Monuments and sites reported damaged in the Syrian conflict since 2011 (from 29 Dec 2018)

Transcription

1 page 1 Adraa or ʿAdraa DGAM report 2016: The building has been subjected to some damage, including the collapse of its northern façade as well as the destruction of part of the dome. Photo confirms one third blasted away but remainder of dome still surviving. Qubbat al-ʿasafir (Victory Monument) عدرا Adraa or ʿAdraa Tomb of Hujer ibn Adi al-kendy Shi`ite shrine plundered by rebels, May 2013 (APSA website). DGAM report 2016: 86 named after Hujr ibn Adi al-kindi who was one of the companions of the prophet. It dates to the Ayyubid period although some of its foundations and walls belong to the Roman era. The shrine was violated and the tomb was exhumed. In addition, the building has been damaged on the inside. عدرا عدرا Ain al-fijeh shrine to the river god (Barada) and nymphaeum Part of the main beam-supported concrete roof had collapsed. Not clear if this was due to external bombing or internal explosion but no sign in satellite imagery of an external explosion. Rebels had claimed to have prepared the water tunnel for destruction. Syrian govt regained control of the water plant, 1 Feb ع' الفيجة ع' الفيجة Ain Dara Iron Age Temple DGAM website posted photo showing considerable damage to front stairs, reportedly as a result of Turkish operation in Afrin Valley 27 Jan 'Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums condemned the Turkish attacks on archaeological sites in the Syrian area of Efrin, the most recent of which was the destruction of the Ain Dara temple...' ASOR special report 31 Jan 2018 'ASOR CHI s analysis confirms that the damage occurred on or prior to January 22, and that no additional damage to the site occurred in the following days. دارة دارة ع' دارة al-bab (town) Great Mosque Fell to FSA in July Controlled by ISIS since Operation 'Euphrates Shield', Turkish-led offensive, began c Aug 2016 to celar IS from town (see map at photo 5). Al-Monitor (23 Aug 2017) reports on program by the Turkiye Diyanet Foundation to restore 66 mosques including al-bab, Azaz and Marea areas. 'Many mosques were destroyed by IS mines and explosives, especially in al-bab, where IS turned some mosques into military headquarters and used the rooftops and minarets of others as sniper platforms, which drew heavy fire.' الباب الجامع الكبير al-rafid Article in Hyperallergic (7 Dec 2017) claimed that looting as found in al-rafid was more significant than tthe contraband trade carried out by ISIS. The video clip, though, appeared to show remove of stone for building purposes from an abandoned house. site ال رافيد ال رافید al-riha (Ariha) al-riha fell to Jabhat al-nusra on 28 May Russian airstrike reported to have caused damage to entrance area. Great Mosque أريحا مسجد الكبير APSA posting (6 Feb 2015) shows extensive shelling damage; dome cracked.

2 page 2 al-mouhtaseb Mosque جامع ا'حتسب al-sawas Mosque, Jub al-quba Quarter Reported by Syrian Network for Human Rights as damaged by government barrel bomb on 31 May Dome and much of the east wall collapsed. Tunnel bomb exploded under the mosque in Dec 2014, claimed by Jabha Shamiya (part of Islamic Front). DGAM reported: The explosions caused severe damage to the market and the historical buildings in the area leading to the Sejin Street. al-sijn Mosque or al-sinjir Mosque Dome damaged by 'mortar fire' (APSA 18 Jan, 11 Apr 2015). Attributed to Islamic Front. Armenian Catholic Church of Our Lady of Pity (Jdeide Quarter) كنيسة ا 5 رمن الكاثوليك Armenian Orthodox Church of the Forty Martyrs (Jdeide) Damage to the church possibly as a result of a tunnel bomb in the area 26 Apr (ASOR report 39: 17) Apparent collapse of an annexe building to the southeast and damage in the complex's southern courtyard seen in image posted on UNESCO/UNITAR draft report Aug 2017 see photo 6.. كنيسة ا 5 رمن ا 5 رثوذكس (ا 5 ربع< شهيد) Reported damaged in 2013 fighting. Bab al-ahmar Mosque (Ughulbak Mosque) جامع الباب ا 5 حمر Structure reported to have suffered minor shell damage, 'Massive physical damage' noted in DGAM conflict list May 2015 seems to apply to the broader area. Structure intact in later DGAM photo survey. Bab al-hadid باب الحديد Bab al-maqam DGAM survey photos show considerable shelling damage in the area but not clear how gate was affected. Shrine to west (Maqam al-arba`in, Gaube & Wirth #382) seems more heavily damaged. Archaeology Facebook posting shows collapse of uppers structure to the east but rest of rubble appears to have been bulldozed to stop access through the arch.

3 page 3 باب ا$قام Considerable destruction around site of the gate shown in DGAM photo 7 Jan Bab al-nayrab باب النيرب Gate said to have suffered shell damage, Bab Antaki (Antioch Gate) باب أنطاكية Bab Qinnisrin DGAM conflict report May 2015 accompanied by photo of shell damage to tower west of the gate. APSA posted video clip of same damage, Aug Confirmed by Saleh Maraashi panoramic shote (2 Dec 2018) showing extensive destruction both to west and east of the gate. باب قنسرين 2 reparable, not structurally threatened Bandara Synagogue (Great Synagogue) Following a large (tunnel bomb?) explosion on 31 Dec 2014, photo of damage in the area of al-sijn St also showed secondary damage to the Bandara Synagogue (east side of the west hall). Later imagery (Feb 2017) confirms extensive damage to the structure between the two courtyards (Sephardic wing). jpost.com reported (10 Jan 2016) used as a rebel firing point. Counter-fire resulted in damage to a corner of the building. کنيس النبرة Beit Ajiqbash (Museum of Popular Traditions), Jdeide بيت أجقباش DGAM conflict report May 2015: Severe damage to the building.. ASOR report 40 (12 May 2015): The area of the Jdeideh quarter near the Beit Ajiqbash was hit by multiple tunnel bombs on April 26, 2015, and the last several weeks have seen intensified neighborhood-to-neighborhood combat between regime and rebel groups in. DGAM report 2016: 149 lists major damage to structure and decoration including removal of wooden panelling and of displayed material. DGAM 20 Aug 2016 posts photos of extensive damage including collapse of main iwan and to upper structures around the courtyard. Feb 2017 imagery and photos show collapse of the southeastern corner of the house and some upper structure of the south wing including the roof of the iwan Confirmed by Salah Maraashi panoramic photo (Sep 2018). Beit Ghazale (Jdeide Quarter) ب> غزالة DGAM 20 Aug 2016 posted photos of extensive damage along street facade and internal collapse. UNESCO/UNITAR report Dec 2018 assessed 3 areas of destruction including south iwan, hammam. David 2018 archeorienthypotheses.org (Mar 2018) Dans la maison Ghazalé, l iwan (pièce ouverte sur la cour) est presque totalement détruit, ainsi qu une partie de la qâ a (la salle de réception) et du hammam. Les images satellitaires montrent que la plupart des destructions dans la maison et le quartier datent d avant août En 2017, seuls sont préservés une partie du gros œuvre et le décor sculpté des façades ouest, nord et est. Beit or Qasr Junblatt or Junbalat Used by the shabiha during the Syrian uprising in 2012 and taken by the Free Syrian Army in Aug Feb 2017 DGAM posted photos showing damage to upper structure above the large courtyard's north iwan. قصر جنب<ط

