-CALENDARS- By Julius H. Greenstone

Transcription

1 PAR IX Calendars

2 -CALENDAR- By Julius H. Greenstone HE JEIH YEAR consists of months, each month having or 0 days. An intercalated year has months, an additional month, called Adar heni (second Adar), being added between Adar and Nisan. Nisan, ivan, Ab, ishri, hebat, and the first Adar (in the intercalated year) always have 0 days; Iyar, arnmuz, Elul, ebet, Adar (in a simple year, or Adar heni in an intercalated year) always have days each. Heshvan and Kislev sometimes both have 0 days, when the year is called "perfect" {helemah, indicated by letter E>), sometimes both have days each, when the year is called "defective" (Haserah, indicated by letter n), and sometimes Heshvan has days and Kislev 0 days, when the year is called "regular" (ke-idrah, indicated by the letter ). henever the month has 0 days, the 0th day month is the first New oon day following month, which has two New oon days. hen the month has only days, the following month has only one New oon day. e year 0 is called 0 (D'il) according to the short system (p"d). It is a perfect common year of months, 0 abbaths, days. It begins on onday, the second day week. e first day of Passover falls on ursday, the fifth day week. erefore, the year's sign is ntp for second, tp for perfect (^D^bw) and n for fifth. It is the ninth year 0st lunar cycle of years and the twenty-seventh year th solar cycle of years since Creation, according to the traditional Jewish reckoning.

3 ABRIDGED JEIH CALENDAR OR 0- (-0) Holiday 0 (-) (-0) irst New Year econd New Year ast of Gedaliah of Atonement irst abernacles econd abernacles... Hoshana Rabba Eighth of east Rejoicing Law New oon Heshvan, st day. New oon Heshvan, nd day. New oon Kislev, st day... New oon Kislev, nd day... irst Hanukkah New oon ebet, st day.... New oon ebet, nd day... ast of ebet New oon hebat New Year for rees New oon Adar, st day New oon Adar, nd day.... New oon Adar heni, st day. New oon Adar heni, nd day ast of Esther Purim hushan Purim New oon Nisan irst Passover econd Passover eventh Passover Eighth Passover New oon Iyar, st day New oon Iyar, nd day... irty-third Omer. New oon ivan irst east of eeks... econd east of eeks. New oon ammuz, st day. New oon ammuz, nd day. ast of ammuz New oon Ab ast of Ab New oon Elul, st day New oon Elul, nd day.... Eve of New Year on. ues. ed. ed. on. ues. un. on. ues. ues. ed. ur. ri. on. at. un. ues. on. on. ues. ed. on. ues. ed. ur. ur. ri. ed. ur. ri. at. ues. un. ri. at. on. ues. ur. ed. ur. ur. ri. ri., Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec., Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. eb. ar. ar. ar. ar. ar. ar. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. 0 ay ay June June June June July July Aug. Aug. Aug. ept. at., ept. un. ept. on. -pt. on. Oct. at. Oct. un. Oct. ri. Oct. at. Oct. un. Oct. un. Oct. on. Oct. ues. Nov. ri. Dec. ed. Dec. ri. ur. 0, ur. ri. at. ur. ri. at. un. un. on. at. un. on. ues. ri. ed. on. ues. ur. ri. un. at. un. un. on. on. Dec. Jan. eb. eb. eb. 0 ar. ar. ar. ar. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. ay ay ay ay June June July July July Aug. Aug. ept. *ast observed on following day.

4 ? i, Oct. Nov. ] IHRI 0 DAY ['"E 0 onth Oct. 0 Nov. i l eek Jewiah onth ishri 0 ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New Year njei I 'N /Gen. (Num. :- New Year rwn H~\~I '/Gen. Num. :- ast of Gedaliah Ex. :-; :- raw na0.- ^i DV of Atonement abernacles irr«n nid 'K abernacles nid ' tyinn in N wyenrr Eighth of east* min nroty Rejoicing Law inndn t'nn 'D] rvtt>n-i New oon Bnn VHI 'N PENAEUCHAL PORION nvens Deut. flev. Num. :- [Afternoon: Lev. Deut. Lev. :-: Num. :- Lev. :-: Num. :- Num. :- eph. :- Num. :- eph. :- Num. :- eph. :- Ex. :-: Num. :- Num. :- eph. :- Deut. :-: Num. :-0: Deut. :-: Gen. :-: Num. :-0: Gen. :-: Num. :- PROPHEICAL PORION nnosn I am. :-: Jer. :- /Is. :-: \eph. none Hos. :-; Joel :- eph. Hos. :-; icah :- Is. :-: Afternoon: Jonah eph. add: icah : - II am. Zech. I Kings :- Ezek. :-: I Kings :- /Josh. \eph. :- fls. :-: {eph. :-; :; I : e Book of Ecclesiastes is read.

