also characterized as a fair woman and also brave. These characteristics are proven in her daily lives. By applying theory of conflict, especially theory of intra-personal conflict and also theory of conflict resolution, the writer can infer that Callie Ruffin has several conflicts within herself. Those conflicts are Callie Ruffin s doubt about judging other, her doubt about swearing in the trial, her doubt about giving penalty and her doubt in giving the secret note of the jury discussion. She is able to resolve all of her conflict. She often uses different conflict resolution to resolve her conflicts xiii

14 ABSTRAK Christie, Yohanes. (2008). Callie Ruffin s Intra-Personal Conflict as a Juror in Grisham s The Last Juror. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program. Department of Language and Arts Education. Faculty of Teachers Training and Education. Sanata Dharma University. Penelitian ini membicarakan sebuah novel berjudul The Last Juror. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini berawal dari keingintahuan penulis untuk menemukan konflik batin yang dialami Callie Ruffin sebagai salah satu anggota juri dalam novel Grisham yang berjudul The Last Juror. Ada dua permasalahan yang berhubungan langsung dengan topik skripsi ini. (1) bagaimanakah Callie Ruffin digambarkan dalam novel ini? (2) Bagaimanakah konflik batin yang terjadi pada Callie Ruffin timbul dan bagaimanakah pemecahannya? Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut, penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologi karena penelitian ini memfokuskan pada konflik batin pada karakter utamanya, yang tentu saja adalah bagian dari aspek psikologi. Pendekatan yang digunakan ini juga melibatkan beberapa teori psikologi, terutama teori konflik oleh Hocker dan Wilmot, Myers, Atkinson dan Hilgard, Borrisoff dan Victor, Worchel, serta Coleman dan Broen yang kesemuanya mendukung analisis mengenai Callie Ruffin, sang karakter utama. Ada dua sumber referensi yang digunakan, sumber utama dan pendukung. Sumber utama adalah novel The Last Juror. Sedangkan sumber pendukung didapatkan dari buku-buku sastra dan psikologi. Dari pengaplikasian teori pang-karakterisasian yang ditulis Murphy, penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa Callie Ruffin adalah seorang wanita cerdas. Dia juga pengikut setia Yesus Kristus. Callie Ruffin juga dikarakterisasikan sebagai seorang wanita yang adil dan pemberani. Karakter-karakter ini dibuktikan dalam kehidupan sehari-harinya. Dengan mengaplikasikan teori konflik, khususnya teori konflik batin dan juga teori penyelesaian konflik, penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa Callie Ruffin mempunyai beberapa konflik batin pada dirinya. Konflik-konflik tersebut adalah keragu-raguan menghakimi orang lain, bersumpah di pengadilan, memberikan hukuman, serta memberikan catatan rahasia tentang hasil diskusi juri. Dia mampu mengatasi semua konfliknya. Dia menggunakan beberapa cara berbeda untuk mengatasi konflik-konflik tersebut. xiv

15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is the background of the study, which discusses the reasons of conducting this study. The second part is the objectives of the study, which explains the goals of the study. The third part is the problem formulation, which contains two questions to be discussed in the following chapters. The fourth part describes the benefits of the study, which concerns with the benefits of this study for some groups of people. The last part is the definition of terms, which gives the definition of some important terms related to this study. 1.1 Background of the Study It is widely known that human is never satisfied with their life. They want everything to be perfect. They want everything to be done according to their expectation. They have beautiful dreams about their life. Those are human s dreams and expectations, but they forget that dreams and expectations are not always easy. In fact, human beings frequently encounter many conflicts. Conflicts have become a part of the long history of human beings. They are not merely decorations of our life, but they have given important contribution to human development. The main source of conflict is human s uniqueness. Human beings are unique. This uniqueness can be in the form of physical appearance like man and woman. Even twins are different from each other. People 1