4 page 4 Photo published by Archaeology Jul 2017 showed damage that appeared to be earlier. Beit Rajab (or Recep) Pasha بيت رجب باشا Damage to the hotel in fighting, 2015 including partial dollapse of the dome above a sitting room. Beit Wakil (room displayed in Berlin, Museum of Islamic Art) ب 0 الوكيل Citadel قلعة Initially taken by the rebels but re-taken by the Syrian Army early in Bronze outer door of the first gateway damaged by mortar or RPG fire, DGAM conflict report May 2015 noted damage limited to the entrance gate and the north outer tower but severe shell damage to northeast round tower also noted on DGAM posting of 3 Jun Jul 2015 APSA photos of apparent tunnel bomb causing collapse of curtain wall and a tower on northeast side. 11 Aug 2016 Archaeology posted clip of collapse of the north wall at point between the Great Mosque of the Citadel and the Ottoman barracks. Photos also showed new damage to outer fabric of southeast walls and to the round water tower on the north. 16 Dec 2016 DGAM photos posted showing pock-marking around inner entrance gateway, extensive damage along path east of the Citadel Great Mosque. Citadel Museum متحف قلعة حل ب Reportedly damaged Aug 2016 as a result of explosions along the north wall of the Citadel. Thiqa News Agency reported explosions on 11 Jul 2016 resulted from an operation by Syrian forces to detonate tunnels built by rebels seeking access to the citadel. Western end of the barracks collapsed. Citadel, Temple of the Storm God (Hadad) DGAM photos indicate collapse of the protective roof and exposure of some relief slabs. (DGAM posting 10 May 2015, source: Al Khany media) Dar Zamaria Hotel (Martini) Fire and extensive shell damage (DGAM conflict report May 2015). Occupied by rebel group and as a result targetted shelling from the Syrian Army. Dukakinzade Mehmed Pasha Mosque (Mosque al-ʿadeliye) جامع العادلية Damaged in 2013 fighting. Video shows major damage to non-structural elements dome, fountain, riwaq and a large hole in west side of the minaret.. The Day After report (ASOR report 79 80, Feb 2016) noted damage due to a 'regime barrell bomb'. Photos showed damage to the west of the courtyard, to the dome of the ablutions fountain in the courtyard and superficial secondary damage to the portico facade. DGAM photos 9 Feb 2017 showed collapse of main prayer hall dome, collapse of the west end of the main portico, extensive rubble remains. Archaeology video (13 Oct 2017) showed second large hole in the side of the minaret. Part of the upper balcony of minaret shot away.

5 page 5 Grand Serail (former Governor's Office) سراي الكبير APSA-posted video shows destruction by tunnel bomb under Palace of Justice east of the Governor's Office. 29 Jul DGAM website 5 Aug 2014 The first huge blast hit Carlton hotel, next to the city's ancient citadel. The second one destroyed al-qalam building. During the last week media and activists reported that three bombs hit historic parts of the city near the police building (Grand Seray), al- Khasrafia mosque and al-sultan mosque, some of them were placed in tunnels running under the police building. It said the police building was completely destroyed in the blast along with severe damage to Khan al-shouna around the citadel plaza, followed by attacking Yalbouga Hammam by the extreme groups. APSA-posted photo 3 Sep 2014 showed west wing of the Serail also destroyed, apparently in a second explosion. Only central part of the building standing (photo 5). Great Mosque جامع ال امويجامع الكبير Jan 2013, rebels took the Umayyad Mosque. 24 Apr th century Seljuk minaret collapsed see separate entry. Manuscript library was burnt out in the conflgration in the suqs area. Two large shell holes along east wall of the mosque (photo 5). Minbar of the prayer hall dismantled and reportedly removed for safekeeping by rebel forces. (DGAM Report 2013) DGAM 28 Jan 2015: The media reported that a tunnel detonated near the Umayyad mosque in the Old City of under the "Chapel of women and the library endowment", causing damage to the target location and the collapse of the eastern exterior wall of the Mosque. ASOR report Feb 2015: tunnel bomb under eastern parts of the mosque (inc Waqfiye Library) 31 Jan DGAM reported committee appointed by governor to start reconstruction of the mosque, 15 Dec 2016 Fisk in Independent 25 Jul 2017 reported work already started on repairing the east riwaq and on clearing debris from courtyard. (Sep 2017) Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrove promised USD 14 mn for restoration of the mosque. Great Mosque minaret Jan 2013, rebels took the Umayyad Mosque. 24 Apr th century Seljuk minaret collapsed as a result of shellfire or internal explosion. Post-2016 images show debris on both sides of the mosque's location. Govt media blamed al-nusra Front. Reconstruction work begun in جامع ال امويجامع الكبير Hajj Musa al-amiri Mosque DGAM website photo Jun 2014 (see photo 5) showed damage to the street facade and the dome of the Matbakh al-ajami. Corresponding damage to the dome of the building on the west (Hajj Musa al-amiri Mosque) and extensive structural collapse. Minaret still standing but roof damaged in Archaeology drone image published 23 Oct جامع الحاج موسى Photos of destruction posted on Archaeology website 10 Aug 2014; APSA 3 Jul Hammam al-almaji حمام ا 89 جي Hammam al-nahasin ('al-sitt') Said to have been 'burnt out' as a result of the 2012 fires in the suqs area but video (dated 2013) posted by APSA in Aug 2015 showed no fire damage but extensive shock damage due to explosions in the area. Occupied by rebel forces. until late DGAM reported 'small damage' with photo indicating modern wood panelling in place, 16 Dec حمام النحاس> Hammam al-qadi Salah Maraashi Photography panoramic phot shows extensive damage and charring to the interior with large hole in the dome of the dressing room. حمام القاضي Caught up in fighting in the area north of the Bab al-nasr (Sep 2015).

