Tutorial Notes on Chapter of Muamalat
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1 Tutorial Notes on Chapter of Muamalat From Matn Abi Shuja Editor: Abdullaah Jalil Course: Fiqh Muamalat 1 (MGA2013) Semester II, Session 2015/2016
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chaper of Sales and Other from Transactions... 1 Sales... 1 Riba... 1 Gharar... 1 Khiyar... 1 Salam... 2 Rahn... 2 Hajr... 3 Sulh... 3 Hawalah... 4 Daman... 4 Shirkah/ Sharikah... 4 Wakalah... 4 Iqrar... 5 I arah/ Ariyah... 5 Ghasb... 6 Shuf ah... 6 Al-Qirad / Mudarabah... 6 Musaqah... 7 Ijarah... 7 Ja alah... 7 Muzara ah... 7 Ihya al-mawat... 8 Badhl al-ma... 8 Waqf... 8 Hibah... 8 Luqatah... 9 Laqit... 9 Wadi ah... 10
3 Chaper of Sales and Other from Transactions كتاب الب يوع وغريها من املعامالت Sales البيوع ثالثة أشياء : )1( بيع ع ني م ش اه د ة فجائز )2( وبيع يشء موصوف يف الذ م ة فجائز إذا و ج د ت الص ف ة عىل ما و ص ف به )3( وبيع عني غائبة مل ت ش اهد فال جيوز. ويص ح بيع كل طاهر منت ف ع به مملوك. وال يصح بيع عني ن ج سة وال ما ال منف ع ة فيه. Riba فصل:والر با يف الذهب والفضة واملطعومات. وال جيوز بيع الذهب بالذهب وال الفضة كذلك إال متامث ال نقدا وال بيع ما ابتاعه حتى يقب ض ه وال بيع اللحم باحليوان وجيوز بيع الذهب بالفضة مت فاض ال نقدا. وكذلك املطعومات ال جيوز بيع اجلنس منها بمثله إال متامثال نقدا وجيوز بيع اجلنس منها بغريه متفاضال نقدا. وال جيوز بيع الغ ر ر. Gharar Khiyar فصل:واملتبايعان باخل ي ار ما مل يتفرقا وهلام أن يشرتطا اخل ي ار إىل ثالثة أيام وإذا و ج د بامل ب يع عيب فللمشرتي ر د ه. 1
4 وال جيوز بيع الثمرة مطلقا إال بعد ب د و صالح ه ا وال بيع ما فيه الربا بجنسه ر طبا إال الل بن. Salam فصل:وي ص ح الس لم حاال وم ؤ ج ال فيام تكامل فيه مخس رشائط أن يكون مضبوطا بالصفة وأن يكون ج نسا مل خيتلط به غريه ومل تدخله النار إلحال ت ه وأن ال يكون م ع ي نا وال من م ع ني. ثم لصحة امل س ل م فيه ثامنية رشائط وهي: أن ي ص ف ه بعد ذكر جنسه ونوعه بالصفات التي خيت ل ف هبا الثمن وأن يذكر قد ره بام ينفي اجلهالة عنه وإن كان مؤج ال ذكر وقت م ل ه وأن يكون موجودا عند االستحقاق يف الغالب وأن يذكر موض ع ق ب ض ه وأن يكون الثمن معلوما وأن يتقابضا قبل التف ر ق وأن يكون عقد الس لم ناجزا ال يدخله خ ي ار الرشط. Rahn فصل:وكل ما جاز بيعه جاز رهنه يف الد يون إذا استقر ثبوهتا يف الذم ة. وللراهن الرجوع فيه ما مل يقب ض ه. وال يضم ن ه امل ر هت ن إال بالت ع د ي. وإذا قبض بعض احلق مل خيرج يشء من الر هن حتى يقيض مجيع ه. 2
5 Hajr فصل:واحل ج ر عىل ستة: الصبي واملجنون والس ف يه )امل ب ذ ر ملاله( وامل ف ل س الذي ارت ك ب ت ه الديون واملريض امل خ وف عليه فيام زاد عىل الث ل ث والعبد الذي مل ي ؤ ذ ن له يف التجارة. وت ص ف الصبي واملجنون والسفيه غري صحيح. ه. وت صف امل ف ل س يصح يف ذمته دون أعيان مال وت صف املريض فيام زاد عىل الثلث موقوف عىل إجازة الورثة من بعده. ه. وت صف العبد يكون يف ذمته ي ت ب ع به بعد ع ت ق Sulh فصل:وي ص ح الص لح مع اإلقرار يف األموال وما أفىض إليها وهو نوعان: إبراء وم ع او ض ة: فاإلبراء: اقتصاره من حقه عىل ب ع ض ه وال جيوز تعليقه عىل رشط. واملعاوضة: عدول ه عن حقه إىل غريه وجيري عليه حكم البيع. وجيوز لإلنسان أن ي رش ع ر و ش ن ا يف طريق ناف ذ بحيث ال يترضر املار به وال جيوز يف الد رب امل ش رت ك إال بإذن الرشكاء. وجيوز تقديم الباب يف الدرب املشرت ك وال جيوز تأخريه إال بإذن الرشكاء. 3