5 , Nov. Dec. ] HEHVAN 0 DAY []V\ 0 onth Nov. 0 Dec. eek w Jewish onth Heshv 0 ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New oon t»in \~l ' m -\b I? c'nn 'Di me>"n ]ap "vib or New oon Bnn BH 'H PENAEUCHAL PORION nrzns Num. :- Gen. :-: Gen. :-: Gen. :-: Gen. :-: Num. :- PROPHEICAL PORION nntjsn /Is. :-: \eph. :- Is. 0:-: (II Kings :- \eph. :- I Kings :-

6 , Dec. -, Jan. ] KILEV 0 DAY [I^DJ [0 onth Dec. 0 Jan. eek s s Jewish onth Kislev 0 ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New oon KHn IPtm ' mhn ['nn 'D! EH /Hanukkah nn \ east of Dedication win ptm 'x.ypa PENAEUGHAL PORION nvuns Num. :- Gen. :-: Gen. :-: Gen. :-: Gen. :-0: Num. :- eph. :-: Num. :- eph. :- Num. :- eph. :- Num. :0- eph. :0- Num. :- eph. :- Gen. :-: Num. :- Num. :- PROPHEICAL PORION nnoen ai. :-: Hos. :-: or :-: or :-: eph. :-: (Hos. :-: or j :-: or Obadiah :- [eph. Obad. :- Amos :-: Zech. :-:

7 , Jan. 0] EBE < > DAY [UB [0 Cvil onth Jan " 0 eek s Jewish onth ebet ABBAH, EI- VAL, A ennipn-n 'n New oon Eighth of Hanukkah rota me>y nis ast of ebet I'nn 'am HIN iop lisa av PENAEUCHAL PORION nvmb Num. :-; :- [Num. :-: Gen. :-: Ex. :-; :- Gen. :-0: Ex. :-: Ex. :-: PROPHEICAL PORION nnosn Ezek. :- fls. :-: \eph. none I Kings :- fls. :-:; :, i(eph. Jer. :-: Ezek. :-:

8 , Jari. ar. ] HEBA JO DAY [ tp 0 onth Jan eb. ar. eek u s Jewish onth hebat 0 ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New oon [IE> me>] nbw New Year for rees cnn 'aai nn' ]up lisa DV Bnn B>NV'«New oon 0 PENAEUCHAL PORION nvens Num. :- Ex. :-: Ex. :-: Ex. :-: Ex. :-:; 0:- Num. : - PROPHEICAL PORION nndsn Jer. :- /Judges :-: [eph. :- (Is. :-:; :, \eph. :- (II Kings :- \eph. :-:

9 e Book of Esther is read., ar. 0] ADAR DAY [N [0 onth ar. - 0 eek w Jewish onth Adar, ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New oon nnnn mar's,mxn -indn myn ast of Esther 0H Purim, east of Esther* D'I 0 hushan Purlm rns 's,kt»n o ttnnn 's,'-iips.^np'i ['nn'aoj PENAEUCHAL PORION ni'bh Num. :- Ex. :-: /Ex. :-0: \Deut. :- Ex. :-; :- Ex. :- /Ex. 0:-: (Num. Ex. :-0:; :- PROPHEICAL PORION nntssn I Kings :-: /I am. :- \eph :- fis. :-: \eph. none (Ezek. : - \eph : - /Ezek. :-: \eph. :-:

10 , ar. Apr. ] NIAN 0 DAY [jd'j 0 onth ar Apr. eek s Jewis ont Nisai ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New oon BHn B>m mp'i PENAEUCHAL PORION nvens Num. :- Lev. :-: PROPHEICAL PORION rmosn Is. :-: 0 bmn me*,ix D'OH n'jyn ast of irst-born Passover rideh N Passover PIDB ' * Passover Passover PID IDBI 'n innon t'nn 'D]'r»0 ttnn wn N Lev. :-: /Ex. :- Num. :- Lev. :-: Num. :- Ex. :-: Num. :- Ex. :- Num. :- Ex. :-: Num. :- Num. :- Num. :- Ex. :-: Num. :- Deut. :-: Num. :- Lev. :-: Num. :- (ai. :- or II Kings :- [eph. ai. :- /Josh. :-; :-:, \eph. :-:, II Kings : (or)- ; - Ezek. :-: eph. :- II am. Js. :-: am. :-: \eph. :- e ong of ongs is read.

