FAITH OF PROPHETS ANCESTRY

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1 FAITH OF PROPHETS ANCESTRY While the mainstream Sunnis believe that the ancestors of the prophets were not necessarily believers, all the Imamis believe that the ancestors of all prophets were pure believers with no exception. For instance, the Sunnis believe that Azar was the father of prophet Ibrahim, and according to the Quran, Azar was an unbeliever. The Shia'a Imamis however, believe that Azar was the uncle of prophet Abraham and his true father was Tarukh and was a believer. I will first prove that prophets ancestry were believers, using the Quran and the Sunnah. Of course, this will mean that Abraham's father was a believer too. Then, I will tackle the issue of Azar using a different angle. May Allah guide me towards the truth. Content: All prophets ancestry were believers Quran: was Azar the father of Abraham? Sunnah: was Azar the father of Abraham? Conclusion References The ancestors of the prophets were all believers Logically, why would Allah choose the parents of a prophet to be unbelievers? Do impurity and purity mix? Should not a prophet be brought up, nurtured and taught by believers and pure souls? Is it fair for prophets to have parents that are Kafirs while ordinary people have parents that are believers? It is just ludicrous to believe that God sent the pure prophets to bring nations from darkness to light, from polytheism and paganism to monotheism and purity, while at the same time, He does not bless them with parents that are believers. Can we not infer from God's perfection and purity that his pure prophets descend from pure parents? Every prophet is God's beloved. Would God sadden his beloved servant by creating him through the loins and wombs of unbelievers who are the enemies of God? Would God give His beloved prophet parents that will be burned in hell? Is it not more impartial and rational that a pure soul and body comes from pure loins and wombs??? In other words, are the parents and grand-parents and the entire ancestry of any prophet pure or not? Were they all believers or not? Were Amina and Abdullah and Abdul-Muttalib believers? Let's start with the following verse: Quran 26: [Shakir 26:217] And rely on the Mighty, the Merciful, [Shakir 26:218] Who sees you when you stand up. [Shakir 26:219] And your turning over and over among those who prostrate themselves before Allah. و ت و ك ل ع ل ى ال ع ز يز الر ح يم }217{ ال ذ ي ي ر اك ح ين ت ق وم }218{ و ت ق ل ب ك ف ي الس اج د ين }219{ The following narration is from Abdullah ibn Abbas and he reports that the above verse means that the prophet was transferred from the loins of the prophets until his mother gave birth to him. Ibn Abbas also asked the prophet of his whereabouts while Adam was in heaven. The prophet answered that he was in the loins of Adam and remained there when Adam was sent down to earth, then in the loins of Nuh, then in the loins of Abrahim, and my parents did not meet unlawfully, and God continued to transfer me from the exalted loins to the pure wombs. وأخرج ابن أبي عمر العدني في مسنده والبزار وابن أبي حاتم والطبراني وابن مردويه والبيهقي في الدائل عن مجاهد في قوله }وتقلبك في الساجدين{ قال: من نبي إلى نبي حتى أخرجت نبيا. وأخرج ابن أبي حاتم وابن مردويه وأبو نعيم في الدائل عن ابن عباس في قوله }وتقلبك في الساجدين{ قال: ما زال النبي صلى اه عليه وسلم يتقلب في أصاب اانبياء حتى ولدته أمه. وأخرج ابن مردويه عن ابن عباس قال: سألت رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم فقلت: بأبى أنت وأمي أين كنت وآدم في الجنة فتبسم حتى بدت نواجده ثم قال "اني كنت في صلبه وهبط إلى اأرض وأنا في صلبه وركبت السفينة في صلب أبي نوح وقذفت في النار في صلب أبي إبراهيم ولم يلتق أبواي قط على سفاح لم يزل اه ينقلني من اإصاب الطيبة إلى اأرحام الطاهرة مصفى مهذبا ا تتشعب شعبتان إا كنت في خيرهما. 1

2 (سورة الشعراء مكية وآياتها سبع وعشرون ومائتان) 6, al-durrul manthur fil tafseer bil ma'thur, by Imam Jalaludin al-suyuti, vol A similar report is found in the Shia'a books of hadith, and is narrated by the loyal companion Abu Dharr. In this one, the prophet said that God transferred his light from pure loins to pure wombs until the light reached Abdul Muttalib: روى الشيخ الصدوق بإسناده عن أبى ذر رحمهما اه أنه قال: سمعت رسول اه صلى اه عليه وآله وهو يقول: "خلقت أنا وعلي بن أبى طالب من نور واحد نسبح اه يمنة العرش قبل أن يخلق آدم بالفي عام فلما أن خلق اه آدم جعل ذلك النور في صلبه ولقد سكن الجنة ونحن في صلبه ولقد هم بالخطيئة ونحن في صلبه ولقد ركب نوح في السفينة ونحن في صلبه ولقد قذف إبراهيم في النار ونحن في صلبه فلم يزل ينقلنا اه عز وجل من أصاب طاهرة إلى أرحام طاهرة حتى انتهى بنا إلى عبد المطلب فقسمنا بنصفين فجعلني في صلب عبد اه وجعل عليا في صلب أبى طالب وجعل في النبوة والبركة وجعل في علي الفصاحة والفروسية وشق لنا اسمين من أسمائه فذو العرش محمود وأنا محمد واه اأعلى وهذا علي". [علل الشرائع 1 : 134 al-alusi reports the same narration from ibn Abbas who related this verse to the transfer of the prophet from the loins of the prophets until his mother gave birth to him. Al-Alusi reports that this verse was used by many of the scholars of Ahlul Sunnah to prove that the parents of the prophet were believers. وعن ابن جبير: أن المراد بهم اأنبياء عليهم السام والمعنى ويرى تقلبك كما يتقلب غيرك منن اأنبياء عليهم السام في تبليغ ما أمروا بتبليغه وهو كما ترى وتفسير الساجدين باأنبياء رواه جماعة منهم الطبراني والبزار وأبو نعيم عن ابن عباس أيضا إا أنه رضي اه تعالى عنه فسر التقلب فيهم بالتنقل في أصابهم حتى ولدته أمه عليه الصاة والسام وجوز على حمل التقلب على التنقل في اأصاب أن يراد بالساجدين المؤمنون واستدل باآية على إيمان أبويه صلى اه تعالى عليه وسلم كما ذهب إليه كثير من أجلة أهل السنة وأنا أخشى الكفر على من يقول فيهما رضي اه تعالى عنهما (سورة الشعراء. سورة الشعراء اآية ( 219 al-alusi Tafseer ruh al-ma'ani, by al-sabooni also reported the same interpretation from ibn Abbas, in his book Mukhtasar Tafseer ibn Katheer: وعن ابن عباس أنه قال في هذه اآية: يعني تقلبه من صلب نبي إلى صلب نبي حتى أخرجه نبي Others who reported ibn Abbas interpretation are al-tabarani in his Mu'ujamul kabeer, ibn Katheer al-dimashqi in al-bidaya wal- Nihaya, ibn A'asakir in his Tarikh ), إلى نبي حتى أخرجت نبيا ) نبي منSheikh Sulayman Balkhi Hanafi in his Yanabiu'l-Mawadda, vol.ii, Imam Tha'labi in his commentary, Tafseer al-baghawe. Ibn Sa'ad reports in his al-tabaqaatul Kobra: قال وأخبرنا الضحاك بن مخلد الشيباني عن شبيب بن بشر عن عكرمة عن بن عباس في قوله تعالى وتقلبك في الساجدين قال من نبي إلى نبي ومن نبي إلى نبي حتى أخرجك نبيا قال وأخبرنا سعيد بن سليمان الواسطي ومحمد بن الصباح البزاز عن إسماعيل بن جعفر أخبرنا عمرو يعني بن أبي عمرو مولى المطلب عن سعيد يعني المقبري عن أبي هريرة أن رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم قال بعثت من خير قرون بني آدم قرنا فقرنا حتى بعثت من القرن الذي كنت فيه قال أخبرنا عبد الوهاب بن عطاء العجلي عن سعيد بن أبي عروبة عن قتادة قال ذكر لنا أن نبي اه صلى اه عليه وسلم قال إن اه إذا أراد أن يبعث 2