16 2 also differ mentally. Each person holds different goals, belief, values, ideas, motives, and resources. A person s perception about a thing may be different from another person s perception about the same thing. Therefore, we cannot find two people who are exactly the same. Those differences may lead to conflicts. Borisoff and Victor (1989: 2-4) state, Different belief or value systems are likely to produce a conflict. Hocker and Wilmot (1991: 23) strengthen this statement by defining conflict as an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scare resources and interference from the other party in achieving their goals. In other words, a conflict between two or more opposing parties happens when needs and goals are not suited each other. However, it does not mean that differences among people will always bring about conflicts. Differences are great things that make life colorful. By accepting the differences, human can learn about others and improve him or herself. Abrams (1981: 137) says that conflicts that occur may lead to frustration, anxiety, and stress. Those negative effects may result in many outcomes. Some of them are aggression, apathy, and regression, which may later cause a greater problem. Therefore, it is important to learn about the causes and the resolutions of conflict for our own sake. Moreover, in recent years conflict and its resolution have given many benefits to human life. People can learn about the causes of a conflict and its resolution, so that people can avoid or solve it immediately. This fact arouses many researchers interest to conduct studies on conflict and its resolution. Borisoff and Victor (1989: 2) say that, in recent years, however, we

17 3 have come to recognize and to acknowledge the benefit dealing with conflict affords. Thus, to conduct a conflict resolution or a conflict management has become an important question to be answered in order to reduce our problems. Furthermore, Worchel (1979: 499) states that basically, conflict is divided into two kinds, they are intra-personal and inter-personal. Conflicts can also be portrayed in literary works, such as a novel, because literary works are other copied versions of human reality in real life. Therefore, they portray realities of human life. Conflicts make a story become more interesting and fascinating to the readers. For example, John Grisham, in his novel The Last Juror, has involved conflicts between the characters and within the characters to make the story more interesting. The author gives the readers an insight into the characterization of the characters in the novel. The Last Juror is about a trial on a criminal named Danny Padgit. He is accused for capital murder of Rhoda Kasselaw in Ford County, a fictitious small town, Clanton, Mississippi. One of the jurors in the trial is Calie Ruffin, the first black people to serve on a trial and fortunately a woman. She is a true Christian and absolutely honest. The defendant threatens the jury that he will chase each one of the jury if they convict him. Ten years after the trial, the criminal is released. Starting from the day, one by one of the jurors were killed. Callie Ruffin is the first black juror and also the last juror survives after the trial. In the work of literature, one of the important elements is character. In other words, the main character plays an important role in the story. Therefore, based on the facts that tell us how important is intra-personal conflict considering

18 4 its negative effects and the importance of the main character s role in a story, the writer is interested in exploring the main character, her intra-personal conflicts, how the conflicts emerge, what resolution she used and how does her character affect her decision in solving her intra-personal conflicts?. 1.2 Objectives of the Study The first objective of this study is to describe the characterization of Callie Ruffin in the novel. The second objective is to describe how the Ruffin s intrapersonal conflicts emerge, the parties that involve in, and the resolutions on it. 1.3 Problems Formulation The writer would like to discuss these two questions in the following chapters based on the background of the study. The questions are: 1. How is Callie Ruffin described in the novel? 2. How do Callie Ruffin s intra-personal conflicts emerge and its resolutions? 1.4 Benefits of the Study This study is hoped to be beneficial for some groups of people. First, this study is hoped to be beneficial for the readers of John Grisham s The Last Juror. This study will contribute information about the main character of the novel and her intra-personal conflicts, which may help the readers to understand more about the story.

19 5 Second, for the researchers who will conduct a literary study on John Grisham s novel, The Last Juror. This study will provide useful references for further study on the novel, especially on the main character such as self-concept and personality-development of the main character. Finally, this study is also hoped to give us more views and examples about how intra-personal conflicts emerge in our daily lives and how we solve those kinds of conflicts. The most important thing is that we have to be content with what we have and do what we must do. It means that we must seek for the positive values of our conflicts and learn from them, by managing our conflicts. 1.5 Definition of Terms In this part, several important terms are presented in order to help readers avoid misunderstanding. They are as follows: Conflict According to Hocker and Wilmot, Conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scare resources and interference from the other party in achieving their goals (1991: 23). Thus, conflict is a clash or intrigue between two or more parties, which is caused by differences of goals, needs and intervention from another party Intra-personal conflict. According to Worchel (1979: 499), Intra-personal conflict refers to conflict within the individual. Further, it is defined as a conflict that an

20 6 individual experiences when making a choice between two or more alternatives (Worchel, 1979: 460). It means that intra-personal conflict is a conflict within an individual when making a choice between several options. We can say in other word that intra-personal conflict is internal conflict.