11 , Apr. 0 ay ] IYAK If onth Apr. 0 ay eek s s s Jewish onth Iyar ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New oon D'BHp,nia nn«d of 'Omer 'JB> nd "ION 'npna.inn [mpld] ]Up DV i'nn 'uai -DI DAY PENAEUCHAL PORION nvenr /Lev. :-: (Num. :- Lev. :-: Lev. :-: Lev. :-: Num. :-: ['N 0 PROPHEICAL PORION nncssn Is. Amos :- or Ezek. :J-(orlO) eph. Ezek. : (or l)- Ezek. :- Jer. :-: I ain. :-

12 , ay June ] I VAN 0 DAY []VD 0 onth ay 0 June A eek s s s Jewis! onti ivan 0 ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New oon EHPI tpn"! myiaeh'«east of eeks myntsn 'a east of eeks* "n^yna I'nn 'am ~\h nhw ]Qp "lisa DV ttnn p t m N New oon PENAEUCHAL PORION ni'eh Num. :- Ex. :-: Num. :- Deut. :-: Num. :- Num. :-: Num. :-: Num. :-: Num. :- PROPHEICAL PORION nnusn Ezek :-; : /Hab. :- \eph. :0-: Judges :- Zech. :-: Josh. e Book of Ruth is read.

13 , June July ] AUZ DAY onth June 0 July eek s s Jewish onth am. ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New oon mp pva,npn / ram nts>y nyatp DIX \ast of ammuz Dnre t'nn 'am 'JDD,niHo leap "IID or PENAEUGHAL PORION Num. :- Num. :-: Num. :-: Ex.:ll-;:l- Num. :-0: Num. 0:-: man 0 PROPHEICAL PORION nnosn I am. :-: icah :-: (Is. :-: \eph. none Jer. :-: (Jer. :-; : \epli. :-; :,

14 , July Aug. ] AB 0 DAY «0 onth July 0 Aug. eek w s s s Jewial onth Ab 0 ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New oon BHn PN lirnnap.nnm N njwn oix ast of Ab* ldmnaw.iinnm apy I'nn 'D) n«n \up -nsa or win wxii 'N New oon PENAEUCHAL PORION nvbhb Num. :- Deut. :-: (Deut. :-0 {Afternoon: Ex. :- l ; :- Deut. :-: Deut. :-: Deut. :-: Num. :- PROPHEICAL PORION nnosn Is. :- orning: Jer. :-: Aftetttoon Is. :-:.* eph. Hos. :-; icah :- Is. 0:l-fi Is. :-: Is. :-: * e Book of Lamentations is read,

15 , Aug. -ept. ] ELUL DAY fr^h 0 onth Aug. 0 ept. eek s s Jewish onth Elul ABBAH, EI- VAL, A enn B>NV 'a New oon* Kan ' nin^o? D'0'B>» ellhot* PENAEUCHAL PORION nvbns Num. :- Deut. :-: Deut. :-: Deut. :-: Deut. :-:0 PROPHEICAL PORION nnesn Is. :-: Is. :- or :- : Is. 0 Is. :-: e ephardim say elihot during the whole month of Elul.

16 >, ept. Oct. ] IHRI 0 DAY p-ltpn onth ept. 0 Oct. eek s s s s s Jewish onth ishri 0 ABBAH, EI- VAL, A mts>n u s n 'K New Year New Year, rv?"n DIX ast of Gedaliah r\u>,'fnn - OV of Atonement abernacles nidl 'N abernacles IDD ' -ryidn ^n mxy 'row Eighth east* rrnn nnotp Rejoicing Law nn nos arm tm'«new oon PENAEUCHAL PORION nrans /Gen. [Num. :- /Gen. Num. :- Ex. :ll-;:l- Deut. Lev. Num. :- Afternoon: Lev. Lev. :-: Num. :- Lev. :-: Num. :- Num. :- eph. :- Num. :- iefh. :- Num. :- eph. :- Num. :- eph. :- Num. :- eph. :- Deut. :-: Num. :-0: [Deut. :-: JGen. :-: (Num. :-0: Gen. :-: Num. :- PROPHEICAL PORION nnasn I am. :-: rer. :- Is. :-: eph. none Hos. :-; Joe! :-, eph. Hos. :-; icah :- Is. :-: Afternoon- Jonah eph. add: icah : - lech. I Kings :- I Kings :- or : /Josh. \eph. :- fl am. :- {eph. add: Is. :; : e Book of Ecclesiastes is read. ['nn '0] n'bwu