3 نبيا نظر إلى خير أهل اأرض قبيلة فيبعث خيرها رجا Ibn A'asakir reports in his Tarikh: أخبرنا أبو الحسن علي بن أحمد بن منصور الفقيه أنبانا أبي أبو العباس الفقيه أنبانا أبو محمد بن أبي نصر أنبأنا خيثمة أنبأنا إسحاق بن سيار النصيبي أنبأنا أبو عامر أنبأنا أبو عاصم عن شبيب عن عكرمة عن ابن عباس ( }وتقلبك في الساجدين{ قال من نبي إلى نبي حتى أخرجت نبيا أخبرنا أبو بكر الفرضي أنبأنا أبو محمد الجوهري أنبأنا ابن حيوية أنبأنا أحمد بن معروف أنبأنا الحارث أنبانا محمد بن سعد أنبأنا محمد بن عمر حدثني محمد بن عبد اه بن مسلم عن عمه الزهري عن عروة عن عائشة قالت قال رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم خرجت من نكاح غير سفاح \ح\ أخبرنا أبو محمد بن طاوس أخبرنا أبو بكر الشحامي أنبأنا أبو بكر البيهقي أنبأنا أبو عبد اه الحافظ أنبأنا أبو العباس محمد بن يعقوب أنبأنا محمد بن إسحاق الصغاني أنبأنا يحيى بن أبي بكير أنبأنا عبد الغفار أنبأنا أبو القاسم عن جعفر بن محمد عن أبيه قال قال رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم إن اه عز وجل أخرجني من النكاح ولم يخرجني من السفاح \ح\ )ص 402( أخبرنا أبو القاسم بن السمرقندي أنبأنا إسماعيل بن مسعدة أنبأنا حمزة بن يوسف أنبأنا أبو بكر بن اإسماعيلي أنبأنا أحمد بن محمد أنبأنا أبو عبد اه محمد بن عبدة العمري المصيصي أنبأنا عبد بن يحيى بن عمر العدني أنبأنا محمد بن جعفر العلوي قال أشهد على أبي يحدثني عن أبيه عن جده قال قال رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم خرجت من نكاح ولم أخرج من سفاح من لدن آدم إلى أن ولدني أبي وأمي ما أصابني من سفاح الجاهلية العدني الكحي \ح\ أنبأنا أبو أحمد عبد اه بن عدي الحافظ أنبأنا أحمد بن حفص أنبأنا محمد بن أبي عمر العدني الكجي أنبأنا محمد بن جعفر بن علي بن الحسين قال أشهد على أبي حدثني عن أبيه عن جده عن علي بن أبي طالب أن رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم قال خرجت من نكاح ولم أخرج من سفاح من لدن آدم إلى أن ولدتني أمي وأبي \ح\ أخبرنا أبو محمد بن طاوس أخبرنا عاصم بن الحسن أنبأنا ابن مهدي أنبأنا الحسن بن يحيى بن عياش القطان أنبانا عبد اه بن أحمد بن محمد بن أيوب المخزومي أنبأنا الحسن بن بشر أنبأنا سعدان بن الوليد تباع السامري عن عطاء بن أبي رباح في قوله تعالى ( }وتقلبك في الساجدين{ قال ما زال رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم يتقلب في أصاب اأنبياء حتى ولدته أمه صلى اه عليه وسلم Also ibn A'asakir reported: I was not born through the unlawful wedlock of the days of ignorance. I was born through the Islamic ways of Nika 3

4 أخبرنا أبو بكر الفرضي أنبأنا أبو محمد الجوهري أنبأنا ابن حيوية أنبأنا أحمد بن معروف أنبأنا الحارث أنبانا محمد بن سعد أنبأنا محمد بن عمر حدثني محمد بن عبد اه بن مسلم عن عمه الزهري عن عروة عن عائشة قالت قال رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم خرجت من نكاح غير سفاح \ح\ Furthermore, the Ja'afari, Hanafis and Shafi'i sects strongly maintain that the ancestors of the prophet, from his father Abdullah to Qidar ibn Isma'il, all the way to Adam, were all faithful believers. Imam Jalaludin al-suyuti has written nine books on this subject and has proven that the ancestors of the prophet were all believers, free from paganism and polytheism. It is disturbing to think that the father and mother of the best creation of Allah, the seal of all prophets and the master of all messengers, was born from parents that unbelievers! How can a pure soul be born from unpure and polluted parents?? The Quran states: Quran 9:28 [Shakir 9:28] O you who believe! the idolaters are nothing but unclean, so they shall not approach the Sacred Mosque after this year; and if you fear poverty then Allah will enrich you out of His grace if He please; surely Allah is Knowing Wise. ي ا أ ي ه ا ال ذ ين آم ن وا إ ن م ا ال م ش ر ك ون ن ج س ف ا ي ق ر ب وا ال م س ج د ال ح ر ام ب ع د ع ام ه م ه ذ ا و إ ن خ ف ت م ع ي ل ة ف س و ف ي غ ن يك م اه م ن ف ض ل ه إ ن ش اء إ ن اه ع ل يم ح ك يم The following narration reports that the prophet was sent in the best of all generations of Adam's offsprings. Does it not follow that this best generation is a pure one?? Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Apostle said, "I have been sent (as an Apostle) in the best of all the generations of Adam's offspring since their Creation." حدثنا قتيبة بن سعيد: حدثنا يعقوب بن عبد الرحمن عن عمرو عن سعيد المقبري عن أبي هريرة رضي اه عنه: أن رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم قال:بعثت من خير قرون بني آدم قرنا فقرنا حتى كنت من القرن الذي كنت فيه (باب: حرف الباء) #3148 3, al-jami'i al-sagheer, by Imam Jalaludin al-suyuti, vol (كتاب المناقب باب: صفة النبي صلى ه عليه وسلم) #3364,2 Sahih al-bukhari, vol Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 56, Number Manaquib al-sahaba; الفصل الثالث في فضائل متفرقة تنبيء عن التحدث بالنعم وفيه ذكر نسبه صلى) #32005,11 Kanz al-u'ummal, by al-muttaqi al-hindi, vol (ه عليه وسلم (مسند أبي هريرة رضي ه عنه) Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, vol 2 (سورة التوبة )مدنية وآياتها تسع وعشرون ومائة) al-durrul manthur fil tafseer bil ma'thur, by Imam Jalaludin al-suyuti, vol 4 Imam Ali makes the following sermon (#94) in Nahjul Balagha about the pure ancestry of all the prophets: Allah kept the Prophets in deposit in the best place of deposit and made them stay in the best place of stay. He moved them in succession from distinguished fore-fathers to chaste wombs. Whenever a predecessor from among them died the follower stood up for the cause of the religion of Allah. Until this distinction of Allah, the Glorified, reached Muhammad - peace and blessing of Allah be upon him and his descendants. Allah brought him out from the most distinguished sources of origin and the most honourable places of planting, namely from the same (lineal) tree from which He brought forth other Prophets and from which He selected His trustees. Muhammad's descendants are the best descendants, his kinsmen the best of kin and his lineal tree the best of trees. It grew in esteem and rose in distinction. It has tall branches and unapproachable fruits. وفي صحيح مسلم عن واثلة بن اأسقع قال: سمعت رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم يقول: )إن اه اصطفى كنانة من ولد إسماعيل واصطفى قريشا من كنانة واصطفى من قريش بني هاشم واصطفاني من بني هاشم(. وروي عنه صلى اه عليه وسلم أنه قال: )إني من نكاح ولست من سفاح(. معناه أن نسبه صلى اه عليه وسلم إلى آدم عليه السام لم يكن النسل فيه إا من نكاح ولم يكن فيه زنى. 4