21 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of review of literary theories, psychological theory, and theoretical framework. The review of literary theories covers the theory of character and characterization, and theory of critical approaches. Psychological theory consists of theory of conflict and conflict resolution. Further, theoretical framework consists of some explanations of how the theories in the review of the literary theories and psychological theory are employed to answer the questions in the problem formulation. 2.1 Review of Literary Theories Theory of literature consists of two important parts to help the writer describe the characterization of the main character in this study. The first part consists of theory of character and characterization and the second part consists of theory of critical approaches Theory of Character and Characterization Character is holding a main responsibility in the flow of a story. Therefore, it can make story more alive. The term character is generally used in two ways. The first, character used to mark out the person in the story, the person who appears in the story. The second, character refers to traits. As traits, character refers to elements in character s personality. The traits can be interest, desires, emotion, and moral principles. Traits can be a character s 7

22 8 motivation in doing something (Stanton, 1965: 17). Furthermore, Abrams (1981:20) explained that character is gifted with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say and what they do. It means that traits are the basis of a character s temperament and moral nature for his speech and action. In brief, traits are shaping character s motivation. Another experts, Holman and Harmon (1986:81) defined character as a picture of human s moral foundation, the occurrence of moral uprightness, and the simpler concept of the creature s presentation in art the seem to be human of another. Furthermore, they defined character as a brief descriptive drawing of an important person, described not as an individualized personality but as an example of some qualities, such as a garrulous man or a happy milkmaid. (1986:81) Character can also be divided into some categories. Character can be divided into round character and flat character. A round character is a complex character that can not be described in a single phrase. To describe round character we need much more observation. The readers can identify a round character by examining whether it is capable of surprising in convincing way. If it never surprises, it is flat. A flat character is much simpler than round character, his characterization is not changed by circumstances, he moves through circumstances. Therefore, we can express the flat character in a single sentence (Forster, 1974: 46-54) Character can also be major character and minor character. Henkle (1977:87-97) says that a major character, most often, is the center of the story. His words and his actions are the focus of the whole story. A major character is also the most complex character the reader describe it through the characterization. On the other

23 9 hand, a minor character is not the focus of the story. His characterization is less complex and necessary to become the background of the major character. Character can also be classified into static character and dynamic character. Perrine (1974: 71) gives further explanation that the characterization of static character remains the same until the end of the story. He also explains that dynamic character is a character that undergoes some certain changes in his characterization. The changes can be some aspects of his character, personality, and outlook. Character will useless without characterization. Characterization is the process of how the author makes a character to exist (Rohrberger and Woods, Jr, 1971:20). Furthermore they explain that characterization can be described by using two ways, namely direct and dramatic principles. Direct principle is describing physical appearances of the character, such as height, weight, color of skin or eyes, hair, and others. Dramatic principle is to put the character in certain situation so that the reader can understand what he is, through his way on behaving or speaking. Abrams (1981: 21) defines characterization as process for distinguishing the person in a narrative. This process may use two techniques, they are showing and telling. In showing (the dramatic method), the author simply presents his character talking and acting. He leaves the reader to infer what motives and disposition lay behind what they say and do. In telling, the author leads the reader, by giving clues, to describe and to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of his characters. Furthermore, Holman and Harmon (1986:83) define characterization as the process of creating a person in a story that resembles the actual person in a real life. The creation of the imaginary person in fiction so that they are present for the reader as lifelike. The person in a story may resemble the actual person in a