17 , Oct. Nov. J HEHVAJN D UAY [ptpn onth Oct. 0 Nov. eek s Jewish onth Heshv i l ABBAH, EI- VAL, A enn»n~n 'a New oon m Nl rnn 'am mb> "n ]EJp IED OV PENAEUCHAL PORION nvens Num. :- Gen. :-: Gen. :-: Gen. :-: Gen. :-: PROPHEICAL PORION nncjsn (Is. :-: \cph. :- Is. 0:-: /II Kings :- \eph. :- I Kings :-

18 * >, Nov. Dec. ] KILEV DAY onth Nov. 0 Dec. eek s Jewish onth Kislev ABBAH, EI- VAL, A New oon (Hanukkah EHI VH~I m^in nvttn Dn \ east of Dedication t'nn'aa] a EH PENAEUCHAL PORION nrens Num. :- Gen. :-: Gen. :-: Gen. :-: Num. :- eph. :-: Gen. :-0: Num. :- Num. :- eph. :- Num. :0- eph. :0- Num. :- eph. :- lb0d PROPHEICAL PORION nnasn ai. :-: Hos. :-: or :-: or :-: epk. :-: Hos. :-: of :-: or Obadiah :- eph. Obad. :- Zech. :-: 00

19 JEIH HOLY DAY 0 Jewish Holy s, estivals and ^sts NE YEAR (Rosh ha-hanah). e ecclesiastical year was reckoned from the month of Nisan; and the first day seventh month, ishri, came to be regarded as the beginning civil year. In the Bible the festival is known as "a day of blowing" the shofar, or ram's-horn (Num. :), a rite still universally observed in the synagogues. It is also called "a memorial proclaimed with a blast of horns" (Lev. :). e day acquired a solemn significance and was transformed into a " of Judgment," so named in post-biblical writings. According to an ancient tradition, the first day of ishri marks the first day of creation, on the anniversary of which mankind is judged by God. e dominance idea of judgment gave the day a solemn character, approaching that of Atonement. Judgment is passed on New Year and the decree is sealed on the of Atonement. e blasts shofar send a tremor through the congregation. It is a sign of alarm: the destiny of the world is being settled for the coming year. e sounding ram's-horn, commanded in the Bible, is interpreted as a reminder ram which Abraham sacrificed in place of Isaac. New Year opens the en s of Penitence a kind of spiritual stock-taking season which close with the of Atonement. HE A O GEDALIAH is observed in commemoration assassination of Gedaliah, the Prince, whom Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylonia, appointed governor over the remnants Jews in Judea after the more important elements population had been driven into exile in Babylonia in B. C. E. e assassination was supposed to have occurred on the New Year, but the fast was postponed until the day after the holiday (II Kings :; Jer. :, ). ABBAH HUBAH is so named because the Haftarah, or reading from the Prophets, on that day (Hos. :-) begins with the word "hubah" ("return"), the prophet exhorting the people to return to God and repent ir sins. DAY O AONEEN (Yom ha-kippurim, or Yom Kippur) is a day of great solemnity, and the most extensively observed holiday. e holiday has no connection with any historic event. In the Bible it is described as "the sabbath of sabbaths" (Lev. :):

