Cover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

Transcription

1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Bagci, Y. Title: Coloured Ceramics of the Caliphs: A new look at the Abbasid pottery finds from the old Gözlükule excavations at Tarsus Issue Date:

2 COLOURED CERAMICS OF THE CALIPHS: A NEW LOOK AT THE ABBASID POTTERY FINDS FROM THE OLD GÖZLÜKULE EXCAVATIONS AT TARSUS Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag klokke uur door Yasemin Bağcı geboren te Colombus, Ohio in 1984

3 Promotoren: Prof. dr. F.C.W.J. Theuws Prof. dr. P.M.M.G. Akkermans Co-promotor: Dr. J.A.C. Vroom Overige leden: Prof. dr. R.T.J. Cappers Prof. dr. R.B. Halbertsma Prof. dr. P.M. Sijpesteijn Dr. V. François (CNRS-Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence)

4 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.1 DUTCH SUMMARY...3 CURRICULUM VITAE.. 7 NOTES ON TRANSLITERATIONS.8 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES...9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.. 15 CHAPTER 2 THE GÖZLÜKULE MOUND, ITS ENVIRONMENT AND PREVIOUS RESEARCH I/ The site and its setting The topography The Gözlükule mound Understanding the site The actual excavations II/ The excavations on the Gözlükule mound in Tarsus: history and significance of the excavations 37 1 History and significance of the old excavations Team members behind the project: Hetty Goldman and Florence Day Approaches of Hetty Goldman and Florence E. Day.52 CHAPTER 3 TARSUS: FROM NO MAN S LAND TO MEDINA ON THE THUGHŪR I/ Tarsus in the early Islamic period: a historical background 79 II/ Reframing the Abbasid pottery of Tarsus in relation to the thughūr.85 1 Definition and history of the thughūr.85 2 Archaeological studies of the frontier in medieval Turkey 88 3 Reframing the Abbasid ceramics of the Tarsus Gözlükule excavations 90 III/ Conclusion.97

5 CHAPTER 4 CERAMICS OF THE ABBASID PERIOD: THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE I/ Overview of the main sites of the Abbasid period.105 II/ Major pottery classes of the Abbasid period: definition, production, distribution and consumption White Opaque Glazed Ware with cobalt blue decoration (c. 9 th century C.E.) Lustrewares (c. mid 9 th mid 10 th centuries C.E.) Glazed Relief Ware (c. 9 th century C.E.) White Opaque Glazed Ware with turquoise and other colour (c. mid 9 th mid 10 th centuries C.E.) Splash Glazed Ware (c. mid 9 th -10 th centuries C.E.) and Polychrome Sgraffito Ware (c. 10 th 11 th centuries C.E.) Polychrome Painted Glazed Ware (c. mid 9 th mid 10 th centuries) Unglazed Buff Wares (c. late 8 th mid 10 th centuries) Brittle Ware (c. late 8 th mid 10 th centuries) III/ Discussion CHAPTER 5 RECONSTRUCTING THE ISLAMIC LAYERS OF THE GÖZLÜKULE EXCAVATIONS 1 The Gözlükule mound and the layout of the archaeological trenches The Islamic layer in Day s article Reconstructing the villa context.163 CHAPTER 6 REVISITING THE EARLY ISLAMIC POTTERY FINDS OF THE GÖZLÜKULE EXCAVATIONS 1 Methodology and terminology The pottery: typo-chronology and catalogue Glazed Wares White Opaque Glazed Wares Polychrome Painted Glazed Wares Splash Glazed Ware Polychrome Sgraffito from the early medieval period Monochrome Wares Glazed Moulded Ware

6 2.1.7 Glazed Relief Ware Unglazed Buff Wares Light Utility Wares Heavy Utility Wares Unglazed Moulded Ware Cooking Wares Brittle Ware Soft-stone Imitations Amphorae Discussion..227 CHAPTER 7 CERAMICS OF THE ABBASID PERIOD: THE SOCIO- CULTURAL BACKGROUND 1 Islamic food studies: a brief overview Defining Abbasid food culture: origins and culinary elements The Kitab al-tabikh/ The Book of Dishes Pictorial Evidence: illustrations of the Kitab al-diryaq and the Maqamat Discussion..260 CONCLUSION.283 BIBLIOGRAPHY 295 INDEX I/ Appendix 1: Ceramic catalogue (separate volume) II/ Appendix 2: Summary of the excavation diaries..327 III/ Appendix 3: Transcription of the Book of the villa.343 IV/ Appendix 4: Utensils of the Kitab al-tabikh V/ Appendix 5: the potters of Tarsus, an ethnoarchaeological research at Tarsus