24 10 real life, so they may share the same character. These characters are built by the author to make the story appealing to the readers.(1986:83) Characterization is used by the author to show the aspects of his characters in the story. According to Murphy (1972: ), there are nine ways to make characters more alive through characterization, they are personal description, character as seen by other, speech, past life, conversation of others, reaction, direct comments, thoughts, and mannerism. The first is personal description. Through personal description, the author shows us the character s appearance and clothes in a story. The author describes the character in details, such as the face, eyes, skin, and the clothing to the reader. The second is the character as seen by other. The author describes the character through another character s opinion. In other word, we can say that the readers get a reflected image. The third is the speech in which the author gives us an insight into the character of a person in the story through what that person says. The person gives the reader clue to his character whenever he speaks, whenever he has a conversation with another, and whenever he proposes an opinion. Next is past life. The author, sometimes, gives us a journey through the past life of the character, so that we can catch a clue to events that shape a person s character. The fifth, conversation of others can give us clues to a person s character. We can draw a conclusion about a person s character through the conversation of other character and the things they say about him.the sixth is reaction. How a person reacts to various situations and events can give us a clue to a person s character. The

25 11 seventh is direct comment. The author can describe or give comment on a person s character directly. The eighth is the thoughts. With this way, the author gives us direct knowledge of what a person thinking about. He can tell us what different people are thinking. In the last, mannerism, the author describes a person s mannerisms, habits, or peculiar behavior. Perrine (1974:69) states there are three related principles in characterization. First, the character must be consistent in their behavior that they must not behave one way on one occasion and a different way on another unless there is a sufficient reason for the change. Second, the character must be motivated in whatever they do, especially when there is a change in their behavior. We must be able to understand the reason for what they do. It can be found in the beginning or the end of the story. Third, the character must be plausible or life like. It means that they are not paragons of virtue or monster of evil or impossible combination of contradictory traits Theory of Critical Approaches The work of literature can be appreciated by its readers in many ways. It also enables the readers to know how to read and judge a literary work. This kind of perspective is what we call critical approach (Guerin, 1979: vii). By applying the critical approaches, we can understand how literature is shaped and what it means. Rohrberger and Woods Jr. (1971: 3-15) offer five kinds of critical approaches. Those are Formalist approach, Biographical approach, Socio-cultural

26 12 historical approach, Mythopoeic approach, and Psychological approach. First is the formalist approach. It is stressed on the whole of the literary piece. It concentrates to its esthetic values with demonstrating the harmonious involvement of all the part, and showing how meaning is derived from structure. Second is the biographical approach. It analyzes the literary work by its relation to the author s personal life. In this part, the readers are demanded to learn about the life and development of the author and to apply the knowledge, so they can understand about the author s writing. Third is the social cultural historical approach. It states the analysis of social and historical background as references to the further understanding of the story. It defines civilization as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people. Fourth is the mythopoeia approach. It seeks to discover certain universally repetition patterns of human thought, which is believed as the expression significant works of art. The last one is psychological approach. This approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. The theories of psychology are applied in order to explain the character s personality in the story. The proponents of this approach insist that each character s behavior refers to the psychology of human beings. 2.2 Review of Psychological Theories In this part the writer will review some theories related to psychology. The theory to be reviewed is theory of conflict. Theory of conflict consists of definition of conflict, kinds of conflict and conflict resolution.

27 Theory of Conflict Theories of conflict consist of some important parts to help the writer answer the second question of this study. Those theories are conflict definition, types of conflict and theory of conflict resolution, which presents some ways of resolving conflict Definitions of Conflict Conflict is something familiar in our daily life. Its existence is almost unavoidable. Hocker and Wilmot define conflict as an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scare resources and interference from the other party in achieving their goals (1991: 23). Further, Myers (1994: 269) says, conflict is a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. Those experts above are seemed to agree with each other that conflict includes incompatibility of goals, needs and actions or intervention from the other party, and different aims and necessity of the parties that are not suited each other. The unique of each individual and the differences among individuals may cause a conflict. Atkinson and Hilgard (1983: 424) say that sometimes conflict arises between a person s motive and internal standards rather than between two external goals. An individual desires may conflict with his or her standards of acceptable social behavior. Achievement motives may conflict with individual standards of helpful and cooperative; to succeed may require competing with or even undermining colleagues and associates. Further Borisoff and Victor (1989: 4) state different belief and value systems are likely to produce a conflict when individuals harboring these fundamental differences vie for in such way that they perceive that one goal only can emerge.