5 (الجزء 8 من الطبعة. سورة التوبة) Jamiu'ul ahkam by imam al-qurtubi (سورة التوبة )مدنية وآياتها تسع وعشرون ومائة) al-durrul manthur fil tafseer bil ma'thur, by Imam Jalaludin al-suyuti, vol 4 (.سورة التوبة اآية (128 al-allusi Tafseer ruhul ma'ani by Mukhtasar Tafseer ibn Katheer by al-sabooni, vol 1 (تصحيح السيوطي: صحيح) #1683 #1682, 2, al-jami'i al-sagheer, by Imam Jalaludin al-suyuti, vol (.ه ذ ا ح د يث ح س ن ص ح يح ) #3684 5, Sunan al-tirmidhi, vol كتاب الفضائل باب فضل نسب النبي ص ل ى ه ع ل ي ه وس ل م وتسليم الحجر عليه قبل) Sahih Muslim, chapter 15 (.النبو ة الفصل الثالث في فضائل متفرقة تنبيء عن التحدث بالنعم وفيه ذكر نسبه صلى) #31983,11 Kanz al-u'ummal, by al-muttaqi al-hindi, vol (.ه عليه وسلم If it possible for the best of creation to have two parents that are unbelievers to be burned in hell? وأخرج أحمد والترمذي وحسنه وابن مردويه وأبو نعيم والبيهقي معا في الدائل عن العباس بن عبد المطلب قال: قال رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم"إن اه حين خلق الخلق جعلني من خير خلقه (سورة التوبة )مدنية وآياتها تسع وعشرون ومائة) al-durrul manthur fil tafseer bil ma'thur, by Imam Jalaludin al-suyuti, vol 4 In the following narration, the noor that was on the forehead of prophet Adam was deposited on the forehead of Abdul Muttalib and God purified this ancestry from the impurity of ignorance )إن اه اصطفى من ولد إبراهيم( وكانوا ثاثة عشر )إسماعيل( إذ كان نبي رسوا إلى جرهم وعماليق الحجاز )واصطفى من ولد إسماعيل كنانة( بن ثابت )واصطفى من كنانة قريش ( بن النضر )واصطفى من قريش بني هاشم( فهو أفضلهم وأخيرهم )واصطفاني من بني هاشم() 1 (. فأودع ذلك النور الذي كان في جبهة آدم عليه السام في جبهة عبد المطلب ثم ولده وطهر اه هذا النسب الشريف من سفاح الجاهلية. واعلم أن بني إسماعيل باأخاق الكرام فضلوا ا باللسان العربي فحسب إذ هم أزكى الناس أخاق وأطيبهم نفس يدل عليه دعوة إبراهيم عليه السام حيث قال }واجعلنا مسلمين لك{ ثم قال }ومن ذريتنا{ فإنما سأل في ذرية إسماعيل خاصة. أا ترى لتعقيبه بقوله }وابعث فيهم رسوا منهم{... Sharh al-jamiu'ul sagheer, by Imam al-mannawee, chapter 2 #1683 Imam Jalaludin al-suyuti in his al-durrul manthur fil tafseer bil ma'thur reports the following traditions: وأخرج أبو نعيم في الدائل عن ابن عباس قال: قال رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم "لم يلتق أبواي قط على سفاح لم يزل اه ينقلني من اأصاب الطيبة إلى اأرحام الطاهرة مصفى مهذبا ا تتشعب شعبتان إا كنت في خيرهما" وأخرج ابن سعد والبخاري والبيهقي في الدائل عن أبي هريرة "أن رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم قال: بعثت من خير قرون بني آدم قرنا فقرنا حتى كنت من القرن الذي كنت فيه". قال رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم: فأهبطني اه إلى اأرض في صلب آدم عليه السام وجعلني في صلب نوح وقذف بي في صلب إبراهيم ثم لم يزل اه ينقلني من اأصاب الكريمة إلى اأرحام الطاهرة حتى أخرجني من بين أبوي لم يلتقيا على سفاح قط". al-muttaqi al-hindi in his Kanzul u'ummal, ibn Katheer in his al-bidaya wal Nihaya and ibn A'asakir in his Tarikh reported similar 5

6 traditions: al-hadi.us كنت وآدم في الجنة في صلبه وركب بي السفينة في صلب أبي نوح وقذف بي في النار في صلب إبراهيم لم يلتق أبواي قط على سفاح ولم يزل اه ينقلني من اأصاب الحسنة إلى اأرحام الطاهرة In the battle of Hunayn, the prophet shouted to the polytheists that he was the son of Abdul Muttalib. Would the prophet show such a pride if his grand-father was truly a polytheist, enemy of Allah? -سمعت النبي صلى اه عليه وسلم يقول يوم حنين أنا النبي ا كذب أنا بن عبد المطلب Musnad Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal al-tabaqaatul Kobra by ibn Sa'ad Recapitulation: 1. Logically, it is inconceivable that a pure soul such as that of a prophet to be born from unclean loins and wombs. 2. If the parents of Isaac and Ishmael were believers, how could the parents of of the greatest of all prophets not be believers? 3. The prophet was created as a light which Allah transfered from prophet to prophet until it reached Abdul Muttalib. 4. Allah transferred the prophet's light (noor) from pure loins to pure wombs until it reached Abdul Mauttalib. 5. The prophet has been sent (as an Apostle) in the best of all the generations of Adam's offspring since their Creation. 6. Imam Ali stated that Allah kept the Prophets in deposit in the best place of deposit and made them stay in the best place of stay. He moved them in succession from distinguished fore-fathers to chaste wombs. 7. The fact that the prophet's noor passed from pure loins & wombs to pure ones and from prophet to prophet means this noor has traversed the loins and wombs of the parents of the prophets, which are consequently pure. Therefore, all the parents of the prophets were pure and believers. It automatically follows that the parents of Ibrahim were also pure and believers, and therefore Azar was not his father, which brings us to the next section. Quran: was Azar the father of Abraham? From the earlier section, we have proven that all prophets ancestry were believers and pure. Therefore, Azar could not have been the father of Abraham because Azar was not a believer. Now let's prove this from a different angle. In the following verse (I purposely gave two different translations), it is clear that Azar worshipped idols. The word ab is used to refer to Azar, which generally means father. This is mainly why some scholars believe that Abraham's father was Azar. Quran 6:74 [Shakir 6:74] And when Ibrahim said to his sire, Azar: Do you take idols for gods? Surely I see you and your people in manifest error. [Pickthal 6:74] (Remember) when Abraham said unto his father Azar: Takest thou idols for gods? Lo! I see thee and thy folk in error manifest. و إ ذ ق ال إ ب ر اه يم أ ب يه آز ر أ ت ت خ ذ أ ص ن ام ا آل ه ة إ ن ي أ ر اك و ق و م ك ف ي ض ا ل م ب ين In the next verse, a dialogue between prophet Ibraheem and Azar takes place. The verse depicts Abraheem trying to convince Azar to stop worshipping idols and to follow him (Ibraheem) to gain guidance. Then Ibraheem promises Azar that he will pray for his forgiveness (an act that was no longer permissible at the time of prophet Muhammad): Quran 19:40-47 [Shakir 19:40] Surely We inherit the earth and all those who are on it, and to Us they shall be returned. [Shakir 19:41] And mention Ibrahim in the Book; surely he was a truthful man, a prophet. [Shakir 19:42] When he said to his father; O my father! why do you worship what neither hears nor sees, nor does it avail you in the least: [Shakir 19:43] O my father! truly the knowledge has come to me which has not come to you, therefore follow me, I will guide you on a right path: [Shakir 19:44] O my father! serve not the Shaitan, surely the Shaitan is disobedient to the Beneficent Allah: [Shakir 19:45] O my father! surely I fear that a punishment from the Beneficent Allah should afflict you so that you should be a friend of the Shaitan. [Shakir 19:46] He said: Do you dislike my gods, O Ibrahim? If you do not desist I will certainly revile you, and leave me for a time. [Shakir 19:47] He said: Peace be on you, I will pray to my Lord to forgive you; surely He is ever Affectionate to me: إ ن ا ن ح ن ن ر ث اأ ر ض و م ن ع ل ي ه ا و إ ل ي ن ا ي ر ج ع ون }40{ و اذ ك ر ف ي ال ك ت اب إ ب ر اه يم إ ن ه ك ان ص د يق ا ن ب ي ا }41{ إ ذ ق ال أ ب يه ي ا أ ب ت ل م ت ع ب د م ا ا ي س م ع و ا ي ب ص ر و ا ي غ ن ي ع نك ش ي ئ ا }42{ 6