6 page 6 Hammam al-qawwas حمام القواص Hammam Bahram Pasha (Jdeide Quarter) ASOR report JFeb 2016) shows almost total destruction of the Ibshir Pasha complex and the Hammam Bahram Pasha to the south as a result of tunnel bombs in the area. حمام بهرام باشا Hammam Yalbugha al-nasiri (al- Lababidiya) DGAM reported damage associated with tunnel bombs in this area Jul/Aug DGAM conflict report May 2015 noted 'massive physical damage'. Imagery of Jan 2017 shows extensive damage but with principal dome still standing. حمام يلبغا الناصري ASOR Report (Aug 2016) satellite imagery shows square immediately north of the Ibshir complex cratered by a tunnel bomb. Southern half (mosque, qaysariye and coffee house) appears to have disappeared. Ibshir Pasha complex مقهى ابشير باشا ASOR report JFeb 2016) shows almost total destruction of the southern part of the Ibshir Pasha complex. Ibshir Pasha Complex, Coffee House قهوة أبشير باشا Jdeide Quarter, general DigitalGlobe imagery released Feb 2016 (ASOR Report 69-70) gives first glimpses of extensive destruction on the eastern side of Jdeide, apparently as a result of a series of tunnel in an arc stretching south from Jdeide Square, destroying the whole Ibshir Pasha Complex and the Bahram Pasha Hammam. Khan al-harir (Silk Khan) DGAM conflict report May 2015 'damage to the building'. DGAM assessed internal damage as 'big', 16 Dec Saleh al-maraashi photo posted 2 Dec 2018 shows extensive internal damage to upper structures but lower walls seem intact. Residential (east) wing appears to have been restored. خان الحرير DGAM photos of 15 Jan 2017 show extensive areas of collapse. Khan al-hibal ('Khan des Francais')

7 page 7 خان الحبال Burnt in the fighting March Khan al-khaysh خان الخيش sl--maraashi photo (Nov 2018) shows extensive damage to the gutted structure and loss of roof of at least one wing.. Khan al-nasereyyeh (Nasriye?) خان الناصرية Examination of Salah Maraashi panoramic photo (Sep 2018) indicates minor charring, weed infestation and damage to gallery on east side a partial collapse of roof on west side. Khan al-qadi جان القاضي Khan al-sabun (Azdamur) Part of the eastern side of the courtyard taken out by shelling and on the west, a large section removed running alongside the Madrasa Sahibiye. UNESCO/UNITAR report photos show collapse of structure in centre of courtyard. Aug 2018 Salah Maraashi photographic 3D tour shows extensive damage to decorated entrance facade. جان الصابوت DGAM 9 Feb 2017 photo indicates minor rubble scatter in courtyard but no sign of building collapse. Khan al-salihiye خان الصالحية في Khan al-shuneh (Suq al-shuna) Aug 2014, apparently severe damage as a result of tunnel bomb explosion under the Grand Serail. DGAM conflict report May: 'massive physical damage'. Structure appeared to be still standing in part (Saleh Maraashi Photo Sep 2018). خان الشون: Khan al-tutun (al-sijn St) DGAM reported two tunnel bombs in this and Suweiqa areas, Feb Prime target may have been the Khan Qurtbek to the east. ASOR reports claimed by Jabha Shamiya/Islamic Front coalition led by Abdul Aziz al-salama. Date of bombing given as Dec خان الت=

8 page 8 DGAM conflict report May 2015 noted fire damage. Khan al-tutun al-kabir (Tobacco Khan) تن (الصب Khan al-tutun al-saghir (small Tobacco Khan, near Bab Antaki) Photos published by Jules Gauthier (Sep 2017) show collapse of most of the awnings around the courtyard but main structure intact except for shell impact on part of roof. خان الت, الصغير Badly damaged in fighting in DGAM assessed internal damage as 'big', 16 Dec Khan al-wazir جان الووزير APSA posted viceo clip recorded 13 Dec 2014 shows shell damage in courtyard.. Some walls penetrated. Khan al-ʿabdalmesri I & II خان عبده ا 7 صري DGAM photos 9 Feb 2017 shows rubble strewn across courtyard. Pockmarking from shell shrapnel. Khan al-ʿulabiye جان العلبية Some structural collapse, loss of most windows but overall the building survives in Saleh Maraashi photo, Nov 2018 Khan Hajj Musa al-amiri (Khan al- Kebir) خان الحاج موسى Khan Khayrbey or Khayer Bek DGAM conflict report May 2015 noted fire damage. DGAM photos posted 21 Jan 2017 showed extensive superficial damage with sections of structural collapse and debris. Doorway shows secondary damage in Archaeology posting Jun جان خايربك

9 page 9 Khan Qurt Bek (Qurtbek) (Palace of Aztimur or Azdamur al-ashrafi?) Possibly damaged in Building appears to have been completely destroyed in a suspected tunnel bomb explosion 31 Dec 2014 (APSA posting of 7 Jan 2015) ASOR reports claimed by Jabha Shamiya/Islamic Front coalition led by Abdul Aziz al-salama. جان قورت بك Photo posted by Archaeology 12 Feb 2017 shows extensive damage in the inner courtyard, signs of extensive rubble and with some collapse of the upper frame of the main gateway. Khan Ujkhan or Uch Khan, Utch Khan خان أوج خان Saleh Maraashi photo (21 Dec 2018) shows north facade intact but stones neatly piled outside indicate damage in neighbourhood. Panoramic shot of courtyard show all window glass missing. Clean up operation underway. Khanqah al-farafra (al-ribat al-nasiri) خانقاه الفرافرة Ma rouf Ibn Jamr Shrine in Shazbakhtiye Mosque ضريح معروف بن جمر, سوق الزرب ASOR report 40 (info of 12 May 2015) On May 10, 2015, the DGAM published a set of photographs procured in collaboration with al- Khany media agency, all showing the current condition of religious buildings in the old city of as of late April These photos include images of the Ma rouf Ibn Jamr Shrine and Mosque and show severe damage to part of the building complex (e.g., roof completely destroyed). The interior of the Sheikh s shrine appears relatively intact, but an accurate assessment will require further data. The immediate cause of the destruction of the shrine/mosque has yet to be determined. Shrine istself appeared undamaged in al-maraashi photo but with signs of serious collapsed material in the courtyard, Nov Madrasa (Zawiya) al-kamaliye (intramuros) or Kamiliye DGAM photo posted 24 Jan 2017 confirms damage to minaret. Prayer hall exterior shows limited damage, Prayer hall interior intact, Saleh Maraashi Nov مدرسة الکاملية Madrasa (Zawiya) al-sahibiye (Mosque al-fustuq) مدرسة الصاحبية ASOR Syrian Heritage report (Aug 2014) Damage occurred in the northern Old City at the Banqusa, Mosque, Haddadin Mosque, and Maidani Mosque related to recent fighting. In the western Old City, the Madrasa as-sahibiya/al-fustuq Mosque was also damaged. 3 Sep 2014 Archaeology photo (see photo 4) showed damage in front of the mosque and cover over the courtyard shredded. DGAM conflict list May 2015 describes 'massive' physical damage. Upper floor of the kuttab west of the mosque collapsed due to shelling. Unspecified damage on DGAM list May Madrasa al-ahmadiye (al-chalabi or al-jalbi) اMدرسة اLحمدية Affected by 2013 fighting.