6 Hawalah را فصل:ورشائط احل و ال ة أربعة أشياء: ر ض ا امل ح يل وق ب ول امل حت ال وك و ن احلق م ست ق يف الذ م ة واتفاق ما يف ذمة امل ح يل وامل ح ال عليه يف اجل نس والنوع واحل لول والتأجيل وت ب أ هبا ذمة امل ح يل. فصل:وي صح ض ام ن الد يون املست ق ر Daman يف الذمة إذا ع ل م ق د ر ها ولصاح ب احلق م ط البة من شاء من الض امن وامل ض م ون عنه ( إذا كان الض ام ن عىل ما ب ي ن ا( وإذا غ ر م الض ا م ن رجع عىل املضمون عنه إذا كان الضامن والقضاء بإذنه. وال يصح ضامن امل جهول وال ما مل جيب إال د ر ك امل ب يع. فصل:والك ف الة بالب د ن جائزة إذا كان عىل املكفول به حق آلد م ي. Shirkah/ Sharikah فصل:وللرشكة مخس رشائط: أن يكون عىل ناض من الدراهم والدنانري وأن يتفقا يف اجلنس والنوع وأن خيل ط ا املال ني وأن يأذن كل واحد منهام لصاح ب ه يف الت ص ف وأن يكون الربح واخل رسان عىل ق د ر املال ني. ولكل واحد منهام ف س خ ه ا متى شاء ومتى مات أحد مها ب ط ل ت. Wakalah فصل:وكل ما جاز لإلنسان الت ص ف فيه بنفسه جاز له أن ي و ك ل فيه أو ي ت و ك ل. 4
7 والو ك الة ع ق د جائز ولكل منهام ف س خ ها متى شاء وت ن ف س خ بموت أحد مها. والوكيل أمني فيام يق ب ض ه وفيام ي ص ف ه وال ي ض م ن إال بالت فريط. وال جيوز أن يبيع ويشرتي إال بثالثة رشائط: أن يبيع بثمن امل ثل وأن يكون بن ق د البلد وال جيوز أن يبيع من نفسه. ه إال بإذنه. وال ي ق ر عىل م و ك ل Iqrar فصل:وامل ق ر به ض بان :حق اهلل تعاىل وحق اآلدمي: فحق اهلل تعاىل ي ص ح الرجوع فيه عن اإلقرار به. وحق اآلدمي ال يصح الرجوع فيه عن اإلقرار به. وت ف ت ق ر صحة اإلقرار إىل ثالثة رشائط:البلوغ والعقل واإلختيار. وإن كان بامل اعت ب فيه رشط رابع وهو الر شد. وإذا أقر بمجهول ر ج ع إليه يف بيانه. ويصح االستثناء يف اإلقرار إذا و ص ل ه به. وهو يف حال الص حة واملرض س و اء. I arah/ Ariyah ع ه آث ار ا. فصل:وكل ما يمكن االنتفاع به مع بقاء ع ي ن ه جازت إع ار ت ه إذا كانت م ن اف 5
8 ها. وجتوز الع ار ي ة م طل ق ة وم ق ي دة بم د ة وهي م ضم ون ة عىل امل ست ع ري بقيمتها يوم ت ل ف Ghasb ثله. فصل:ومن غ ص ب ماال ألحد ل ز م ه ر د ه وأ ر ش ن ق ص ه وأ جرة م ه إن كان له مثل أو بقيمته إن مل يكن له مثل )أكثر ما كانت من ثل ن ه بم فإن ت ل ف ض م يوم الغ ص ب إىل يوم التلف (. Shuf ah فصل:والش ف ع ة واجبة باخل ل ط ة دون اجل و ار فيام ينق س م دون ماال ينق س م ويف كل ما ال ي ن ق ل من األرض كالع ق ار وغريه بالثمن الذي وقع عليه البيع. وهي عىل الف و ر فإن أخ ر ه ا مع الق د ر ة عليها ب ط ل ت. وإذا ت ز و ج امرأة عىل ش ق ص أخ ذ ه ث ل. الش ف يع بم ه ر امل وإن كان الش ف ع اء مج اع ة است ح ق وها عىل ق د ر األمالك. Al-Qirad / Mudarabah فصل:وللق ر اض أربعة رشائط: أن يكون عىل ن اض من الدراهم والدنانري وأن يأذن ر ب املال للعامل يف الت ص ف م طل ق ا أو فيام ال ي نق ط ع و ج وده غالبا وأن يشرتط له جزءا معلوما من الربح وأن ال ي ق د ر بم د ة. وال ض ام ن عىل العامل إال ب ع دوان. وإذا حصل ر بح وخ رسان ج ب اخلرسان بالر بح. 6