7 ي ا أ ب ت إ ن ي ق د ج اءن ي م ن ال ع ل م م ا ل م ي أ ت ك ف ات ب ع ن ي أ ه د ك ص ر اط ا س و ي ا }43{ ي ا أ ب ت ا ت ع ب د الش ي ط ان إ ن الش ي ط ان ك ان ل لر ح م ن ع ص ي ا }44{ ي ا أ ب ت إ ن ي أ خ اف أ ن ي م س ك ع ذ اب م ن الر ح م ن ف ت ك ون ل لش ي ط ان و ل ي ا }45{ ق ال أ ر اغ ب أ نت ع ن آل ه ت ي ي ا إ ب راه يم ل ئ ن ل م ت نت ه أ ر ج م ن ك و اه ج ر ن ي م ل ي ا }46{ ق ال س ا م ع ل ي ك س أ س ت غ ف ر ل ك ر ب ي إ ن ه ك ان ب ي ح ف ي ا }47{ In the next verse, prophet Ibraheem prays for he forgiveness of his father, which was promised in the above verse: Quran 6:74 [Pickthal 9:114] The prayer of Abraham for the forgiveness of his father was only because of a promise he had promised him, but when it had become clear unto him that he (his father) was an enemy to Allah he (Abraham) disowned him. Lo! Abraham was soft of heart, longsuffering. و م ا ك ان اس ت غ ف ار إ ب ر اه يم أ ب يه إ ا ع ن م و ع د ة و ع د ه ا إ ي اه ف ل م ا ت ب ي ن ل ه أ ن ه ع د و ه ت ب ر أ م ن ه إ ن إ ب ر اه يم أو اه ح ل يم As stated earlier, the word ab could mean the biological father or in some cases, an uncle or even an ancestor: Quran 2:133 [Pickthal 2:133] Or were ye present when death came to Jacob, when he said unto his sons: What will ye worship after me? They said: We shall worship thy god, the god of thy fathers, Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac, One Allah, and unto Him we have surrendered. أ م ك نت م ش ه د اء إ ذ ح ض ر ي ع ق وب ال م و ت إ ذ ق ال ل ب ن يه م ا ت ع ب د ون م ن ب ع د ي ق ال وا ن ع ب د إ ل ه ك و إ ل ه آب ائ ك إ ب ر اه يم و إ س م اع يل و إ س ح اق إ ل ه ا و اح د ا و ن ح ن ل ه م س ل م ون We all know that prophet Isaac was prophet Jacob's father, therefore prophet Ismae'el was his paternal uncle and prophet Ibrahim was his grand-father. And yet, the Quran refered to Ismae'el and Ibrahim as Jacob's father. It becomes clear that uncles and grandparents used to be addressed as fathers. The strongest evidence that repudiates the claim of Azar being the father of Abrahim is Abraham's prayer to his parents and the believers: Quran 14:35-41 [Shakir 14:35] And when Ibrahim said: My Lord! make this city secure, and save me and my sons from worshipping idols: [Shakir 14:36] My Lord! surely they have led many men astray; then whoever follows me, he is surely of me, and whoever disobeys me, Thou surely art Forgiving, Merciful: [Shakir 14:37] O our Lord! surely I have settled a part of my offspring in a valley unproductive of fruit near Thy Sacred House, our Lord! that they may keep up prayer; therefore make the hearts of some people yearn towards them and provide them with fruits; haply they may be grateful: [Shakir 14:38] O our Lord! Surely Thou knowest what we hide and what we make public, and nothing in the earth nor any thing in heaven is hidden from Allah: [Shakir 14:39] Praise be to Allah, Who has given me in old age Ismail and Ishaq; most surely my Lord is the Hearer of prayer: [Shakir 14:40] My Lord! make me keep up prayer and from my offspring (too), O our Lord, and accept my prayer: [Shakir 14:41] O our Lord! grant me protection and my parents and the believers on the day when the reckoning shall come to pass! [Shakir 14:42] And do not think Allah to be heedless of what the unjust do; He only respites them to a day on which the eyes shall be fixedly open, و إ ذ ق ال إ ب ر اه يم ر ب اج ع ل ه ذ ا ال ب ل د آم ن ا و اج ن ب ن ي و ب ن ي أ ن ن ع ب د اأ ص ن ام }35{ ر ب إ ن ه ن أ ض ل ل ن ك ث ير م ن الن اس ف م ن ت ب ع ن ي ف إ ن ه م ن ي و م ن ع ص ان ي ف إ ن ك غ ف ور ر ح يم }36{ ر ب ن ا إ ن ي أ س ك نت م ن ذ ر ي ت ي ب و اد غ ي ر ذ ي ز ر ع ع ند ب ي ت ك ال م ح ر م ر ب ن ا ل ي ق يم وا الص ا ة ف اج ع ل أ ف ئ د ة م ن الن اس ت ه و ي إ ل ي ه م و ار ز ق ه م م ن الث م ر ات ل ع ل ه م ي ش ك ر ون }37{ ر ب ن ا إ ن ك ت ع ل م م ا ن خ ف ي و م ا ن ع ل ن و م ا ي خ ف ى ع ل ى اه م ن ش ي ء ف ي اأ ر ض و ا ف ي الس م اء }38{ ال ح م د ه ال ذ ي و ه ب ل ي ع ل ى ال ك ب ر إ س م اع يل و إ س ح اق إ ن ر ب ي ل س م يع الد ع اء }39{ ر ب اج ع ل ن ي م ق يم الص ا ة و م ن ذ ر ي ت ي ر ب ن ا و ت ق ب ل د ع اء }40{ ر ب ن ا اغ ف ر ل ي و ل و ال د ي و ل ل م ؤ م ن ين ي و م ي ق وم ال ح س اب }41{ و ا ت ح س ب ن اه غ اف ا ع م ا ي ع م ل الظ ال م ون إ ن م ا ي ؤ خ ر ه م ل ي و م ت ش خ ص ف يه اأ ب ص ار }42{ 7

8 Prophet Ibrahim's supplication came much after he realized that Azar was a idol worshipper and consequently disassociated himself from him and stopped asking forgiveness for him. When Ibrahim migrated to Mecca, he made the supplication noted above and ended with asking Allah to protect him and his parents and the believers on the day of reckoning. For those who believe that Azar is the father of Ibrahim, why would the latter make dua'a for him when he had already disassociated himself from him?? The fact that Ibrahim made dua'a for his parents long after this disassociation, shows that Azar and Ibrahim's father are two separate beings. Moreover, in his supplication to Allah, prophet Ibrahim associated his parents to himself and to the believers. This means that his parents do not include Azar, because Azar was an idol worshipper. In this supplication, prophet Ibraheem sought forgiveness and protection from God on the day of judgement for himself, his parents and the believers. Would Abraham have done this when he had already disowned his alledged father, Azar? Is there any point asking for forgiveness and protection to his alledged father, Azar, on the day of judgement, when Azar was an idol-worshipper and died on such belief? Would prophet Ibraheem combine the unbelievers and believers under one dua'a??? If there is a probability that the unbelievers, who unceasingly torture and prosecute the believers and the prophets, will be forgiven by Allah, how would the believers perceive God's justice towards them? What would then be the point of being a believer? Is it fair for a believer and unbeliever to be getting the same reward? Is this the scheme of God's justice? Clearly, believing that Azar was prophet Ibrahim's father leads to absurdities! Sunnah: was Azar the father of Abraham? The facts that prophet Muhammad's essence or Noor never traversed an unbeliever, starting from Adam and ending in his father Abdullah, and that Azar was an unbeliever, clearly refute all claims that Azar was Abraham's father. In fact, many Sunnis scholars and all Imamis share this more correct view: 1. The Egyptian scholar Imam Jalaluddeen al-suyuti proved that Azar was not the father of prophet Ibraheem but was his uncle. He reported a narration from ib Abbas stating that Azar was not the father of prophet Ibrahim but Tarukh was. Other Sunnis scholars such as Mujahid and ibn Jarir and al-suddi have reported the same narration. In fact, al-suyuti also proved that prophet Muhammad's ancestry, from begining to end, was one that followed the way of Allah. 2. al Qadi Muhammad Thanaullah, in his Tafsir-ul-Mazhari, reported that the view that Azar was Ibraheem's uncle is more correct than the view holding that Azar was his father. Azar's real name was Nahur, who used to follow the correct religion. But when he became Nimrod's vizier, he turned into a disbeliever. 3. Fakhriddeen al-razi also reported that Azar was the uncle of prophet Ibrahim and not his father. 4. Imam Qastalani in his Mawahibul-Laduniya, also stated, in reference to a document of ibn Hajar al-haythami Those who believe holy books and also historians have unanimously said that Azar was an uncle. 5. Ib Munzir also explains that Azar was the uncle of the prophet Ibrahim. Let me quote the following from It is a historical fact that in the days of Ibrahim the patriarch of the family was addressed as father. The Christians address their priests as father, and in the same sense they refer to God as the father in heaven. Many traditions say that the real father of Ibrahim died before his birth and he was brought up by Azar, his uncle, who was the patriarch of his family. It is also said that Azar, his uncle, married his mother after his father's death, therefore Azar was also his step-father. The Holy Prophet's claim that impurity of ignorance and infidelity never touched any of his ancestors from Adam to Abdullah also confirms the above noted fact. The word ab may mean an uncle or an ancestor as Ismail, the uncle of Yaqub, has been addressed as ab in verse 133 of al Baqarah. According to Genesis 11:27 the name of Ibrahim's father was Terah. In the Talmud his name is Therach. In verse 41 of Ibrahim, Ibrahim prays for his parents along with the other believers which shows that his father was a believer, otherwise a prophet of Allah could never have associated an infidel with believers and prayed to cover him with Allah's mercy. Azar was his uncle or the brother of his grandfather. Of course, there are those scholars who believe that Azar was the father of prophet Ibrahim and that Azar had another name, Tarukh, just like prophet Jacob had Israel as a second name. Some of these scholars are Muhammad bin Ishaq, al-dahhaq, and Kalbi. 1. Imam al-qurtubi reports in his Jami'iul Ahkam that according to some of the historians, prophet Ibrahim was the son of Tarukh ibn Nakhoor: وإبراهيم هو ابن تاريخ بن ناخور في قول بعض المؤرخين... ثم انقطعت الرسل حتى بعث اه إبراهيم نبيا واتخذه خليا وهو إبراهيم بن تارخ واسم تارخ آزر... In another section of the same book, imam al-qurtubi also reports that Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Hassan al- Juwayni al-shafi'i said in his tafseer that there is no desagreement among the people that Tarukh was Ibrahim's father's name: قوله تعالى: "وإذ قال إبراهيم أبيه آزر" تكلم العلماء في هذا فقال أبو بكر محمد بن محمد بن الحسن الجويني الشافعي 8

