MODERNIST AND FUNDAMENTALIST DEBATES IN ISLAM

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1 MODERNIST AND FUNDAMENTALIST DEBATES IN ISLAM \ HE\DEH Edited by MANSOOR MOADDEL and KAMRAN TALATTOF

2 * MODERNIST AND FuNDAMENTALIST DEBATES IN ISLAM Copyright Mansoor Moaddel and Karnran Talattof, All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written pennission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2002 by PALGRAVE MACMILLJ\NTM 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y and Houndrnills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRA VE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Contemporary debates in Islam : an anthology of modernist and fundamentalist thought I edited by Mansoor Moaddel and Karnran Talattof. P ern. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (cloth) 1. Islam-20th century. 2. Islam-Essence, genius, nature. 3. Islamic fundamentalism. I. Moaddel, Mansoor. II. Talattof, Karnran. BP163.C '7-dc CIP Design by Letra Libre, Inc. First Palgrave Macmillian edition: October

3 TO MAR]AN, CHRISTINE, ARJANG, PAYVAND, AND ARMIN

4

5 CONTENTS Preface Credits and Acknrnvledgments Note on Translations, Transliteration, and Editing Vlll ix xi Introduction Part! Part II Contemporary Debates in Islam An Overview of Islamic Modernism: The Contributors in Context An Overview of Islamic Fundamentalism: The Contributors in Context '\BT 0\1 :: ISL\\11<: \IOI>Eil\1~\1 I. JURISPRUDENCE, RATIONAL SCIENCES, AND DIFFERENTIATION OF KNOWLEDGE 1. Religion versus Science Sayyid Jamal at-din at-afghani 2. Islamic Revealed Law versus Islamic Common Law Moulavi Chiragh Ali 3. The Rationalistic and Philosophical Spirit oflslam AmirAli 4. The Sociological Laws of the Quran Muhammad Abduh 5. T he Necessity of Religious Reform Muhammad Abduh 6. Methodology of Historical Writing 'A/lama Shibli Nu'mani 7. War and Peace: Popular Jihad Moulavi Chiragh Ali 8. The Problem of Caliphate Ali Abd al-raziq II. ISLAM AND POLITICS

6 9. Authority and the Problem of Succession AmirAii 10. Intellectual Pluralism and Freedom of Opinion Sayyid Ahmad Khan ill. ISLAM AND WESTERN CIVILIZATION 11. Social Liberalism and Laissez-Faire Capitalism Anonymous Mu 'taziiite Muslim 12. Islam and Civilization Muhammad Farid Wajdi N. ISLAMIC MODERNISM AND TIIE ISSUE OF WOMEN 13. Polygamy Moulavi Chiragh Ali 14. The Rights ofwomen Sayyid Ahmad Khan 15. The Liberation ofwomen QasimAmin V. STYLE OF LIVING 16. The Way of Life Sayyid Ahmad Khan 17. The Way To Eat a Meal Sayyid Ahmad Khan 18. Civil Rights Rifo'ah Rifo al-tahtawi '\B'I T\\0: 1~1.\\111. H \IJ\\IJ..\T\1.1:-.\1 I. JURISPRUDENCE, BASES OF LAW, AND RATIONAL SCIENCES 19. Islam as the Foundation of Knowledge SayyidQutb 20. Fallacy of Rationalism Sayyid Abut A 'Ia Maududi IT. ISLAM AND POLillCS 21. War, Peace, and Islamic Jihad SayyidQutb 22. The Pillars of an Islamic State Imam Ruhuilah Khomeini 23. The Necessity oflslamic Government Imam Ruhuliah Khomeini 24. The Political Theory oflslam Sayyid Abut A 'Ia Maududi

7 25. All-Encompassing Program of an Islamic State 273 Islamic Salvation Front of Algeria 26. Boycotting the 1997 Election in Jordan 301 Society of the Muslim Brothers 27. Islamic Action Front Party 309 Interview with Dr. Ishaq A. Farhan III. ISLAM AND WESTERN CIVll.JZATION 28. Critical Attitude toward the West and the Idea ofwestem Decadence 315 Ali Shariati 29. Self-Destructiveness of Western Civilization 325 Sayyid Abut A 'la Maududi 30. Granting Capitulatory Rights to the U.S. 333 Imam Ruhullah Khomeini 31. Islam and Its Adversaries 341 Abd ai-latifsultani 32. Westoxication 343 ]alai Al-i Ahmad rv. WOMEN AND THE Hl]AB 33. A Moralizing Fundamentalism 359 Abd ai-latifsultani 34. On the Islamic Hijab 361 Murtaza Mutahhari Bibliographical Sources 373 Index 377