10 page 10 Madrasa al-kamiliye (extra-muros, Maqamat Quarter) مدرسة الکاملية Madrasa al-khosrofiye (Mosque of Hüsrev Pasha) ASOR report (Aug 2014) Satellite imagery (Map 4) showed the majority of the building had been destroyed by a tunnel bomb planted beneath the structure. In US satellite imagery released Sep 2014, all of prayer hall has gone (photos 5 and 6). درسة الخسروية Madrasa al-kiltawiye (al-atabakiye, al- Kiltawiye) ASOR report 20 Jan 2015: Jabhat Ansar al-din, Islamic Front, Jabhat al-nusra, and representatives of the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, destroyed the Sufi Tomb of Sheikh Mohammad Nabhan and his family near the al-keltawia Mosque (Madrasa al- Atabakiya) in the Bab al-hadid area of the Old City of. The group conducted this activity with a signed decree from the Head of the Sharia Court and other offices dated January 15, مدرسة ا'تابکية Madrasa al-sultaniye (al-zahiriye al- Juwwaniye) Damage initially sustained through tunnel bombs under major official buildings south of the Citadel, Aug On 8 Dec 2014 the entire prayer hall building was destroyed by a second tunnel bomb. Media reports attribute to Islamic Front. APSA and DGAM photos showed extent of destruction including the loss of the tomb of al-malik al-zahir Ghazi, the son of Saladin and ruler of ( ). Only part spared were the gateway and minaret on north side. مدرسة السلطانية Madrasa al-uthmaniye (al-ʿuthmaniye, Othmaniye) Satellite imagery (Dec 2014) appears to show the mosque has lost part of the top gallery of the minaret. Later confirmed from photos. APSA posting (19 Jan 2015) shows 6 areas of damage from shell impact. العثمانية مدرسة Madrasa Fardous (Firdaws) or 'School of Paradise' Archaeology posting (23 Nov 2014) Shell penetration in eastern hall left of the entrance doorway. Two northern-most domes partly collapsed and large hole in eastern wall. (APSA video 19 Dec 2014) Main couryard appears intact in the panoramic photo by Salah al-matraashi (5 Oct 2018). مدرسالفردوس Maqam Ibrahim Salihin (al-salahin Mosque) مقام الصلح; Reported to have been damaged by the al-nusra Front on 31 Jul The lower mihrab appears to have a hole in its rear wall. Other damage consistent with looting and treasure hunting. Some doubt cast on the report in ASOR report of 6 August ASOR Report quoting SNHR (16 Jul 2016) 'severe' damage from nearby regime barrel bombs. A photograph provided by SNHR shows a great deal of debris in the mosque s interior. The windows appear to be blown out. SMART News Agency published a video of damage to the mosque, although the video attributes the bombing to Russian planes rather than SARG helicopters... Rubble and debris covers the interior and exterior of the mosque. Several arches have collapsed and there are large holes in several walls. Mar Assia al-hakim Syrian Catholic Church (Jdeide) 1881 belfry damaged during fighting in 2012.

11 page 11 ار آسيا الحكيم الحكيم Maristan Arghun al-kamili DGAM 2013 Annual Report confirmed damage due to unspecified causes. 3 Mar 2015 APSA video clip shows small patches of secondary shell damage. DGAM conflict report May 2015 'damage to the building'. Dec 2016 photos show areas of collapse and accumulated debris. DGAM photos 9 Feb 2017 large hole in dome south of the main courtyard, loss of some structure southwest side of courtyard. البيمارستان ا 3 رغوني الكاملي DGAM photos 9 Feb 2017 Shell impact on the facade and shelling penetration of the roof of the nave with extensive collapse. Salah Maraashi Photography panoramic photo shows roof entirely removed, (Sep 2018) Maronite Cathedral of St Elias كاتدرائية القد ي س الياس Matbakh al-ʿajami (Palace of Majd al- Din ibn al-daya) DGAM website photo Jun 2014 (see photo 5) showed damage to the street facade and the dome. Corresponding damage to the dome of the building on the west (Hajj Musa al-amiri Mosque). More of the dome had collapsed in APSA clip posted 27 Jan DGAM assessed internal damage as 'big', 16 Dec Photo posted on Archaeology website showed collapse of the main dome and damage to the street facade. مطبخ العجمي Mosque al-bahramiye Photo posted by Archaeology on Facebook (26 Jun 2017) shows large hole blown on the shaft of the minaret. ASOR report 30 May 2017 On April 22, 2017 an engineer working with the City Government posted photographs of the Bahramiya Mosque. The mosque was damaged during the conflict, and local engineers and the Awqaf Directorate have begun efforts to stabilize the columns. Salah Maraashi photo shows signs of minor blast damage to garden area behind (Sep 2018). جامع البهرمية Mosque al-bayada (or al-sarawi) Mosque Extensive damage to upper structures as a result of a shell on 2 Jan 2015 ( Archaeology clip) Building to the north appears to have collapsed (APSA clip 15 Feb 2015) جامي الصروي / جامع البياضة Mosque al-hadadin (extra muros) (old 'Banqusa Mosque') Dome over prayer hall collapsed as seen in APSA clips 7 Aug and 6 Sep Secondary damage in the courtyard. On DGAM conflict list May but no damages specified. 2 Jan 2017 DGAM phtos confirmed damage to structure of prayer hall including collapse of the dome and shell damage around entrance doorway. جامع بانقوسا القديم (الحدادين) Top half of the minaret including the intricately carved balcony was seriously damaged by shelling, March Mosque al-khawaje (Hawaja)