9 اأشعري في النكت من التفسير له: وليس بين الناس اختاف كأن اسم والد إبراهيم تارح 2. Imam al-qurtubi reports in his Jami'iul Ahkam: Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Hassan al-juwayni al-shafi'i said in his tafseer that there is no desagreement among the people that Tarukh was Ibrahim's father's name. Some scholars speculated and differed on the definition of Azar and here are some of them: defamation & dispraise, it is the name of an idol, it is a shameful and insulting word according to Sulayman al-taymi and means crooked, it means al-shaykh in Persian according to al-dahhaq, it also means power and strength. As you can see, the definitions vary from one extremity to another! Muhammad bin Ishaq, al-dahhaq, and Kalbi are some of the scholars which hold that Azar was the father of prophet Ibrahim and had two names just like prophet Jacob was also known as Israel. Muqatil said that Azar was a nickname and Tarukh was his name, as mentioned by al-tha'alabi as well. قوله تعالى: "وإذ قال إبراهيم أبيه آزر" تكلم العلماء في هذا فقال أبو بكر محمد بن محمد بن الحسن الجويني الشافعي اأشعري في النكت من التفسير له: وليس بين الناس اختاف كأن اسم والد إبراهيم تارح. والذي في القرآن يدل على أن اسمه آزر. وقيل: آزر عندهم ذم في لغتهم كأنه قال: وإذ قال أبيه يا مخطئ "أتتخذ أصناما آلهة" وإذا كان كذلك فااختيار الرفع. وقيل: آزر اسم صنم. وإذا كان كذلك فموضعه نصب على إضمار الفعل كأنه قال: وإذ قال إبراهيم أبيه أتتخذ آزر إلها أتتخذ أصناما آلهة. قلت: ما اد عاه من ااتفاق ليس عليه وفاق فقد قال محمد بن إسحاق والكلبي والضحاك: إن آزر أبو إبراهيم عليه السام وهو تارخ مثل إسرائيل ويعقوب قلت: فيكون له اسمان كما تقدم. وقال مقاتل: آزر لقب وتارخ اسم: وحكاه الثعلبي عن ابن إسحاق القشيري. ويجوز أن يكون على العكس. قال الحسن: كان اسم أبيه آزر. وقال سليمان التيمي: هو سب وعيب ومعناه في كامهم: المعوج. وروى المعتمر بن سليمان عن أبيه قال: بلغني أنها أعوج وهي أشد كلمة قالها إبراهيم أبيه. وقال الضحاك: معنى آزر الشيخ الهم بالفارسية. وقال الفراء: هي صفة ذم بلغتهم كأنه قال يا مخطئ فيمن رفعه. أو كأنه قال: وإذ قال إبراهيم أبيه المخطئ فيمن خفض. وا ينصرف أنه على أفعل قاله النحاس. وقال الجوهري: آزر اسم أعجمي وهو مشتق من آزر فان فانا إذا عاونه فهو مؤازر قومه على عبادة اأصنام. وقيل: هو مشتق من القوة واآزر القوة عن ابن فارس. وقال مجاهد ويمان: آزر اسم صنم. وهو في هذا التأويل في موضع نصب التقدير: أتتخذ آزر إلها أتتخذ أصناما. وقيل: في الكام تقديم وتأخير التقدير: أتتخذ آزر أصناما. 3. Imam Jalaluddeen al-suyuti reports in his al-durrul Manthur Fil Tafseer Bil Ma'thur the following: According to the narrations reported by ibn Abi Hatim, Azar is an idol and the father of Ibrahim was Yazer; ibn Abi Hatem & ibn Jarir & ibn Mundhir & ibn Abi Shaybah have all reported from ibn Abbas narration that Azar was not his father but was an idol. Mujahid also reported that Azar was not the name of Ibrahim's father but was the name of an idol. أخرج ابن أبي حاتم وأبو الشيخ عن ابن عباس قال: آزر الصنم وأبو إبراهيم اسمه يازر وأمه اسمها مثلى وامراته اسمها سارة وسريته أم اسمعيل اسمها هاجر وداود بن أمين ونوح بن لمك ويونس بن متى. وأخرج ابن أبي شيبة عبد بن حميد وابن جرير وابن المنذر وابن أبي حاتم عن مجاهد قال: آزر لم يكن بأبيه ولكنه اسم صنم. وأخرج ابن أبي حاتم عن السدي قال: اسم أبيه تارح واسم الصنم آزر. وأخرج ابن المنذر عن ابن جريج في قوله }وإذ قال إبراهيم أبيه آزر{ قال: ليس آزر بأبيه ولكن }إذ قال إبراهيم أبيه 9