20 0 AERICAN JEIH YEAR BOOK a sabbath of eminent sanctity. e day is associated with a strict rite, the fast, which lasts from sunset to sunset. e day is spent in prayer. e services in the synagogue begin in the evening, are resumed in the morning and continue throughout the day. e keynote prayers is contrition, confession and regeneration, a tone also manifest in the choice prophetic lessons day: the first being Isaiah and the second the Book of Jonah. But the of Atonement is not only a fast; it is also a high festival. ABERNACLE (ukkot) is the third three pilgrim festivals. It was an agricultural festival, marking the completion harvest, and is designated in the Bible as the "east of Ingathering" (Ex. : and :). It is also called the "east of abernacles" more exactly of Booths (Lev. :; Deut.l:). An historical significance was given to the festival; it came to be celebrated in commemoration booths in which the Israelites dwelt during their wandering in the wilderness after they left Egypt (Lev. :). A characteristic feature celebration, symbolic agricultural character festival, is the carrying Lulab (palm) and Etrog (citron) by the worshippers who march in procession in the synagogue around the reading desk in the days emple, around the altar and intone the Hoshana, "Deliver now" (Ps. :). In both Bible and Liturgy the festival is described as "the season of our rejoicing." A jubilant note runs through the whole celebration. GREA HOHANA (Hoshana Rabbah) is the name given to the seventh day ukkot festival. e procession around the reading desk in the synagogue carrying Lulab and Etrog, and reciting the Hoshana, is made in seven circuits. Hence the name, "Great Hoshana." EIGHH DAY O HE EA (hemini 'Atzeret) is celebrated as a separate festival, although there is no special ceremony connected with its observance. e day marks the beginning of the rainy season in Palestine. Hence the insertion into the service prayer for rain. REJOICING O HE LA (imhat orah) is really the second day of hemini 'Atzeret. e day closes the celebration east of abernacles and is associated with the reading Law.

21 JEIH HOLY DAY 0 marking the completion reading Pentateuch in the course annual cycle. Children and adults join in the ceremonies in a happy mood. Hilarity is the general characteristic day. NE OON (Rosh Hodesh) was in ancient times an important holiday on which special sacrifices were offered and solemn assemblies were held. Its observance is now confined to some additional prayers and psalms inserted in the synagogue service and the reading from the orah. On the abbath preceding the New oon, the approaching day or days is announced by the reader and special prayers for well-being during the coming month are recited. hen the previous month has thirty days, the thirtieth as well as the first day following month is observed as New oon. e day preceding the New oon is known as the "inor of Atonement" (Yom Kippur Katan) and is observed by the pious as a semi-fast day. EA O DEDICAION (Hanukkah) is not a Biblical festival. It is an annual eight-day celebration, to be observed in joy and gladness, and was instituted in the year B. C. E. in commemoration rededication emple after the successful accabean revolt against Antiocus Epiphanes, King of yria. e historical account heroic exploits of Judas accabeus and his brothers, and incidents which led up to the institution festival, are contained in accabees, I and II. e chief ceremonial feature festival is the kindling of lights in the evenings. Hanukkah is a festival of ideals. It symbolizes the triumph of Judaism over heathenism, with the lights, the symbol festival, representing the triumph of light over darkness. HE A O EBE ('Asarah b'ebet) commemorates the beginning siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, which culminated in the destruction emple in B. C. E. and in the exile Jews to Babylonia (II Kings :). Observant Jews fast on this day from sunrise till sunset. NE YEAR OR REE (Hamishah 'Asar bi'hebat) is the Palestine Arbor. It is customary to partake of fruits that grow in Palestine and to distribute such fruits to school children.

22 0 AERICAN JEIH YEAR BOOK PARAHA HEKALI is the name given to the abbath preceding the New oon of Adar (or Adar heni in an intercalated year), when the section orah (Ex. 0:-) which relates poll tax imposed by oses on all Israelites twenty years of age and over is read in the synagogue. PARAHA ZAKOR is the name given to the abbath preceding the festival of Purim, so called because special section orah (Deut. :-) which begins with the phrase "Remember what Amalek did unto thee." According to tradition, Haman was a descendant of Amalek, hence the relation of this Parashah to the Purim festival. A O EHER is observed in commemoration fast instituted by Esther and ordecai when the Jews of Persia were threatened with extermination through the machinations of Haman. EA O LO (Purim) commemorates the deliverance Jews from the wholesale destruction Haman had planned for them. e is no mention of any religious observance in the Book of Esther. Purim is observed as a kind of carnival. It is a festival of merrymaking of charity, and interchange of gifts among friends. e Book of Esther is read during the synagogue services. HUHAN PURI is the name given to the th of Adar, the date when the Jews of hushan, the former capital of Persia, celebrated Purim (Esther :). PARAHA PARAH is the name given to the abbath preceding the New oon of Nisan. Only those who were ritually clean could partake in the offering paschal lamb on the eve of Passover. In order to warn the people against contact with a dead body which renders them unclean and hence excluded from the performance rite, the section dealing with ritual cleanliness and the process of purification (Num. ), is read in the synagogue. PARAHA HA-HODEH is the name given to the abbath when the New oon of Nisan is announced or when it coincides with the New oon. e name is derived from the section orah (Ex. :-) describing the laws pertaining to the observances connected with the Passover holiday.