28 Kinds of Conflict Considering the causes, which are unavoidable in human life, conflict occurs in the form of inter-personal (external) and intra-personal (internal). Intra-personal conflict is defined as a conflict that an individual experiences when making a choice between two or more alternatives (Worchel, 1979: 460). This definition is proposed under the theory of cognitive dissonance, a theory that focuses on the disagreements within an individual s mind. Therefore, intra-personal conflict is seen from and related to human cognitive process. Intra-personal or inner conflict is the conflict between aspects of personality, which may variously be moral, psychological, intellectual or spiritual within a person, while inter-personal or external conflict is the conflict between a person and an external force (another person, society, nature, the universe). People, who are in conflict and aware of it, tend to search for the solution, conflict management or resolution, for his or her problems. Once the nature of the conflict has been defined and clarified and the climate of the communication environment has been examined, the parties involved can begin to determine the proper approach for dealing with the problem (Borisoff and Victor, 1989: 6). Therefore, before people determine the management or resolution for their conflicts, they need to know the classification of the conflict that they experience. Coleman and Broen (1988: ) have classified conflict into three points. First is approach avoidance conflict. This is a conflict that involves strong tendencies both to approach and to avoid the same goals or actions. For example, a

29 15 soldier wants to kill an uncooperative allied guerilla leader, but he is afraid that it will bring a bad effect for his main mission accomplishment. Second is double approach conflicts. This conflict involves competition between two or more desirable goals. In other words, a person is faced with two similar goals or actions. For example, a man has to decide whether to have a special relation with a girl that he meets during his duty or keep focusing only on his main duty. Third is double avoidance conflict. This is something that an individual avoids from doing because he dislikes it. It seems that the person is caught in the middle of something unpleasant. That is when both of the options are not preferable. For example, a soldier has to choose whether canceling his mission concerning the enemy s latest preparation or continuing to attack with the defeated consequences. Conflict, in any of its form, brings impacts to individuals who experience it. Lewis R. Aiken Jr mentions that a common result of psychological stress resulting from prolonged frustration and conflict is anxiety (1969:147). Rita L. Atkinson, Richard C. Atkinson, and Ernest R. Hilgard explain about anxiety as the result of conflict (1983:431) Conflict and other types of frustration are one source of anxiety. Threats of physical harm, threats of self-esteem, and pressure to perform beyond individual s capabilities also produce anxiety. By anxiety, we mean the unpleasant emotion characterized by term like worry, apprehension, dread, and fear that we all experience at times in varying degrees. Since there is little agreement on a more precise definition for anxiety, we will not attempt to provide one more (p. 431) The feeling of anxiety, as mentioned in the explanation, contains some morespecific feelings and all of them are included a disturbing feeling. Lewis Aiken Jr

30 16 explains that anxiety is frequently accompanied by the feeling of guilt (1969:342). Guilt is felt when the individuals either has done or imagines that he has done something wrong, and it is a frequent accompaniment of a conflict between what a person wants to do and what he knows he should not do. From the description of conflict theory, it can be seen that conflict, stress, depression, and frustration form a kind of link in which, at the same time, each items can be both, the cause and the result to the other. For instance, stressful mind can easily bring an individual into a conflict, in whatever of its form, which automatically will develop another stressor Conflict Resolution Certainly, each individual who is in conflicts, within him or herself and/or with other individuals, will seek for the solution for his or her conflicts. Everybody wants to live a happy life. Moreover, we can get advantages by managing and solving each problem and conflict that we have. Isenhart and Spangle (2000: ) propose five alternatives to achieve the resolution for the conflicts that occur in form of intra-personal and inter-personal. The five alternatives are negotiation, mediation, facilitation, arbitration and judicial processes. Unfortunately, only three of these alternative are used in this analysis; negotiation, mediation, and facilitation. The first one is negotiation. Negotiation refers to mutually beneficial process of conflict resolving. This way only involves the conflicting parties and demands enough cooperation from the both parties. The aim of negotiation is to reconcile or compromise the differences that occur between two conflicting parties. Further,