10 آزر{ وهن اآلهة وهذا من تقديم القرآن إنما هو إبراهيم بن تيرح. وأخرج ابن جرير وابن أبي حاتم عن سليمان التيمي أنه قرأ }وإذ قال إبراهيم أبيه آزر{ قال: بلغني أنها أعوج وأنها أشد كلمة قالها إبراهيم أبيه. وأخرج ابن أبي حاتم وأبو الشيخ عن ابن عباس في قوله }وإذ قال إبراهيم أبيه آزر أتتخذ أصناما آلهة{ قال: كان يقول أعضد أتعتضد باآلهة من دون اه ا تفعل ويقول: إن أبا إبراهيم لم يكن اسمه آزر وإنما اسمه تارح. قال أبو زرعة: بهمزتين )أءزر(. وأخرج أبو الشيخ عن الضحاك في اآية قال: آزر أبو إبراهيم. 4. al-baydawi reported in his tafseer that some have read this verse differently giving it a different interpretation: Is it Azar the idol that your are worshipping as God?...ويدل عليه أن ه قرئ }أ أ ز ر تت خ ذ أصنام { بفتح همزة آزر وكسرها }أ إز ر { )وحذف همزة ااستفهام من أتتخذ[ وهو اسم صنم 5. In Tafseer al-jalalayn by Jalaluddeen al-mahalli & Jalaluddeen al-suyuti: Azar was his nickname and Tarukh his real name. واذكر )وإذ قال إبراهيم أبيه آزر( هو لقبه واسمه تارخ In Tafseer Ruhul Ma'ani, Al-Allusi in reported that genealogists agree that Ibrahim's father's name was Tareh or Tarukh. Also, a great number of Ahlul Sunnah scholars have agreed that Azar was not the father of Ibrahim because none of the prophet's (Muhammad) ancestors was a Kafir (as discussed in the first section) based on the hadith that the prophet's essence was لم أزل.( أنقل من أصاب الطاهرين إلى أرحام الطاهرات والمشركون نجس) transfered from pure loin to pure womb وقال الزجاج: ليس بين النسابين اختاف في أن اسم أبي إبراهيم عليه السام تارح بتاء مثناة فوقية وألف بعدها راء مهملة مفتوحة وحاء مهملة ويروى بالخاء المعجمة. وأخرج ابن المنذر بسند صحيح عن ابن جريج أن اسمه تيرح أو تارح. وأخرج ابن أبي حاتم عن ابن عباس رضي اه تعالى عنهما أن اسم أبي إبراهيم عليه الصاة السام يأزر واسم أمه مثلى. وإلى كون آزر ليس اسم له ذهب مجاهد. وسعيد بن المسيب وغيرهما. واختلف الذاهبون إلى ذلك فمنهم من قال: إن آزر لقب أبيه عليه السام. ومنهم من قال: اسم جده. ومنهم من قال: اسم عمه والعم والجد يسميان أب مجاز. ومنهم من قال: هو اسم صنم. وروي ذلك عن ابن عباس. والسدي. ومجاهد رضي اه تعالى عنهم. ومنهم من قال: هو وصف في لغتهم ومعناه المخطئ. وعن سليمان التيمي قال: بلغني أن معناه اأعوج. وعن بعضهم أنه الشيخ الهرم بالخوارزمية. وبعضهم يجعله نعت مشتق من اأزر بمعنى القوة أو الوزر بمعنى اإثم. ومنع صرفه حينئذ للوصفية ووزن الفعل أنه على وزن أفعل. وعلى القول بأنه بمعنى الصنم يكون الكام على حذف مضاف وإقامة المضاف إليه مقامه أي عابد 10

11 آزر. وأعرب بعضهم }آز ر } على قراءة الجمهور على أنه مفعول لمحذوف وهو بمعنى الصنم أيض أي أتعبدون آزر. وجعل قوله سبحانه }أ ت ت خ ذ { الخ تفسير وتقرير بمعنى أنه قرينة على الحذف ا بمعنى التفسير المصطلح عليه في باب ااشتغال أن ما بعد الهمزة ا يعمل فيما قبلها وما ا يعمل ا يفسر عاما كما تقرر عندهم. والذي عول عليه الجم الغفير من أهل السنة إن آزر لم يكن والد إبراهيم عليه السام وادعوا أنه ليس في آباء النبي صلى اه عليه وسلم كافر أصا لقوله عليه الصاة والسام: ))لم أزل أنقل من أصاب الطاهرين إلى أرحام الطاهرات والمشركون نجس((. وتخصيص الطهارة بالطهارة من السفاح ا دليل له يعول عليه. والعبرة لعموم اللفظ ا لخصوص السبب. وقد ألفوا في هذا المطلب الرسائل واستدلوا له بما استدلوا والقول بأن ذلك قول الشيعة كما ادعاه اإمام الرازي ناشئ من قلة التتبع وأكثر هؤاء على أن آزر اسم لعم إبراهيم عليه السام. وجاء إطاق اأب على العم في قوله تعالى: }أ م ك ن ت م ش ه د اء إ ذ ح ض ر ي ع ق وب ال م و ت إ ذ ق ال ل ب ن يه م ا ت ع ب د ون م ن ب ع د ي ق ال وا ن ع ب د إ ل ه ك و إ ل ه آب ائ ك إ ب ر اه يم و إ س م اع يل و إ س ح اق } )البقرة: من اآية 133( وفيه إطاق اأب على الجد أيض. ]- ج 7 ص -[ 283 وعن محمد بن كعب القرظي أنه قال: الخال والد والعم والد وتا هذه اآية. وفي الخبر )ردوا على أبي العباس( وأيد بعضهم دعوى أن أبا إبراهيم عليه السام الحقيقي لم يكن كافر وإنما الكافر عمه بما أخرجه ابن المنذر في تفسيره بسند صحيح عن سليمان بن صرد قال: لما أرادوا أن يلقوا إبراهيم عليه السام في النار جعلوا يجمعون الحطب حتى إن أنت العجوز لتجمع الحطب فلما تحقق ذلك قال: حسبي اه تعالى ونعم الوكيل فلما ألقوه قال اه تعالى }ي ا ن ار ك ون ي ب ر د و س ام ع ل ى إ ب ر اه يم { )اأنبياء: من اآية 69( فك أنت فقال عمه من أجلي دفع عنه فأرسل اه تعالى عليه شرارة من النار فوقعت على قدمه فأحرقته وبما أخرج عن محمد بن كعب. وقتادة ومجاهد. والحسن. وغيرهم أن إبراهيم عليه السام لم يزل يستغفر أبيه حتى مات فلما مات تبين له أنه عدو اه فلم يستغفر له ثم هاجر بعد موته وواقعة النار إلى الشام ثم دخل مصر واتفق له مع الجبار ما اتفق ثم رجع إلى الشام ومعه هاجر ثم أمره اه تعالى أن ينقلها وولدها اسماعيل إلى مكة فنقلها ودعا هناك فقال: }ر ب ن ا إ ن ي أ س ك ن ت م ن ذ ر ي ت ي ب و اد غ ي ر ذ ي ز ر ع ع ن د ب ي ت ك ال م ح ر م { إلى قوله }ر ب ن ا اغ ف ر ل ي و ل و ال د ي و ل ل م ؤ م ن ين ي و م ي ق وم ال ح س اب } )إبراهيم: ( فإنه يستنبط من ذلك أن المذكور في القرءان بالكفر هو عمه حيث صرح في اأثر اأول أن الذي هلك قبل الهجرة هو عمه ودل اأثر الثاني على أن ااستغفار لوالديه كان بعد هاك أبيه بمدة مديدة فلو كان الهالك هو أبوه الحقيقي لم يصح منه عليه السام هذا ااستغفار له أصا فالذي يظهر أن الهالك هو العم 11

12 الكافر المعبر عنه باأب مجاز وذلك لم يستغفر له بعد الموت وان المستغفر له إنما هو اأب الحقيقي وليس بآزر وكان في التعبير بالوالد في آية ااستغفار وباأب في غيرها إشارة إلى المغايرة 7. Imam al-tabari reported in his Jamiu'ul Bayan different narrations: Azar is the name of Ibrahim's father, Azar is the name of an idol and not the name of Ibrahim's father ثم اختلف أهل العلم في المعنى بآزر وما هو اسم أم صفة وإن كان اسما فمن المسمى به فقال بعضهم: هو اسم أبيه حدثني محمد بن الحسين قال: ثنا أحمد بن المفضل قال: ثنا أسباط عن السدي: }وإذ قال إبراهيم أبيه آزر{ قال: اسم أبيه آزر حدثنا محمد بن حميد وسفيان بن وكيع قاا: ثنا جرير عن ليث عن مجاهد قال: ليس آزر أبا إبراهيم. -حدثني الحرث قال: ثني عبد العزيز قال: ثنا الثوري قال: أخبرني رجل عن ابن أبي نجيح عن مجاهد: }وإذ قال إبراهيم أبيه آزر{ قال: آزر لم يكن بأبيه إنما هو صنم. حدثنا ابن وكيع قال: ثنا يحيى بن يمان عن سفيان عن ابن أبي نجيح عن مجاهد قال: آزر اسم صنم. حدثنا محمد بن حميد وسفيان بن وكيع قاا: ثنا جرير عن ليث عن مجاهد قال: ليس آزر أبا إبراهيم. فإن قال قائل: فإن أهل اأنساب إنما ينسبون إبراهيم إلى تارح فكيف يكون آزر اسما له والمعروف به من ااسم تارح قيل له: غير محال أن يكون له اسمان كما لكثير من الناس في دهرنا هذا وكان ذلك فيما مضى لكثير منهم. وجائز أن يكون لقبا واه تعالى أعلم. 8. al-sabuni in his Mukhtasar Tafseer ibn Katheer التفسير: قال الضحاك عن ابن عباس: إن أبا إبراهيم لم يكن اسمه آزر وإنما كان اسمه تارخ وقال مجاهد والسدي: آزر اسم صنم قلت: كأنه غلب عليه آزر لخدمته ذلك الصنم فاه أعلم وقال ابن جرير: هو سب وعيب بكامهم ومعناه معوج وهي أشد كلمة قالها إبراهيم عليه السام ثم قال ابن جرير: والصواب أن اسم أبيه أزر وقد يكون له اسمان كما لكثير من الناس أو يكون أحدهما لقب وهذا الذي قاله جيد قوي واه أعلم. وقرأ الجمهور بالفتح إما على أنه علم أعجمي ا ينصرف وهو بدل من قوله أبيه أو عطف بيان وهو أشبه والمقصود أن إبراهيم وعظ أباه في عبادة اأصنام وزجره عنها ibn Katheer in his al-bidayah wal Nihaya: وقال تعالى: }و إ ذ ق ال إ ب ر اه يم أ ب يه آز ر أ ت ت خ ذ أ ص ن ام آل ه ة إ ن ي أ ر اك و ق و م ك ف ي ض ا ل م ب ين } ]اأنعام: 74[ هذا يدل 12