23 JEIH HOLY DAY 0 HE GREA ABBAH (habbat ha-gadol) is the name given to the abbath immediately preceding Passover. It derives its name probably from the allusion to the "great day Lord" (ai. :) in the Haftarah read on that day. A O HE IR-BORN is observed by the first-born males on the day before Passover in commemoration deliverance first-born Israelites in Egypt from the tenth plague, the death Egyptian first-born. PAOVER (Pesah) is the first three pilgrim festivals. It was originally an agricultural festival, marking the early barley harvest. Later it became associated with the deliverance from Egypt. In the Bible the feast is also designated as "the east of Unleavened Bread" (Lev. :), and throughout the eight days no leavened or fermented food may be consumed. In the liturgy the festival is described as "the season of our freedom." Passover is primarily a festival home. On the first two nights of Passover (on the first night only in Palestine and among Reform Jews) a eder ("service") is held in the intimate circle home. Intended to quicken the interest young and the uneducated, the eder consists of blessings, stories and songs, and follows the time-hallowed order Passover Haggadah. e rite is symbolic ancient meal at which the paschal lamb was served, together with the atzot and the bitter herbs. e eder ceremony envelops the home in gentleness. HIRY-HIRD DAY O 'OER (Lag b'omer) is observed as a semiholiday. e offering of an 'Omer ("sheaf) of barley on the second day of Passover (Lev. :, ) marked the beginning barley harvest, from which time seven weeks were to be counted until the wheat harvest, commemorated by the east of eeks. is period is known as efirah ("counting") or 'Omer s. Because many misfortunes that befell the Jews during those days, they are kept as days of mourning and no festivities are undertaken. However, on the thirty-third day, according to tradition, a plague that raged among the followers of R. Akiba ceased, and the day is kept as a semi-holiday. EA O EEK, OR PENECO (habuot) is the second pilgrm festival. It was celebrated as an agricultural festival, marking the end barley harvest and the beginning wheat

24 0 AERICAN JEIH YEAR BOOK harvest, and celebrated also as the festival of irst ruits (Num. :). is harvest festival was taken to be the time when the en Commandments were given on inai, and in the liturgy the festival is described as "the season giving of our Law." Both aspects festival have come down to us: the synagogues are decked with flowers, and the en Commandments are solemnly intoned from the croll Pentateuch. e festival has no special ceremonial feature. In medieval times, and also later, it was the custom on the east of eeks to initiate young children into the study Hebrew language and the Jewish religion. ince the middle nineteenth century, the ceremony of confirmation of adolescent boys and girls takes place on this festival in many synagogues. A O AUZ (hib'eah 'Asar b'ammuz) commemorates the breach made in the wall of Jerusalem during the siege by the Babylonians in B. C. E. (II Kings, :, ; Jer. :, ). It inaugurates the three weeks of mourning, concluding with the th day of Ab, during which no festivities are engaged in by observant Jews. HABBA HAZON is the name given to the abbath preceding the ast of Ab because the Haftarah on that day is taken from the first chapter of Isaiah which begins with the word "Hazon" ("vision"). A O AB (ishe'ah b'ab) is observed in commemoration destruction irst emple by Nebuchadnezzar in B. C. E., and also that econd emple in 0 C. E. by the Romans. It is kept as a fast day from sunset to sunset. e Book of Lamentations is read in the synagogue and elegies (Kinot) are recited during the evening and morning services. HABBA NAHAU is the name given to the abbath following the ast of Ab, because the Haftarah appropriate to that day is taken from Isaiah 0:- which begins with "Nahamu" (Comfort ye). ELIHO are penitential prayers recited every evening during the month of Elul according to ephardic rite. e Ashkenazim begin the recitation se prayers on the unday preceding Rosh ha-hanah or a week earlier, if Rosh ha-hanah comes on a onday. ey are usually chanted before dawn on each se davs.