31 17 negotiation occurs in two ways. Those are integrative negotiation and distributive negotiation. Integrative negotiation is a constructive approach in problem solving. It approaches conflict in a joint venture relationship, an opportunity for mutual gain. The parties discuss the problems cooperatively and put respect each other. Continuing relationship and maximizing interest are the aims of this process. The parties discuss their conflict to identify their problems and conflicting interests by exchanging information. While in distributive negotiation, we use a bargaining approach to resolving conflict. This approach is positional, rigid and insensitive to the interest of the opposing party. Each party views issues with a narrow perspective and accepts the outcome as a fixed goal. Both parties may use threat and demand to compete in order to gain an advantage in the process. The second alternative is mediation. It is a problem solving process, in which the third party has no importance in the outcome and has no dominant power to impose a resolution. The third party, who appears as a neutral party, must guide the conflicting parties through a non-adversarial discussion process. As the third party, a mediator must have an objective point of view for the problem. The willingness of each conflicting party plays an important role in the success of this process. The goal of mediation is to reach an agreement that will resolve conflict. Mediation is a private form that enables both conflicting parties to express needs, concerns, and fears.

32 18 The next alternative is facilitation. Facilitation is also a conflict resolution process that requires third party help. The third party will help to end the conflict with the best possible resolution. In facilitation, the third party occurs as a facilitator who encourages both parties to find the best solution. Facilitation is applied when the conflict occurs in a high-complexity and involves bigger group of parties. Generally, facilitation is a public form. The fourth alternative is arbitration. Arbitration also involves third party to resolve the problems. This way is applied when the parties find deadlock in resolving their conflict. In ideal condition, arbitration occurs after the conflicting parties fail to conduct mediation or facilitation. Arbitration is a formal way, although it is less formal than judicial process because the rules of evidences are not strictly applied and it is not conducted in the court. The third party in arbitration is the decision maker for the conflict, although the form of resolution (binding or not binding) depends on the conflicting parties agreement. The last alternative is judicial processes. Judicial process is the most formal way to resolve conflict because the third party in this way is court. The third party is the only party who has power in this process. The decision of the third party is binding and legal for both conflicting parties. It means any violation of the outcome by the parties is categorized as law violation. Judicial processes are the last option after negotiation, mediation, facilitation and arbitration fails.

33 Theoretical Framework In this study, the writer analyzes intra-personal or inner conflicts of Callie Ruffin, one of the main characters of John Grisham s The Last Juror during accomplishing her job, serving as juror in the trial of Danny Padgitt. The writer decides to reveal intra-personal (internal) conflict considering the significance which is possible to cause inter-personal (external) conflicts and since it involves human s belief and values. There are some theories that the writer employs to support the analysis. In this part, the writer explains the contribution of those theories to support the analysis and to answer the questions in this study. To answer the first question, the writer needs to analyze the characterization of Callie Ruffin in brief because it is important to understand her personality which may cause conflicts. Thus, the writer employs the theories stated in the theory of character and characterization sub-chapter. Those theories help the writer to understand the character and the characterization of Callie Ruffin, the main character in The Last Juror. Since the writer decides to analyze the intra-personal conflicts of Callie Ruffin, the writer employs Hocker and Wilmot s conflict definition, Worchel s intrapersonal conflict definition and also Coleman and Broen s classification of conflicts in the theory of conflict. Next theory, the writer employs Isenhart and Spangle s theory of conflict resolution. These theories help the writer to understand about what type of intra-personal conflicts that Callie Ruffin experiences, how they emerge, and how she solves them.

34 20 Intra-personal conflict, including its causes and its resolution, is a part of psychological aspects of human being. Therefore, the writer employs psychological approach in order to understand the nature of intra-personal conflict.

35 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the methodology employed in this study and consists of three parts. The first part is the subject matter that describes the novel The Last Juror as the object of the study. The second part concerns with the approaches, which are used in analysing the novel. Finally, the third part states the procedures concerning the steps taken to analyse the novel. 3.1 Subject Matter This study analyzes one of John Grisham s novels The Last Juror. The Last Juror was initially published by Bantam Dell on 14 December It consists of 496 pages and divided into 43 chapters. This novel has not been translated into Bahasa Indonesia. John Grisham, the best storyteller that has written 18 thriller books, wrote The Last Juror as his seventeenth s effort. The Last Juror is about a trial of a criminal named Danny Padgit. He was accused for capital murder of Rhoda Kasselaw in Ford County, a fictitious small town, Clanton, Mississippi. Residents fear Padgitt will use his power and influence to escape punishment for his crime. The fear comes true when Danny Padgitt threatened the jury by facing the jury and announces, "You convict me and I'll get every damned one of you (p.212). Ten years later, Danny is released. Starting from the day Danny released, one by one of the jurors is being killed mysteriously. 21