13 على أن اسم أبي إبراهيم آزر وجمهور أهل النسب منهم ابن عباس على أن اسم أبيه تارح وأهل الكتاب يقولون تارخ بالخاء المعجمة. فقيل إنه لقب بصنم كان يعبده اسمه آزر. وقال ابن جرير: والصواب أن اسمه آزر ولعل له اسمان علمان أو أحدهما لقب واآخر علم. وهذا الذي قاله محتمل واه أعلم. وروى ابن عساكر من غير وجه عن عكرمة أنه قال: كان إبراهيم عليه السام يكنى أبا الضيفان. قالوا: ولما كان عمر تارخ خمس وسبعين سنة ولد له إبراهيم عليه السام وناحور وهاران. 10. al-tabari in his Tarikh gives the following lineage of Ibrahim: Ibrahim ibn Tarukh whose name in Arabic is Azar. So al-tabari seems to also claim that Abraham's father was a kafir and died a kafir. ولد أرغوا ساروغ وولد لساروغ ناحورا وولد لناحوارا تارخ واسمه بالعربية آزر وولد لتارخ إبراهيم صلوات اه عليه...فيما قيل تارخ أبو إبراهيم مخالفا إبراهيم في دينه مقيما على كفره حتى صاروا إلى حران فمات تارخ وهو آزر أبو إبراهيم بحران على كفره... There is a need for a summary because the different views given by the Sunnis scholars: 1. It is reported by Imam Qurtubi in his Jami'iul Ahkam that according to some hiostorians, Ibrahim was the son of Tarukh ibn Nakhur. Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Hassan al-juwayni al-shafi'i said in his tafseer that there is no desagreement among the people that Tareh (another variant of the name) was Ibrahim's father's name. Muhammad bin Ishaq, al-dahhaq and Kalbi believe that Azar was the father of prophet Ibrahim and had two names just like prophet Jacob was also known as Israel. Scholars desagreed on the meaning of Azar: defamation & dispraise, it is the name of an idol, it is a shameful and insulting word according to Sulayman al-taymi and means crooked, it means al-shaykh in Persian according to al-dahhaq, it also means power and strength. 2. It is reported by Jalaluddeen al-suyuti (al-durrul Manthur Fil Tafseer Bil Ma'thur) that according to Muqatil, al-tha'alabi & Jalaluddeen al-mahalli, Azar was a nickname (with the different meanings noted above) and Tarekh was his real name. According to ibn Abi Hatim, Azar was the name of an idol and the name of Ibrahim's father was Ya'zer or Tareh. According to ibn Jarir al-tabari & ibn Mundhir & ibn Abi Shaybah, ibn Abbas narrated that Azar was not his father but was the name of an idol. Finally, Mujahid also reported that Azar was not the name of Ibrahim's father but it was the name of an idol. 3. It is reported by al-baydawi that some have read this verse (6:74) differently giving it a different interpretation: Is it Azar the idol that your are worshipping as God? 4. It is reported by Al-Allusi that genealogists concur that Ibrahim's father's name was Tareh or Tarukh. Also, a great number of Ahlul Sunnah scholars have agreed that Azar was not the father of Ibrahim because none of the prophet's (Muhammad) ancestors was a Kafir (as discussed in the first section) based on the hadith that the prophet's essence was transfered from pure loin to pure womb أزل.( أنقل من أصاب الطاهرين إلى أرحام الطاهرات والمشركون نجس) Moreover, لم some scholars also believed that Ibrahim's real faher was not a kafir (reported by ibn Muhdhir) but his uncle was a kafir and was therefore the one referred to in verse 6:74. Ibrahim continued to to ask for forgiveness for his father until his death, at which point Ibrahim realized that he (father) was an enemy of God. So Ibrahim stopped asking for his forgiveness. After the attempt of burning Ibrahim and the death of his father, Ibrahim migrated to Syria, then Egypt, the returned to Syria with Hajar and Ismae'el. God commanded him to take Hajar and Ismae'el to Macca. He moved them there and made dua'a to Allah to forgive him, his parents and the believers ( اغ ف ر ل ي و ل و ال د ي و ل ل م ؤ م ن ين ي و م ي ق وم ال ح س اب.(ر ب ن ا Therefore, the father who died in disbelief (before the migration) was really his uncle since long after this event, Ibrahim asked Allah forgiveness for this parents, which Ibrahim would ont have done if his true parents were Kafirs. al-allusi also reported from Fakhruddeen al-razi that the Imamiya also believe that Azar was not the father of Ibrahim but his uncle. Abrahim's father was a believer. 5. al-tabari recorded the lineage of Ibrahim in his Tarikh and according to it, Ibrahim is the son Tarukh whose name in Arabic is Azar. So al-tabari seems to also claim that Abraham's father was a kafir and died a kafir. 6. According to Ibn Katheer in his Tarikh, verse 6:74 proves that the name of Ibrahim's father was Tarukh. However, genealogists 13