12 page 12 ) Minor shell damage from shrapnel; top of prayer hall wall collapsed. Mosque al-laban Destruction of upper section of the minaret, APSA Jun Mosque al-mashatiye جامع ا(شاطية Mosque al-maydani (Maidani or Midani) APSA photo posted Jul 2014 shows damage which appears to date from 'Massive physical damage on DGAM May 2015 conflict list (but minaret seemed have been spared). 16 Oct 2016, AMC clip shows further major damage including loss of the top of the minaret. جامع ا(يداني Mosque al-otrush (al-utrush. Demerdash) Serious damage as secondary result of a tunel bomb underneath the neighbouring Police HQ (east of Governor's Office), 29 Jul Top of minaret blown apart; damage to west facade; dome over the tomb chamber severely cracked with hole indicating shell damage. DGAM conflict list May 2015 describes 'massive' physical damage. جامع ا 4 طروش Mosque al-qadi Askar 'Massive physical damage' (DGAM inter-active map, Aug 2015) to the right of the street facade. Same damage attributed on APSA posting (16 Jan 2016) to Russian airstrike 12 Jan APSA clip 28 Jan 2016 shows further damage to prayer hall and top of minaret blown off. جامع قاضي عسكر Mosque al-qadi or Mehmendar Mosque Mosque hit by repeated exchanges of fire in the area north of the Great Mosque. Minaret was damaged by shelling in Large hole blasted in the lower part of the minaret, street side. For assessment damage, see Abd el-razik 2015: جامع ا(همندار Mosque al-rumi (Mankalibugha Mosque) Most of the minaret missing in clip posted on APSA from Sky News Arabic, 9 Sep Report posted on APSA again Mar 2015 with many photos. showing further damage to the minaret جامع الرومي

13 page 13 Archaeology video posting (12 Oct 2017) shows large hole blasted in side of the minaret. Saleh Maraashi photo 19 Dec 2018 shows facade with possible damage to roof of prayer hall. Mosque al-saffahiye خامع السفاحية Mosque al-shuʿaybiye (Tuteh) Alisariram website photo (5) shows destruction of the infill wall built into the outer portal of the mosque. DGAM conflict report May 2015 notes 'partial damage to the main entrance', confirmed on DGAM Jan 2017 photos showing north side of doorway damaged and infill gone.. Saleh al-maraashi photo shos no damage to internior (Nov 2018). جامع الشعيبية Mosque al-tavashi (Mosque of Jawhar al-ghulami) 2012, shell damage to the wall of the prayer hall on courtyard side. Top half of minaret blasted but rest of structure appears intact from Facebook photos posted Jan جامع الطواشي APSA reported mosque damaged during attack by 'Russian aircraft' 26 Sep Dome and at least two sides of courtyard destroyed and eastern outer wall. Minaret survived. Mosque al-tawba (al-tuba) جامع التوبة Mosque Dabbagha al-ʿatiqa 30 Dec 2014, Facebook posting of a tunnel bomb explosion further to the east, claimed by Islamic Front. DGAM photo from Al Khany Agency (Apr 2015) showed shell damage to street wall. Saleh Maraashi photo (Dec 2018) shows large hole blasted in the side of the minaret. Interior appears intact. جامع الدباغة العتيقة APSA-posted video clip (filmed 27 Jun 2015) shows damage to the upper minaret and extensive shrapnel pockmarking on facade. 20 Dec 2016 DGAM photos confirm significant damage to facade including shell marks, loss of minaret top. Mosque of Altunbugha al-nasiri جامع التونبوغا Mosque of Bashir (Ibshir) Pasha (Jdeide) جامع ابشير باشا ASOR report 40, 12 May 2015 On May 10, 2015, APSA published a video (which includes footage originally filmed by OrientNews) to Youtube showing the interior of the Ibshir Pasha Mosque in the Jdeideh quarter of.18 The news footage segment, dated May 1, 2015, shows what are presumably rebel fighters clearing broken tile and debris from the entryway of the mosque. There are large holes visible in the walls; fighters crouch at gun ports broken through an exterior wall. The gunmen seem to be in the process of clearing out the area, which is subsequently shown clean. ASOR report JFeb 2016) shows almost total destruction of the Ibshir Pasha complex but the mosque may partly survive. ASOR Incident Report 3 Mar 2015 Main structure of the mosque appears to have collapsed (based on APSA posting 13 Jun

14 page ). Probably hit by an barrel bomb 5 Jun Mosque of Harun Dada جامع هارون دده Hit by shellfire (APSA Aug 2015) Mosque of Nur al-din (al-faraj) مسخد نور الدين Mosque of Qastal al-harami (Bardebak) Damage to the dome and courtyard in Oct 2012 fighting. Top of minaret lost (APSA video 9 Feb 2015). DGAM conflict map reports 'massive physical damage'. جامع قسطل الحرامي Blown up by a rebel tunnel explosion under the hotel on 8 May Credit claimed by rebel leader, 'Abu Assad' (Islamic Front?). National Hospital (Carlton Hotel) اFستشفى الوطني (الحميدي) Ottoman Barracks (Sakaneh Hanano or Qisla) Attacked by the FSA Sep Apr 2014 rebel attack on the barracks held by Syrian army. DGAM conflict report May 2015 noted 'massive physical damage'. ثكنة هنانو Ottoman Police Station at Bab al- Hadid Interior appears gutted in Archaeology photo taken 9 Jan DGAM photos posted 20 Dec 2016 indicate roof collapse and severe internal shell damage. ساعة باب الفرج Target of a massive tunnel bomb, Aug DGAM reported as 'completely destroyed'. Palace of Justice قصر العدل House has been partly looted in fighting. DGAM conflict report May 2015 'damage to the building + theft of displayed items'. In Saleh Maraashi photo Nov 2018, structure appears intact but furnishings gone.