36 22 One of the jurors threatened is Callie Ruffin. Callie Ruffin is the only black juror in the trial. Callie Ruffin is a devout Christian. She Callie Ruffin has a great family. She has eight children. All of Callie Ruffin s children, except one, have become college professors. Like many blacks in that era, they left the South to accomplish their goals. Callie Ruffin is selected to be the first African American to serve on a jury in Ford County. She is the last juror selected in the trial of Danny Padgitt and also the last juror survived after the trial. 3.2 The Approach To conduct this study, the writer decides to use one approach from the five approaches proposed by Rohrberger and Woods Jr. That is psychological approach. The writer uses the approach because the writer finds it suitable to answer the two questions stated in the problem formulation. Since the study analyzes the intra-personal conflict of the main character, which is a part of psychological aspects, the writer employs the psychological approach. This approach is applied to understand more the main character s psyche and intra-personal conflict itself. The writer tries to find out psychological information about the conflicts, the types of conflicts, how they emerge and what steps that can be applied to overcome them. Thus, from this information the writer can reveal intra-personal conflicts found in the novel, which are faced by the major character named Callie Ruffin. The psychological implications of the relationship between major character and her intra-personal conflicts are analyzed under theories

37 23 of conflict and conflict resolution. In this case, the writer studies the author s ideas about the intra-personal conflicts that are showed through his main character in the novel. Furthermore, the understanding of the main character s characterization makes the writer able to analyze the intra-personal conflicts of the main character and some possible causes for her intra-personal conflicts. 3.3 Procedures In order to conduct this study, the writer read some required books and took note from them. There were some steps that the writer used to conduct this study. The first step was reading the novel, The Last Juror, by John Grisham. That published by Bantam Dell on 14 December. The writer read it until the writer found some interesting points such as the elements of the novel and the essence of the novel. The second step was looking for information related to the author, John Grisham, about the novel, The Last Juror, and about the intra-personal conflict. The writer got much information and references from books, internet and journals. All information and references above were secondary sources. The third step was conducting critical approach analysis by using psychological approach and also applying the theory of character and characterization, theory of conflict and conflict resolution in the study of Callie Ruffin, the main character s intra-personal conflicts.

38 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS This chapter analyzes the novel to answer the two problems formulated in chapter one. First analysis deals with the characteristics of Callie Ruffin as the major character. Second analysis will find out how the conflicts emerge within Callie Ruffin and how she resolves it. 4.1 The Characterization of Callie Ruffin According to Holman and Horman (1986: 82) character is divided into two types. They are major and minor characters. A major character is the most important character of the story because he or she becomes the center of the story, while minor character is less important than the major character. In Grisham s The Last Juror, Callie Ruffin is the major character because the story focuses on her. Callie Ruffin can also be said as a round character, as stated by Forster (1974: 46-54), a round character is a complex character that cannot be described in a single phrase. To describe round character we need much more observation. The readers can identify a round character by examining whether it is capable of surprising in convincing way. Callie Ruffin has those characteristics of a round character. To find out how the author characterizes his character, some methods of characterization are needed. Murphy (1972: ) proposes nine ways, namely personal description, character seen by others, the speech, past life, conversation by others, reaction, direct comment, thought, and mannerism. 24

