ZLB, r*, and Secular Stagnation 11/6/2018

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1 ZLB, r*, and Secular Stagnation 11/6/2018

2 Zero Lower Bound 2 אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב'

3 Source: Paul Krugman, "It s Baaack, Twenty Years Later." Feb ריבית אפס ומלכודת הנזילות אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 3

4 The combination of low nominal rates and the difficulty of reducing short-term interest rates (much) below zero implies that monetary policymakers may have limited scope to address deep economic slowdowns through the traditional means of cutting short-term interest rates. Source: Ben S. Bernanke, Monetary policy in a new era, October 2017 אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז 2007 חסם תחתון 0 - פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 4

5 GS 14/3/ אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב'

6 6 אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב'

7 r* ריבית ריאלית לטווח הארוך 7 אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב'

8 r* is what economists call the natural rate of interest; it s the real interest rate expected to prevail when the economy is at full strength. While a central bank like the Fed sets short-term interest rates, r* is a result of longer-term economic factors beyond the influence of central banks and monetary policy. Source: Williams, J. C. The Future Fortunes of R-star: Are They Really Rising?, FRBSF Economic Letter, May 2018 אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז 2007 מה זה *r - פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 8

9 r* matters a great deal, because it anchors where shortterm interest rates will tend to be in the future. In a world of low r*, policymakers, banks, businesses, and households all need to plan for lower interest rates than they ve experienced in decades past. Source: Williams, J. C. The Future Fortunes of R-star: Are They Really Rising?, FRBSF Economic Letter, May 2018 אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז 2007 מה זה *r - פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 9

10 Source: Williams, J. C. (2017). Three Questions on R-star. FRBSF Economic Letter, 5. אמידת *r אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 10

11 Source: Williams, J. C. (2017). Three Questions on R-star. FRBSF Economic Letter, 5. הירידה ב *r היא לא מאפיין יחודי של כלכלת ארה"ב אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' תשע "ח 11

12 לפי ג'ון וויליאמס, למרות העלייה הנצפית בשערי הריבית הנקבעים על ידי הבנקים המרכזיים, *r צפוי להישאר נמוך, כתוצאה משלושה גורמים מרכזיים: Secular ) הזדקנות האוכלוסיה. ירידה בקצב הגידול של הפריון ומיתון ארוך טווח.(Stagnation עלייה בביקוש לנכסים בטוחים. Source: Williams, J. C. The Future Fortunes of R-star: Are They Really Rising?, FRBSF Economic Letter, May 2018 הגורמים לירידה ב *r אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 12

13 Changes in demographics affect r* on a number of levels: Over the past three decades, life expectancy in developed economies has risen by nearly five years and is expected to keep rising When people expect to live longer, they tend to save more for retirement, and this increased saving puts downward pressure on interest rates. Source: Williams, J. C. The Future Fortunes of R-star: Are They Really Rising?, FRBSF Economic Letter, May 2018 הגורמים לירידה ב *r אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 13

14 labor force growth in the United States has slowed, largely due to baby boomers retiring and a lower fertility rate. Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) Fewer people joining the labor force means fewer people working, producing, and consuming things, which leads to slower growth and less investment, which in turn drives r* down. Source: International Labor Organization, ILOSTAT database. Data retrieved in November Source: Williams, J. C. The Future Fortunes of R-star: Are They Really Rising?, FRBSF Economic Letter, May 2018 הגורמים לירידה ב *r אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 14

15 Productivity growth has also slowed compared with earlier decades. In the 1990s and early 2000s, the explosion of the internet and computing power led to annual productivity gains averaging 2 to 3%. Productivity gains since the recession have generally hovered around 1% Source: Williams, J. C. The Future Fortunes of R-star: Are They Really Rising?, FRBSF Economic Letter, May 2018 r* Source: MGI: THE PRODUCTIVITY PUZZLE - A CLOSER LOOK AT THE UNITED STATES, MAR 2017 הגורמים לירידה ב אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 15

16 The third and final factor holding down r* is the high global demand for safe assets we ve seen develop over the past two decades. This has driven down the returns on Treasury securities and safe shortterm loans relative to those on riskier assets like corporate bonds and equities, and thereby depressed r* Source: Williams, J. C. (2017). Three Questions on R-star. FRBSF Economic Letter, 5. ירידה בתשואה על נכסים בטוחים אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 16

17 גישת ה- Secular Stagnation לא כוסה בשיעור 17 אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב'

18 Secular Stagnation: A prolonged period in which satisfactory growth can only be achieved by unsustainable financial conditions. The idea of secular stagnation is that the private economy unless stimulated by extraordinary public actions especially monetary and fiscal policies and, or, unsustainable private sector borrowing will be prone to sluggish growth caused by insufficient demand. Source: Larry Summers, The threat of secular stagnation has not gone away, The Financial Times, May Secular stagnation אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' תשע "ח 18

19 Indexed bond markets imply that real interest rates will be kept well below 1 per cent for the next 30 years. The stock market has returned 22 per cent in 2017 and an average of 16 per cent over the past five years. If budget deficits hadn t been growing relative to the economy, real long term interest rates had been steady in their customary range above 2 per cent and an extra $10tn in wealth had not been created by abnormal stock market returns, it is hard to believe that the US economy would be growing much at all. Source: Low rates benefited investors more than ordinary Americans, The Financial Times, August 2017 Source: Larry Summers, The threat of secular stagnation has not gone away, The Financial Times, May אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' תשע "ח 19

20 Europe has seen a reduction in the ratio of government debt to GDP in recent years but like Japan has received extraordinary stimulus from sub minus 1 per cent real interest rates and increases in the flow of private sector credit. Source: Larry Summers, The threat of secular stagnation has not gone away, The Financial Times, May Secular Stagnation -המצב העולמי אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 20

21 Even with this stimulus Europe and Japan have struggled to achieve 2 per cent inflation. Source: Larry Summers, The threat of secular stagnation has not gone away, The Financial Times, May Secular Stagnation -המצב העולמי אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' 21

22 Larry Summers: What we are seeing is the achievement of fairly ordinary growth with extraordinary policy and financial conditions. Whether this is sustainable depends on several factors, not least whether private sector demand will autonomously increase as the financial crisis recedes so growth can be maintained with less unorthodox policy and exuberant financial conditions. It is more likely that a combination of rising inequality, slow labor force and productivity growth, and greater competition from developing countries will keep private sector demand subdued. Source: Larry Summers, The threat of secular stagnation has not gone away, The Financial Times, May טיעונים בעד תאורית ה stagnation Secular אינטגרציה כלכלית ופיננסית והמשברים מאז פרופ' ערן ישיב - סמסטר ב' תשע "ח 22

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