15 page 15 Poche House (Dar Bukhah) DGAM conflict report May 2015 noted 'massive physical damage' but Saleh Maraashi photo Nov 2018 indicates only superficial indications including loss of some merlons Qarlaq or Qarliq Mosque جامع قارلق Sayf al-daula School (Bayt Ibrahim Qatr Aghasi) Headquarters of the DGAM Building Dept. DGAM reported 'medium' damage in the first two courtyards and 'very big damage' in the third 'complete collapse in the western and southern façades including Liwan and archaeological umbrella' (13 Dec 2016). UNESCO/UNITAR report Dec 2018 noted destruction of northern side, east courtyard and بيت ابراهيم قطرآغاسيي Sharaf Mosque (Hatab Square, Jdeide) Two tunnel bombs in the area (one under Ibshir Pasha complex) wiped out most of the structures in this area. No sign of the mosque's minaret surviving on Google Earth (2017). Salah Maraashi Photography panoramic photo shows extensive charring of internal structure including prayer hall with collapse of roofing over the eastern end ساحة الحطب site UN Security Council Resolution 2199 (12 Feb 2015) 'condemns the destruction of cultural heritage and adopts legally-binding measures to counter illicit trafficking of antiquities and cultural objects from Iraq and Syria'. UNESCO website reported that at least 121 historical buildings have been damaged or destroyed equivalent to percent of the World Heritage property area. In addition 1500 shops in the area burnt out. (UNESCO.org website Safeguarding Syrian Cultural Heritage Aug 2015) DGAM 16 Sep 2016: The ancient city of has suffered never-ending clashes, assessing the damage is difficult till now to our experts due to the limit access in the ancient city, however damage monitoring is done regularly by Antiquities. 6 Dec 2016, Old city entirely in government hands. DGAM 21 Feb 2017 DGAM composed nine crews to work in the old city, which has an area of 355 hectares.... The initial report indicates that the damage ratio ranging from (30% huge damage -30% middle damage - 40% damage ranging from minor and medium), and the crews continue documentation work for the scientific assessment of all damages according to forms compatible with international standards. Suq al-atarin سوق العطارين Many sections of the suq and other medieval buildings in the ancient city were destroyed, ruined or burnt as a result of fighting between the Free Syrian Army and the Syrian Armed Forces beginning on 25 September (Wikipedia) Electricity sub-station hit by shelling caught fire and led to the main conflagration. UNOSAT/UNITAR (Dec 2014) Of the 20 souqs which sustained damages, 4 souqs sustained a minimum of moderate damage (and at least one is suspected to have severe damage inside); 19 sustained severe damage; and 11 have been completely destroyed. DGAM photos 21 Jan 2017 showed extensive area of collapse and incineration. Dome largely destroyed as shown in Saleh Maraashi photo, Sep 2018 Suq al-qutn (Cotton) سوق القطن Suq al-zirb or Suq al-zarb UNESCO/UNITAR report Dec 2018 eastern entrance to the suq severely damaged; moderate damage to northern shops to the west.

16 page 16 سوق الزرب In area badly affected by fire in Archaeology reported extensive collapse (7 Jan 2017). Suq al-ʿaba'a (al-abi) (Mantel Suq) DGAM photos 21 Jan 2017 shows superficial fire damage. Suq Khayrbey 'Damage to the building' noted in DGAM May 2015 conflict list. Al Khany Agency photo subsequently posted. Tekkiye or Mosque of Aslan Dada خامع اص.ن دادا Zarkashi Mosque ASOR 20 Jan 2015: Jabhat Ansar al-din, Islamic Front, Jabhat al-nusra, and representatives of the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, destroyed the Sufi Tomb of Sheikh Mohammad Nabhan and his family near the al-keltawia Mosque (Madrasa al- Atabakiya) in the Bab al-hadid area of the Old City of. The group conducted this activity with a signed decree from the Head of the Sharia Court and other offices dated January 15, مسجد الزركشي Zawiya and Tomb al-nasimi Damage to the dome of the chamber on east side of the structure evident in DGAM photo showing view from the citadel looking north (Jan 2016.) Outer walls marked by shell-shrapnel damage with massive cratering of the road to south. ضربج النسيمي Anderin (Androna) Damage to site due to bulldozer activity possibly related to the presence of the Syrian army. site ال اندين ا 9 ندرين Apamea city plan افاميا آفاميا DGAM Annual Report 2013 describes the site as one of the 'most affected' by ongoing turmoil. Extensive informal digging across most of the archaeological zone. ASOR (1 Dec 2014) APSA report attributes the damage to two primary causes: the conversion of the site into a military camp and the intentional looting of the site. The former has meant the presence of tanks and the digging of trenches, while the latter has resulted in pits up to two meters deep. The Day After report (25 Aug 2015) The primary causes of damage to the site of Apamea is looting. The looters are often aided by Syrian regime officials based in Al-Habuseh area in Al Madiq Citadel, who help traffic stolen artifacts without fear of any legal consequences.

17 page 17 After bribing regime officials, the artifacts are smuggled across the Syrian-Lebanese border. Other causes of damage to the site are mainly from exposure to the elements. There is a dire need for repairs; regime forces stationed nearby render most of the site area too dangerous. The Free Syrian Army has offered to protect some areas so the repairs could be d.one, but those areas are limited. (Note: accompanying photos showed virtually no new structural deterioration apart from the long-noted illegal excavations.) DGAM posted drone shots of sample illegally excavated areas (19 Jun Apamea colonnaded axis افاميا آفاميا UNOSAT/UNITAR report (Dec 2014) reports two stretches of colonnading have collapsed 23 m in central area (north of Agora) and 17 m at southern end of axis. Column drums now lying on ground. (Note: UNOSAT/UNITAR provides no satellite imagery of southern collapsed section but collapse appears on Google Earth 28 Sep 2013 (see photo 4).) DGAM (Oct 2015) The site of Apamea has been a buffer zone between the Syrian Armed Forces, who settle south of the Southern Gate, and the fundamentalist militias, who control the Northern Gate, for 2 years now. The lack of control in the zone in-between gives a space to heritage hunters to work heavily in smaller groups, which is very well shown in the famous satellite imageries of Apamea. Babi yan Damage reported in UNOSAT/UNITAR report Dec 2014 mainly due to new constructions (see plan window). Bab Ayan or Babi yan, Byzantine fort باب عيان Babisqa Babisqa, site Used as a base for the Free Syrian Army in the civil conflict. APSA posted footage of destruction of remains on the north side of the road near the village. Sep 2014 AAAS report notes role of Babisqa as logistics base for opposition. بابيسقا بابيسقا Banassara or Banasra DGAM report June 2013 reports 'large number' of pits dug all over the site. All the standing columns of the south church have been toppled. Large sarcophagus to east of site destroyed. Churches باناصرا Bara, al- site of al-bara (Bara) بارة البارة APSA photos (photo 2) of deliberate wrecking of several sarcophagi in a Byzantine pyramidal-roofed tomb. Confirmed in DGAM Annual Report DGAM (Nov 2014) reports extensive looting of ancient blocks to be cut down for building material. ASOR report (Oct/Nov 2015) On 3 Nov 2015 the DGAM release photographs showing vandalism and destruction of historic monuments in Al Bara. Local informants have shrapnel damage to the standing buildings.84 The DGAM alleges that stones have also been removed. DGAM released photographs documenting intentional damage to the sarcophagi in the famous pyramid tombs, as well as from the site with the use of explosives and heavy machinery. It is worth noting that the site of Al- Bara, as well as multiple other Dead Cities, have been used as camps for internally displaced peoples since the beginning of the conflict. Barad (Brad) Cathedral (Church of Julianos) and martyrium Mahmoud Hamoud (DGAM 22 Mar 2018): In a new barbaric targeting of Syrian archaeological and religious sites, the Turkish regime planes bombed the archaeological site of Brad,. The bombing destroyed many important archaeological buildings, The tomb of St. Maron, the patron saint of the Maronite sect, and the Julianus Church, which includes the mausoleum and is one of the oldest Christian churches in the world (built at the end of the fourth century). براد براد Batuta church DGAM reported Sept 2014 ancient blocks broken up to provide building material, Sep (See also photo 5 show stone robbing from church.) باتوتا باتوتا