14 concur that Ibrahim's father name was Tarukh (also believed by Christians and Jews). So it was said that he was nicked Azar because it was the name of the idol he worshipped. So there seems to be a consensus among the Sunnis scholars and historians and genealogists that the prophet Ibrahim's father's real name was Tarukh. This is also the belief of the Imami Shia'a. However, one group of Sunnis believe that Tarukh was nicknamed after the idol he worshipped, Azar, and therefore Ibrahim's father was an unbeliever and died on that belief. Another group believe that Tarukh and Azar are two different individuals: Azar was the uncle of Ibrahim and was an idol worshipper, while Tarukh was the actual father of Ibrahim and was a believer. The Shia'a Imami concur with the second group. The latter is obviously the most rational for reasons discussed in the first and second sections. Conclusion Allah advised us to refer to the Quran and the prophet Muhammad if we quarrel about something: Quran 4:59 O you who believe! obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority from among you; then if you quarrel about anything, refer it to Allah and the Messenger, if you believe in Allah and the last day; this is better and very good in the end. ي ا أ ي ه ا ال ذ ين آم ن وا أ ط يع وا اه و أ ط يع وا الر س ول و أ و ل ي اأ م ر م نك م ف إ ن ت ن از ع ت م ف ي ش ي ء ف ر د وه إ ل ى اه و الر س ول إ ن ك نت م ت ؤ م ن ون ب اه و ال ي و م اآخ ر ذ ل ك خ ي ر و أ ح س ن ت أ و يا Using the Quran and the hadith al-sharif, we have proven that Azar could not have been Ibrahim's father: 1. Verse 26:219 ( و ت ق ل ب ك ف ي الس اج د ين ) shows that the prophet Muhammad's ancestry, from Adam to Abdullah is a pure ancestry that was never touched by polytheism of ignorance. ما زال النبي صلى ه عليه وسلم يتقلب في أصاب اانبياء حتى ولدته أمه.2 خرجت من نكاح ولم أخرج من سفاح من لدن آدم إلى أن ولدني أبي وأمي ما أصابني من سفاح الجاهلية العدني الكحي.3 بعثت من خير قرون بني آدم قرنا فقرنا حتى كنت من القرن الذي كنت فيه.4 إن ه حين خلق الخلق جعلني من خير خلقه.5 ذلك النور الذي كان في جبهة آدم عليه السام في جبهة عبد المطلب ثم ولدهذاوطهر ه النسب الشريف من سفاح الجاهلية.6 ن كنت وآدم في الجنة فتبسم حتى بدت نواجده ثم قال "اني كنت في صلبه وهبط إلى اأرض وأنا في صلبه.7 صلب أبي نوح وقذفت في النار في صلب أبي إبراهيم ولم يلتق أبواي قط على سفاح لم يزل ه ينقلني من اإصاب الطيبة إلى اأرحام الطاهرة مصفى مهذبا ا تتشعب شعبتان إا كنت في خيرهما أرض في صلب آدم عليه السام وجعلني في صلب نوح وقذف بي في صلب إبراهيم ثم لم يزل ه ينقلني من.8 اأصاب الكريمة إلى اأرحام الطاهرة حتى أخرجني من بين أبوي لم يلتقيا على سفاح قط ر ب ن ا اغ ف ر ل ي و ل و ال د ي و ل ل م ؤ م ن ين ي و م ي ق وم ال ح س اب.9 Well, prophet Muhammad gave us a great advise to follow in order not to stray off the right path and it is to adhere to the Quran and Ahlul Bayt, the people Allah purified a perfect purification and remove all forms of uncleanness from them: The messenger of Allah (PBUH&HF) said: "I am leaving for you two precious and weighty Symbols that if you adhere to BOTH of them you shall not go astray after me. They are, the Book of Allah, and my progeny, that is my Ahlul-Bayt. The Merciful has informed me that These two shall not separate from each other till they come to me by the Pool (of Paradise)." حدثنا علي بن المنذر الكوفي أخبرنا محمد بن فضيل أخبرنا اأعمش عن عطيه عن أبي سعيد واأعمش عن حبيب ابن أبي ثابت عن زيد بن ارقم قال قال رسول اه صلى اه عليه وسلم: "اني تارك فيكم ما إن تمسكتم به لن تضلوا بعدي أحدهما أعظم من اآخر كتاب اه حبل ممدود من السماء الى اأرض وعترتي أهل بيتي ولن يتفرقا حتى يردا على الحوض فانظروا كيف تخلفوني فيهما". He also said that Ahlul Bayt have the best of knowledge and wisdom. Whoever follows them will be saved and whoever turns away will perish: "Behold! My Ahlul-Bayt are like the Ark of Noah. Whoever embarked in it was SAVED, and whoever turned away from it was PERISHED." إن مثل أهل بيتي فيكم مثل سفينة نوح من ركبها نجا ومن تخلف عنها هلك 14

15 He also said: The Prophet (PBUH&HF) said about Ahlul-Bayt: "Do not be ahead of them for you will perish, do not turn away from them for you will perish, and do not try to teach them since they know more than you do!" فا تقدموهما فتهلكوا وا تقصروا عنهما. فتهلكوا وا تعلوهم فإنهم أعلم منكم. Therefore, does it not make sense for all differing Muslims, who spend lots of time speculating on the interpretations of the quran and relying on fabricated hadith to explain the Quran, to simply remember the advise of the prophet, that is to follow Ahlul Bayt? Which scholar do you follow when there is no consensus among them? Do you just roll the dice and follow one of them?? Is Abu Hanifa or al-shafi'i or al-maliki or Ahmad ibn Hanbal more knowledgeable and wise than Ahlul Bayt who surpass them in virtues, knowledge, wisdom and peity and who lived and saw the prophet and directly learned from him and inherited his knowledge? The Sunnis mainly follow 4 imams who differ more among themselves than do Sunnis and Shia'a. The Shia'a Imamiya follow Ahlul Bayt and the 9 holy descendants of the holy prophet (from imam Hussein) and do not differ among themselves in anything at all. So, who is worthy of following? The imams of the Imamiya or the imams of Ahlul Sunnah? Should we follow the imams of the imamiya who unanimously believe that the father of Ibrahim was a believer or should we follow the imams and scholars of Ahlul Sunnah who believe the contrary? References The following resources were used for this research: scholars) (a problem among the مشكلة بين العلماء Muhaddith search program Shia'a encyclopedia معك يا أم النبي 15

16 ABU TALIB: WAS HE A MUSLIM OR NOT? The objective of this chapter is to provide an honest and unbiaised answer to the following controversial question: Was Abu Talib a Muslim or not? Many of the Sunnis scholars will answer "No" while all of the Shia'a scholars will answer "Yes". Obvioulsly, they cannot both be correct. Therefore, one of the school of thoughts must be rightful leaving the other wrongful. Let's present the arguments of each side and then decide what the correct answer is or is likely to be. May Allah guide me towards the Truth. I quote from wikipedia the following summary: Sunni scholars hold the view that Abu Talib never recited the Shahadah, or testament of faith, and therefore was a non-muslim. However, they also hold the view that he would receive the most lenient punishment on the day of judgement from amongst those who would be banished to Hell. Shi'as argue that it is impossible that Abu Talib carried out the nikah ceremony of Muhammad if he were a non- Muslim. Second, Muhammad and Allah would never let a non-muslim raise his prophet. At the time of Muhammad's birth there were some people who followed the path of Abraham and did not worship idols - the Hanifs. Ali inherited him, which would be forbidden if he were an unbeliever. If one believes that Abu Talib was not a Muslim, then his faith is broken by the verses of Quran [76:24] Therefore wait patiently for the command of your Lord, and obey not from among them a sinner or a non Muslim. Ibn Hisham and Ibn Is-haque both write that on the day of invitation of Muhammed's kith and kin, Muhammed conveyed his message to the family at the directions of Abu Talib, which Muhammed could not do at the directions of a non Muslim, according to this verse of Quran Content: The Sunni arguments Quranic verses repudiating the Sunni belief The character of Abu Talib Praying for rain Abu Talib reciting the Nikah contract between Muhammad and Khadijah Abu Talib's poetry Abu Talib at this deathbed Fatima bint Asad Ahlul Bayt position on the matter The faith of the ancestors of the prophet The faith of the ancestors of Imam Ali The heirs of Abu Talib Conclusion Resources The Sunni argument Verse 6:26 is one of the verses used by the mainstream Sunnis to support their claim that Abu Talib was an unbeliever: Quran 6:26 [Shakir 6:25] And of them is he who hearkens to you, and We have cast veils over their hearts lest they understand it and a heaviness into their ears; and even if they see every sign they will not believe in it; so much so that when they come to you they only dispute with you; those who disbelieve say: This is naught but the stories of the ancients. [Shakir 6:26] And they prohibit (others) from it and go far away from it, and they only bring destruction upon their own souls while they do not perceive. [Shakir 6:27] And could you see when they are made to stand before the fire, then they shall say: Would that we were sent back, and we would not reject the communications of our Lord and we would be of the believers. و م ن ه م م ن ي س ت م ع إ ل ي ك و ج ع ل ن ا ع ل ى ق ل وب ه م أ ك ن ة أ ن ي ف ق ه وه و ف ي آذ ان ه م و ق ر ا و إ ن ي ر و ا ك ل آي ة ا ي ؤ م ن وا ب ه ا ح ت ى إ ذ ا ج آؤ وك ي ج اد ل ون ك ي ق ول ال ذ ين ك ف ر وا إ ن ه ذ ا إ ا أ س اط ير اأ و ل ين }25{ و ه م ي ن ه و ن ع ن ه و ي ن أ و ن ع ن ه و إ ن ي ه ل ك ون إ ا أ نف س ه م و م ا ي ش ع ر ون }26{ و ل و ت ر ى إ ذ و ق ف وا ع ل ى الن ار ف ق ال وا ي ا ل ي ت ن ا ن ر د و ا ن ك ذ ب ب آي ات ر ب ن ا و ن ك ون م ن ال م ؤ م ن ين }27{ Let us see what the Sunnis scholars say about this verse. Imam abul hassan ali ibn ahmad alwahidi al-nisaboori reports from Sae'ed ibn Jubayr from ibn Abbas who said that this verse was revealed for Abu Talib who used to protect the prophet from the spiteful pagans but refused to believe in the message of the prophet. Abu Hatim also reported from Sae'ed ibn Abu Hilal that the verse was revealed for the ten uncles of the prophet. According to the 16

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