9 Musaqah فصل:وامل ساقاة جائزة عىل الن خل والك رم وهلا رشطان أحدمها: أن ي ق د ر ها بمدة معلومة. والثاين : أن ي ع ني للعام ل جزءا معلوما من الث م رة. ثم العمل فيها عىل ض بني: عمل يعود نفعه إىل الثمرة فهو عىل العامل. وعمل يعود نفعه إىل األرض فهو عىل ر ب املال. Ijarah فصل:وكل ما أمكن االنتفاع به مع بقاء عينه صحت إجارته إذا ق د ر ت منف ع ت ه بأحد أمرين:بمدة أو عمل وإطالقها يقتيض تعجيل األجرة إال أن ي ش رت ط التأجيل. وال ت ب ط ل اإلجارة بموت أحد امل ت ع اقدين وت بط ل بتلف العني املستأج ر ة. وال ض ام ن عىل األجري إال ب ع دوان. Ja alah و ض فصل:واجل ع الة جائزة وهو أن يشرت ط يف ر د ض ال ت ه ع ا معلوما فإذا رد ها است ح ق ذلك الع و ض امل رش وط. Muzara ah فصل:وإذا د ف ع إىل ر ج ل أرضا ليزر ع ها ورش ط له جزءا معلوما من ر ي ع ه ا مل جي ز. 7
10 وإن أك ر اه إي اها بذهب أو فضة أو رش ط له طعاما معلوما يف ذمته جاز. Ihya al-mawat فصل:وإحياء امل و ات جائز برشطني :أن يكون امل حيي مسلام وأن تكون األرض ح ر ة مل جي ر عليها م ل ك ملسلم. وص ف ة اإلحياء ما كان يف العادة ع ام ر ة للم حي ا. Badhl al-ma وجيب ب ذ ل املاء بثالثة رشائط: أن ي ف ض ل عن حاجته وأن حيتاج إليه غريه لنفسه أو لبهيمته وأن يكون مما ي س ت خل ف يف بئر أو ع ني. Waqf فصل:والو ق ف جائز بثالثة رشائط: أن يكون مما ي ن ت ف ع به مع ب ق اء عينه وأن يكون عىل اصل موجود وف ر ع ال ي نق ط ع وأن ال يكون يف مظور. وهو عىل ما رش ط الو اق ف :من تقديم أو تأخري أو تسوية أو تفضيل. Hibah ب ة إال بالق بض وإذا ق ب ض ها املوهوب فصل:وكل ما جاز بيعه جازت ه ب ت ه وال تلزم اهل له مل يكن للواه ب أن يرجع فيها إال أن يكون والدا. وإذا أع م ر شيئا أو أر ق ب ه كان للم ع م ر أو للم ر ق ب ولو ر ث ت ه من بعده. 8
11 Luqatah فصل:وإذا وجد ل قط ة يف م و ات أو ط ر يق فله أخ ذ ها أو ت ر ك ها وأخ ذ ها أوىل من ت ر ك ه ا ي ام هبا. إن كان عىل ث ق ة من الق وإذا أخ ذ ها وج ب عليه أن يعرف ستة أشياء: و ع ا ء ها وع ف اص ها وو ك اء ه ا وج نس ه ا وع د د ها وو ز ن ا. وحيفظها يف ح ر ز م ثل ه ا ثم إذا أراد ت ل ك ه ا ع ر ف ه ا سنة عىل أبواب املساجد ويف امل وض ع الذي وجدها فيه فإن مل جي د صاحبها كان له أن ي ت م ل ك ها برشط الض ام ن. وال ل ق طة عىل أربعة أ ض ب: أحدها ما ي ب قى عىل الد وام فهذا حكمه. والثاين: ما ال يبقى كالطعام الر ط ب فهو م ري بني ه. ه وح ف ثم ن ه أو ب ي ع أ ك ل ه وغ ر م يفه ه وح ف ثمنه أو جت ف والثالث:ما يبقى بع الج كالر ط ب فيف ع ل امل ص ل ح ة من ب ي ع ه. وح ف ظ والرابع: ما حي ت اج إىل ن ف ق ة كاحليوان وهو ض ب ان: حيوان ال ي مت ن ع بنفسه فهو م ري بني ع باإلنفاق عليه أو بيعه وحف ثمنه. :أك له وغ ر م ثمنه أو ت ر ك ه والت ط و وحيوان ي م ت ن ع بنفسه فإن وج د ه يف الصحراء ت ر ك ه وإن وجده يف احل رض فهو م ري بني األشياء الثالثة فيه. Laqit فصل:وإذا و ج د ل ق يط بق ار ع ة الطريق فأخذه وت رب ي ته وك ف ال ته واج ب ة عىل الك ف اية. 9
12 وال ي ق ر إال يف ي د أمني فإن و ج د معه مال أنفق عليه احلاكم منه وإن مل يوجد معه مال فن ف ق ته يف بيت املال. Wadi ah فصل:والوديعة أمانة ويستحب ق ب وهل ا ملن قام باألمانة فيها وال ي ض م ن إال بالت ع د ي وق و ل امل ود ع مقبول يف ر د ها عىل امل ود ع. ب هبا فلم خي ر ج ها مع الق درة عليها حتى ها وإذا ط ول ث ل وعليه أن حيفظها يف ح ر ز م ن. ت ل فت ض م 10
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