18 page 18 Binnish Binnish YouTube clip of shelling of town, 28 Jan Sheikh Ibrahim Mosque said to have been damaged in clashes Sep Corner of domed tomb chamber hit by shelling APSA (photo 1). بنش بنش Bnabel or Banabel funerary column Video clip posted on Archaeology showed funerary column toppled by explosion 23 April ASOR Apr 2018 attributed to looting operation by Hay at Tahrir Al Asham (HTS) 'The site and column were destroyed by looters in an effort to uncover would be treasure they assumed to be buried treasure underneath the site '. بنابل Bosra Damage to the upper structure of the minaret (DGAM Sep 2014) and part of the upper wall of the prayer hall near the dome (DGAM Mar 2015) al-dabbagha Madrasa بصرى جامع الدباغة Bosra Two shell holes east and south of the mosque on AAAS imagery (April 2014) al-khidr or Gumushtakin Mosque بصرى بصرى Bosra DGAM reported 'partial damage to the western wall' (Jun 2014). Basilica of Bahira بصرى بصرى Bosra 'Damage to the southern wall' (DGAM report Jun 2014). Photo evidence of damage from DGAM posted on Heritage for Peace website 2 Mar Bishop's Palace or 'Palace of Trajan' بصرى بصرى Bosra DGAM Jun 2014 reported 'damage to walls and fresco paintings'. Centralized Church or Cathedral (and Nabataean temple) بصرى بصرى

19 page 19 Bosra 'Severe damage' reported by DGAM (Jun 2014). Google Earth 2018 imagery indicated four columns still standing. Kalybe بصرى بصرى Bosra Unspecified 'partial damage' (June 2014 DGAM report). Mabrak Mosque (Gumushtakin Mosque) بصرى بصرى Bosra Significant damage to the upper structure on the right. Loss of side structure behind the front column, now precariously isolated; all of the entablature lies in ruins. Nymphaeum بصرى بصرى Bosra Roman Theatre and Citadel بصرى بصرى Heritageforpeace website reported Mar 2014 that the director of site protection had been shot in his office for refusing to cooperate with looters. BBC report (Jul 2014), Darke (Bosra theatre) has been occupied during the current fighting by army snipers and shabiha militia, its windows piled with sandbags, firing at rebel pockets in the Old Town of Bosra. Photos posted 30 Jun 2018 show artillery damage to theatre seating. APSA (25 Mar 2015) Fighting in old city area. Video clip of tour of theatre by group of rebels. Minor shell impact damage to outer citadel wall. APSA reported 22 Dec 2015 damage due to two barrel bomb said to have been dropped by regime forces. Bomb appears to have fallen into the Seljuk tower no. 1 and blast directed into the versura via the southwest doorway. Several of the columns and upper structure of tone of the versura have been severely damaged. ASOR report 71-2 (Feb 2016) APSA reports that the damage was caused by two barrel bombs dropped by SARG helicopters.82 The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights confirm the bombs were dropped by SARG. ASOR May 2018 posted photos of damage including from flooding. Collapse of curtain wall T4-5. Bosra site بصرى بصرى Town taken by rebels (mainly Jabat al-nusra) Mar UNESCO Sec-Gen Irina Bokova issued call for protection of the World Heritage Site. 26 Mar 2015 DGAM issued appeal to citizens to protect Bosra's monuments. 15 Aug 2016 DGAM reported 'was able to continue working again in the city, emergency intervention and cleaning works in cooperation with the local initiative were taken there. The DGAM is in direct supervision to the intervention done in the city.' Bosra ʿUmari Mosque DGAM photos of 7 Jun 2015 show extensive areas of fragmentary shell damage; damage to top of the minaret; masonry missing on a side wall; numerous holes in the fibreglass canopy over the courtyard, probably result of shelling. بصرى بصرى Buseira or Circesium Roman, Byzantine fortified position ال بصيرة DGAM report 2016: 174 subjected to clandestine excavations by armed looters residing in that area. Bulldozing activities were carried out on top of the hill by armed groups who erected sand berms and dug trenches around the hill. In addition, it suffered from unauthorized construction works within the hill and its archaeological sanctuary, to the east along the Khabur river (e.g. building shops). 7 Nov 2917, Buseire retaken from IS by Syrian forces. ASOR report Nov 2017 reported illegal excavations (Jan May 2017) and noted 'all the modern structures save one had been destroyed or dismantled'.