8 PREFACE IN THIS VOLUME WE INTRODUCE READERS TO TWO DIVERSE discourses in contemporary Islamic sociopolitical thought. We try to illustrate that Islam is not a monolithic religion, and, like any system of ideas, it is subject to change according to changes in social conditions. We also show that "Islam versus the West" is not simply a debate between Islamic fundamentalism and the Western world. It is rather an ideological/theological debate within Islam itself. Our broader objective, however, is to contribute to the existing debates on the determinants of ideological production. To this end, we have organized the views of Muslim scholars in te~ms of a series of historically significant issues that have appeared in the Islamic world since the second part of the nineteenth century. We believe that modernist and fundamentalist discourses were formulated around these issues. How wars of positions over these issues would lead to different, if not opposing, ideological resolutions within the same system of thought is a problem that needs to be analyzed in terms of the parameters of the socioeconomic, political, and cultural contexts within which Muslim ideological producers offer their ideas. Before doing so, however, we felt it is necessary to offer the community of scholars in the areas of Islamic/Middle Eastern studies as well as cultural sociology an explanation of the manner in which we reached our conception oflslamic modernism and fundamentalism, and for that matter, of the dependent variable-ideological production. This work reflects the editors' common interest in the question of ideology. It is a part of Mansoor Moaddel's larger work on the determinants of ideological production in the Islamic world, which has been supported by two grants from the National Science Foundation (SBR , SBR ), one grant from the United States Institute of Peace (USIP ), fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the United States Information Agency, and Eastern Michigan University. It also reflects Kamran Talattof's thematic concerns in his project on the role of ideology in the formation of literary history and cultural change supported by grants from the University of Michigan and Princeton University. The opinions expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF and other institutions that support this study.

9 CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK NEDA SAAB FOR HER contribution in improving the translations of the Arabic articles and Kazim Saeed for his help in the translations of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan's articles from Urdu. We are thankful to Christine Dykgraaf and Nathan Willis for their assistance in the preparation of this volume. We are also grateful to the Graduate School of Eastern Michigan University and Princeton University for providing financial support toward the publication of this book. In translating the articles by Sayyid Ahmad Khan, we have tremendously benefited from an earlier translation by John Wilder. Selected Essays By Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan From the Journal Tahzib al-akhlaq, unpublished M.A. Thesis, Hartford, Connecticut: Hartford Seminary Foundation, Finally, we are thankful to all the publishers that granted us permission to reprint material: Nikki R Keddie, ed. Excerpt from An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings ofsayyid Jamal at-din at-afghani, pp , Copyright 1968 by University of California Press. Qasim Amin. Introduction: "The Status of Women in Society: A Reflection of the Nation's Moral Standards." In The Liberation of Women, translated by Sarniha Sidhorn Peterson. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 1992, pp Copyright 1992 by The American University in Cairo Press. RaifKhuri, ed. "Selection III: Rifa'a Rafi' al-tahtawi, ( )." In Modern Arab Thought: Channels from the French Revolution to the Arab East. Princeton: Kingston Press, 1983, pp Sayyid Qutb Shaheed. "Islam and Culture." In Milestones, 2nd ed., translated by S. Badrul Hasan, M.A. Karachi, Pakistan: International Islamic Publishers Ltd., 1988,pp Ali Shariati. "Modern Calamities." Marxism and Other Western Fallacies: An Islamic Critique. translated by R. Campbell. Berkeley: M.izan Press, 1980, pp , Copyright 1968 by M.izan Press.

10 X CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Imam Ruhullah Khomeini. Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini, translated and annotated by Hamid Algar. Berkeley: Mizan Press, 1981, pp Copyright 1981 by Mizan Press. Abdel Latif Sultani. "Fadila Mrabet, Kateb Yassine, and the Rocket of Islam." And "A Moralizing Fundamentalism, Women." In Al-Mazdaqia hia asl al-ichtirakia (Masdaqia is the Source of Socialism), Morocco, 1975, p. 33, quoted in Francois Burgat and William Dowell, The Islamic MQVement in North Africa. Austin, Texas: Centerfor Middle Eastern Studies, University of Texas at Austin, 1997, pp And Copyright 1997 by University of Texas at Austin Press. Jalal Al-i Ahmad. Plagued by the West (Gharbzadegt). Translated from the Persian by Paul Sprachman. Delmar, NY: Caravan Books Modern Persian Literature Series No.4, Copyright 1982 by Caravan Books.

11 NOTE ON TRANSLATIONS, TRANSLITERATION, AND EDITING IN TRANSLITERATING THE NAMES OF AUTHORS and individuals and the titles of books and other writings, we have adopted the Library of Congress system of transliteration without the diacritical marks. The only exceptions may include names and titles that are directly quoted from other sources or in the articles included. Except for some modifications, the translations done for this book are kept within the bounds of literal translation trying to remain as faithful as possible to the original. In some instances, translated articles that are quoted from other sources have been shortened and modified in terms of their grammar and fluency.

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