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8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is a Turkish riddle that goes Çarșıdan aldım bir tane, eve geldim bin tane, which can be literally translated as, From the market I bought just one, popped out thousand one back home. The answer is the pomegranate. The pomegranate represents a good metaphor for this PhD thesis. Although from the outside this fruit seems to be one piece, when opening, one realizes that it is composed of hundreds of seeds. Similarly, at first sight, this PhD thesis might seem to be the work of one single person, but it actually came to be with the help and contributions of so many people and institutions. Hereby, I would like to acknowledge, as much as I can, all who have made it possible to create this research. First, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Joanita Vroom for including me in her VIDI-Research Project, Material Culture, Consumption and Social Change: New Approaches to Understanding the Eastern Mediterranean during Byzantine and Ottoman Times, based at Leiden University. Not only did this interesting project help me to develop myself academically, but it also broadened my horizons. This VIDI-Research Project had a remarkable input in my development as a scientific researcher and as a teacher. Among other things, it provided suggestions and corrections to my PhD thesis, exciting teaching assignments at Leiden University and the opportunity to participate to conferences with lectures and poster presentations in Amsterdam, Leiden and abroad. Furthermore, I am so grateful to my promoter Prof. Dr. Frans Theuws, for his constant support, his out-of-the-box ideas, his detailed comments and all his help throughout this process. I am also indebted to Prof. Dr. Peter Akkermans for sharing with me his extraordinary knowledge and experiences about Near Eastern archaeology and for his thorough remarks on my PhD research. Moreover, I would like to express my gratitude to the reading committee of my thesis for their time and valuable comments, Prof. Dr. René Cappers, Prof. Dr. Petra Sijpesteijn, Prof. Dr. Ruurd Halbertsma and Dr. Véronique François. I feel very lucky to have such an excellent group of scholars who are experts in the different fields this PhD thesis tackles upon. For the past years, there are many other academics who have supported my work and assisted me. The Tarsus Gözlükule excavations team from Boğaziçi University, including Prof. Aslı Özyar, Prof. Oya Pancaroğlu, Dr. Elif Ünlü, Dr. Türkan Pilavcı, has been so supportive during these five previous study seasons at Gözlükule. They have created from scratch the perfect working conditions in Tarsus. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to them. I am really indebted to Prof. Agnès Vokaer (Université Libre de Bruxelles), who taught me so much with such grace and generosity, both in Tarsus during study seasons and elsewhere. It was a real privilege to exchange ideas and pleasant moments. Dr. Elli Tzavella (Open Univeristy of Cyprus) has also helped me greatly, at times guiding me skilfully through the labyrinths of research. It was such a stimulating experience to work with her in the same VIDI-Research Project. Since Prof. Scott Redford (SOAS) first introduced me to medieval ceramics, he has always been available for providing help and guidance. I owe him immensely for his continuous support and assistance. I would not forget about all the scholars who shared with me their knowledge and supported my work by giving me valuable comments, such as Dr. Işık Adak Adıbelli (Ahi Evran University), Prof. Evangelia Balta (National Hellenic Research Foundation), Dr. Jelle Bruning (Leiden University), Dr. Fatma Dahmani (Oxford 1

9 University), Dr. Yorgos Dedes (SOAS), Dr. Asa Eger (University of North Carolina at Greensboro), Dr. Mehmet Ekiz (Ömer Halisdemir University), Dr. Massumeh Farhad (Freer and Sackler Galleries, Smithsonian Institution), Dr. Rebecca Marie Foote, Prof. Kutalmış Görkay (Ankara University), Prof. Stefan Heidemann (Hamburg University), Prof. Hugh Kennedy (SOAS), Dr. Cristina Mondin, Prof. Alastair Northedge (Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris 1), Dr. Roos van Oosten (Leiden University), Dr. Marie-Odile Rousset (CNRS, Université Lyon), Dr. Valentina Vezzoli (Ca Foscari University of Venice), Dr. Rosalind Wade-Haddon, Dr. Zeynep Yürekli Görkay (Oxford University). Mention should be made of several institutions and funds without whom I could not have conducted this research: The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), The Boğaziçi University Scientific Research Fund (BAP 8254), The Boğaziçi University Foundation Machteld M.J. Mellink Fund. I am much obliged to these organisations for providing financial support. Last but not least, I am so grateful to my family and my friends, Yasemin Akbaş, Bayazıt, Ismihan and Kaan Bağcı, Arda Başar, Nihan Çelikkaya, Maria Christodoulou, Idil Fındıkoğlu, Ela and Cem Görkay, Günseli Gürel, Mihri and Defne Gürsoy, Martine van Haperen, Rick Hartmann, Sufyan al-karaimeh, Paul van Lit, Mark Locicero, Elles van Os, Elif Özgen, Alexandra Pleşa, Aris Politopoulos, Audrey Simon, Yeliz Teber, Gözde Türkkan, Irene Vikatou, Sibel Yardımcı for their continuous encouragements and help. In particular, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to two inspirational figures in my life, my aunt Prof. Serpil Bağcı and Eddo Hartmann. I cannot thank them enough for their infinite support. 2