20 page 20 Cherubim Monastery Church of Archangels Michael and Gabriel 20 Nov 2013 fighting around the monastery reported on APSA. Aparently an army tank exploded after attack by rebel forces. Monastery was occupied by the army on 18 Nov. DGAM 2016 report: 83 Monastery subjected to attacks more than once, and a lot of shells have hit it, causing damage to its buildings, windows and doors دير الشروبيم دير الشروبيم Church of St Simeon Stylites Church of St Simeon (Qala at Semaan) قلعة سمعان قلعة سمعان DGAM Annual Report 2013 cited misuse of the site by armed rebel group, bringing in heavy equipment and weaponry transforming it into 'an arena of combat and gun training'. Some damage to interior walls of the church and monastery and to the 'swept acanthus' capitals. Extensive digging. DGAM conflict report May 2015 illegal building and excavation, quarrying of stone. APSA 12 May 2016 reported 'raids by govt forces' (helicopters with SA5 rockets' (markito0171 on Twitter) Posted pictures of extensive damage to remains of the saint's column including column stub displaced, apparently as a result of a rocket. Crater and remains of a shell nose casing nearby. Extensive damage to southern and eastern structure around the monastery courtyard, also apparently from shelling. Archaeology clip shows loss of the right column and frame of the central passage of the narthex. DGAM 15 Aug 2016: 'The Antiquities team there (which is still paid a monthly salary by the DGAM) monitor the damage regularly and still reporting to the main directorate in Damascus despite that the area is still out of the government control.' Dabiq Tomb of Caliph Suleiman ibn ʿAbd al- Malik, shrine of Abd Allah ibn Mesaf al-qureshi Tomb of Caliph Suleimanibn Abd al-malik destroyed by ISIS 1 Aug Taken by ISIS Aug In IS propaganda, constant references made to goading of 'Crusader' forces to meet in combat at Dabiq and face their destruction. 16 Oct 2016 fell to rebel forces (Hamza Brigade) opposed to IS and assisted by Turkish forces,. دابق دابق Damascus Ayyubid Palace DGAM Annual Report 2013 noted damage to the Throne Hall from mortar fire. Mortar shell also damaged the inner face of the entrance tower on the east side. Consequent damage to windows in the throne hall and gallery area. DGAM Jul 2018 photos showed no sign of damage. دمشق دمشق Damascus Jobar Synagogue (Eliyahu Hanavi Synagogue) دمشق Google Earth (2018) indicates whole area flattened. Not clear if damage reached the cave below the synagogue said to have sheltered Elijah. WSJ 12 Jan 2014 Extensive damage or destruction of most of the above-ground structure in prolonged conflict SANA 28 May 2017 Mahmoud Hamoud: some of the least valuable items from the synagogue were uncovered by the Syrian Arab Army as they were stashed away by terrorists, and now they are safe in the warehouses of the National Museums. Times of Israel 13 Mar 2018: The synagogue was said to have been mostly destroyed in mortar attacks during a May 2014 battle between troops loyal to Syrian President Bashar Assad and rebel troops. The synagogue reportedly was looted following the battle. Damascus Jobar, Great Mosque APSA reported serious damage to the mosque due to shell impact on south wall (Jan 2015). Later satellite imagery indicated the whole area had been blasted. دمشق جامع جوبر الكبير ا 7 ثري Damascus Mortar shell exploded in first floor room above the entrance. Madrasa al-ʿadiliye al-sughra (Madrasa Asruniye) دمشق Damascus Jan 2014 DGAM reported on website that the museum had been hit by a shell and suffered minor damage (broken windows) and cracking around the southeast corner.

21 page 21 Madrasa Jaqmaqiye (Museum of Epigraphy) دمشق دمشق Damascus Complex hit by artillery fire in 2013 (APSA posting). Mosque al-qadem or Maqam al- Assale (& Qubbat al-nasr) دمشق دم قصف مقام العسالي العسالي Damascus One metre wide hole blown in the western wall in area already repaired with later masonry. West Walls of Citadel دمشق دمشق قلعة دمشق Damascus (Douma) Reported damage to the building in Douma retaken by Syrian govt forces, Apr Shabada Mosque دمشق دمشق Dayhis (Dehes) DGAM (Mar 2016) posted photo survey of the site showing 'minor damage'. Dayhis (Dehes) داحس داحس Deir Aman APSA report June 2014, appears to be minor looting. churches دير عمان دير عمان Deir al-zor Minaret badly damaged in bombardment Apr al-hemydi Mosque دير الزور دير الزور الجامع الحميدي Deir al-zor French Mandate Suspension Bridge DGAM inter-active severe damage. Wikipedia (Jul 2918) It was destroyed in the autumn of 2014, being blown up as a result of the battle between the Islamic State of Iraq and Shamand the Syrian Army

22 page 22 دير الزور Deir al-zor Jan 2015, tomb destroyed by explosion attributed to ISIS. Tekkiye al-rawi (near Deir al-zor) دير الزور دير الزور : تقرير جامع تكية الراوي Deir Qanshara DGAM Annual Report 2013 cites 'extensive violations' due to the remote location. Illegal digging. monastery Deir Semaan ASOR Report Nov 2017 illegal construction of a building immediately west of the monumental gateway leading up to the Church of St Simeon. Deir Semaan دير سمعان دير سمعان Deir Sinbol or Sunbul Deir Sinbol or Sunbul Village shelled in June Collapse of northern rooms of a Byzantine villa reported in APSA 11 Oct 2017, video posted showing collapse of the remaining south wall of the villa as a result of automatic wepons fire by a Syrian rebel (HAT?). دير سنبل Dera a or Deraa, site Great Mosque DGAM report 2016: 91 attacked repeatedly in clashes and was also subjected to clandestine excavations targeting its haram sanctuary. Its minaret was blasted as well. APSA Jun 2017 Pictures of fire in the #Daraa_al_Balad area, as a result of the bombing of the regime forces helicopters that dropped barrel bombs containing Napalm, and the shelling to ignite the northern parts of the Al-Omari mosque in the city of #Daraa. Appears confirmed in ASOR Report Jul 2017, see images Jul 2018 Syrian and Russian forces plant Syrian flag near Great Mosque. Dumeir APSA Facebook posting (31 Mar 2014) shows shell damage to the southwest corner of the temple (photo 3). More photos posted 19 May Roman Temple الضمير Dura Europos (Tell al-salihiye) site الصالحية تل DGAM website (Feb 2014) Dura Europos site is suffering from destruction as information shows that more than 300 people are digging all over the site using electronic devices to the extent that hardly any single spot of the site does survive... Besides, those people sell the archaeological finds discovered to dealers of antiquities within the site. According to the report, thieves of antiquities have found frescos, pottery, stone statues, silver and bronze coins and gold items (bracelets, rings). In addition, digs within the main part of the archaeological site of Dura Europos (the cemeteries area) have caused damage to the ground and tower tombs, which left them utterly featureless. AAAS (17 Dec 2014) Based on the imagery analysis, 76% of the area within the city wall had been damaged by April 2014, and the looting pits were so close together it was impossible to distinguish individual pits, the researchers report. Looting pits outside the city wall were less dense but still numerous; approximately 3,750 individual pits were observed. DGAM 2016 report: 172 noted over 1000 pits excavated.