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1 PART 1: TIME ELEMENT PROBLEMS IN THE NEW TESTAMENT...1 Chapter 1: The Passover Controversy Today...3 Chapter 2: The Passover Time Element Problem...5 Pinpointing the Problem...l7 A Modern Theory Emerges...10 The Importance of this Issue...13 Chapter 3: Was There a First Century Controversy?...17 Chapter 4: The Quartodeciman Controversy...21 First Controversy: Nisan 14 Passover vs. Sunday Eucharist...23 Second Controversy: Quartodecimans vs. Quintodecimans...29 Third Controversy: Hebrew Calendar Inaccuracies...36 Jewish Calendar Disruptions in the Second Century...41 Chapter 5: Was There a Controversy among the Jews?...49 Did Jesus Follow the Essene Calendar?...56 Synopsis...57 Chapter 6: What is Passover?...59 What Happened on Passover Night?...63 The Timing of Christ s Sacrifice...67 Christ, Our Passover...69 Did Jesus Change the Time of Passover?...73 What about keeping Passover Today?...76 Chapter 7: Was the Last Supper a Passover Meal?...79 The Case for a Passover Meal...81 Why Did Jesus Tell His Disciples to Prepare for the Passover?...83 Does the Nisan 13/14 Passover Theory Solve the Problem?...90 vi

2 Chapter 8: The Chronology of Passion Week...93 Analyzing Passion Week Chronology...97 Sunday, Nisan 9 (Sixth Day before Nisan 14)...97 Monday, Nisan 10 (Fifth Day Before Nisan 14)...97 Tuesday, Nisan 11 (Fourth Day before Nisan 14)...98 Wednesday, Nisan 12 (Third Day Before Nisan 14)...99 Thursday, Nisan 13 (Second Day before Nisan 14) Friday, Nisan 14 (Crucifixion and Burial of Jesus) Saturday, Nisan 15 (Second Day of Christ s Burial) Sunday, Nisan 16 (Third Day of Christ s Burial) Synopsis of the Chronology Analyzing Mark 14:12 and Luke 22: Chapter 9: The Day of the Week of the Crucifixion Preliminary Observations Hebrew Expression vs. Literal Interpretation Understanding the Day/Night Formula The Inclusive Principle After Three Days Hours Span Four Calendar Days More Examples of Inclusive Reckoning Following the Chronology The Chronology of Mark The Chronology of Luke The Setting of the Guard The Plural Sabbaths of Matthew 28: The Women and the Preparing of Spices What was Jesus Doing after the Resurrection? What is an Annual Sabbath? The Calendar and the Year of Crucifixion A Thursday Crucifixion? The Testimony of History Who s Interpretation Counts? Conclusion Chapter 10: At What Hour was Jesus Crucified? John 1:35-39: John 4:3-8: John 4:49-52: John 11:9: vii

3 Conclusion Chapter 11: Did Jesus Spend a Night in Jail? The Timing of the Trial(s) of Jesus The Availability of Pilate and Herod at Dawn Did the Jewish Authorities Violate their own Legal Practices? Conclusion PART 2: TIME ELEMENT FACTORS IN THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES Chapter 12: The Evening and Morning of Genesis What Scholars Admit Biblical Examples The Day of Atonement Proves Sunrise Days Why are the Days of Unleavened Bread Counted from Sunset? Other Objections Chapter 13: The Beginning of the Day in the New Testament Chapter 14: How the Beginning of the Day Changed to Sunset The Supposed Galilean versus Judean Method of Counting Days Chapter 15: Analyzing Exodus The Original Passover Instructions and the Exodus No One to Go Out until Morning! Did Moses Visit Pharaoh during the Night? On what Day of the Month did the Exodus Occur? Passover Day? Plundering the Egyptians Did the Israelites Assemble at the City of Rameses? Three Days of Darkness The Testimony of Deuteronomy Boiled or Roasted? The Two Distinct Festival Theory The Chronology of the Exodus Chapter 16: The Biblical Meaning of the Hebrew Word Erev Biblical Examples of the Hebrew Word Erev viii

4 1) Jeremiah 6:4-5: ) Genesis 24:11: ) 1 Kings 22:35-36; 2 Chronicles 18:34: ) Joshua 10:26-27: ) Deuteronomy 23:11: ) Judges 19: 14, 16: ) 1 Samuel 17:4-16: Chapter 17: The Biblical Meaning of Ben ha-arbayim The Daily Burnt Offering The Giving of Quail Incident The Lighting of the Incense Lamps Excursus: The Time of Incense and the Time of Prayer The Passover Sacrifice and Logistics The So-called Domestic Passover Chapter 18: Ben ha-arbayim and Modern Opinion Chapter 19: Ben ha-arbayim and Ancient Testimony The Passover Papyrus from the Letters of the Jews in Elephantine, Egypt (419 B.C.E.) Septuagint, (ca. 275 B.C.E.) Jubilees, Chapter 49 (before 105 B.C.E Ezekielos, the Jewish Dramatist (ca. 90 B.C.E.) Philo Judaeus (ca C.E Flavius Josephus (ca C.E.) Talmud The Mekilta The Siphra Targums The Karaites The Samaritans The Falashas Early Christian Sources Chapter 20: The Meaning of the Hebrew Verb Pasach Who Smites the Firstborn? How the Jews Understand the Word Passover Chapter 21: The Population of the Exodus ix

5 Chapter 22: Final Conclusion Appendix 1: Why Did the Early Church Fast at Passover? Bibliography x

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