39 Smart Smart, according to Oxford Advanced Learner s Dictionary, is having or showing intelligence (Hornby, 1995: 1119). In this novel, Callie Ruffin is characterized as a smart woman because she has and shows her intelligence. She is told to read the newspaper since fifty years ago. This characterization is revealed in the conversation via telephone between Callie Ruffin and Willie Traynor. At that time Willie Traynor calls Callie Ruffin because he hears some fascinating stories about a black family who raises eight children which seven of whom have become college professors. Her ability to read newspaper reflects her smartness because it is rare that black people can read. In fact she reads everything written in the newspaper. She tells Willie Traynor that the newspaper, now, has become better with fewer mistakes and longer stories and while she talks to Willie Traynor, her words flows slowly, clearly and with precise diction. It can be seen from the following quotation: I called the house and Mrs. Ruffin answered the phone. I explained who I was and what I wanted, and she seemed to now everything about me. She said she d been reading the Times for fifty years, front to back, everything including the obits and the want ads, and after a moment or two offered the opinion that the paper was in much better hands now. Longer stories. Fewer mistakes. More news. She spoke slowly, clearly, with precise diction I had not heard since I left Syracuse (p. 82) From the quotation above, it is seen that is not only reading that Callie Ruffin able to do, but also her voice is like a college student. In fact, Willie Traynor admires her ability to speak in such good manner. He can not believe that he can hear such a perfect speech from southern black people. It can be seen when Willie Traynor accepts the invitation to have lunch in Callie Ruffin s. Before the

40 26 meal begins, Callie Ruffin prays to Lord God for the blessing she receives. She utters her prayer with a perfect cadence and diction. She honors every consonant. comma, and period. Willie Traynor is really impressed with the way Callie Ruffin speaks. He even compares her to college student. It can be seen from the following quotation: She prayed for rain and sun and health and humility and patience, and though I began to worry about the food getting cold I was mesmerized be her voice. Her cadence was slow, with thought given to each word. Her diction was perfect, every consonant treated equally, every comma and period honored. I had to peek to make sure I wasn t dreaming. I had never heard such speech from a Southern black, or a Southern white for that. I loved it when she talked. It allowed me to eat nonstop, which was a priority. But I was still captivated by her precise diction, her cadence, and her vocabulary, which had to be college level (p. 85, p.136) In spite of the assumption of Willie Traynor that Callie Ruffin is as smart as college student, he is shocked with the fact that Callie Ruffin only passes the ninth grade. Willie Traynor barely knows that in Mississippi, at that time, there is no kindergarten and no mandatory school attendance law. Willie Traynor asks about the perfect speech of Callie Ruffin and also her level of education. Callie Ruffin answers that she only passes the ninth grade. It can be seen in the following quotation: Your speech is unusually articulate and precise. How much education did you receive? It was a sensitive question in a society where, for many decades, education had not been stressed. It was 1970,and Mississippi still had no public kindergartens and no mandatory school attendance laws. She laughed, giving me the full benefit of those teeth. I finished the ninth grade, Mr. Traynor. The ninth grade? (p. 90) Beside through speeches and ability to read, Callie Ruffin s smartness is also reflected in her ability to make list of errors from the Times. Callie Ruffin

41 27 often makes list of errors from the Times. The errors Miss Callie Ruffin lists are typographical errors and misspelled words. She takes it as a hobby. It can be seen from the following quotation: Lastly, I had Miss Callie s handwritten list of all the errors she d found in that week s edition of the Times. Almost all were typographical errors and misspelled words twelve in all. Under Spot, the average had been about twenty. Now it was down to around ten. It was a lifelong habit of hers. Some folks like crossword puzzles, she said. I like to look for mistakes. (p. 96) Callie Ruffin s smartness is also reflected in her ability to memorize Bible. This fact is revealed when she and Willie Traynor is having lunch. In the conversation over the table, Callie Ruffin asks Traynor whether he often goes to church or not. Traynor says no and it makes Callie Ruffin worries and quotes a lot from Bible to make Traynor aware of his position in the face of God. When she knows that Traynor never goes to church, never reads Bible, and never prays, she quotes the Bible without looking at it. It seems that she memorizes the entire content of the Bible. Mr. Traynor, if you don t go to church don t read your Bible, and don t pray, I m not so sure you re really a Christian child. She continued, Jesus said, judge not, that ye be not judged. It s not my place to pass judgment on anyone s soul, but I must confess that I m worried about your s Paul wrote in Romans, The wages of sin is death but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our lord. Do you know what that means, Mr. Traynor? I had a hunch. I nodded and took a mouthful of beef. Had she memorized the entire Bible? Was I about to hear it all? (p ) From the quotation above, it is clear that Callie Ruffin is able to quote from the Bible without looking at it. It shows that she is really a smart woman.