, Historical Perspective on the Cryptography Technology: Its Primordial Form in Classical Sanskrit Literature

Transcription

1 : Historical Perspective on the Cryptography Technology: Its Primordial Form in Classical Sanskrit Literature Tooru Aiba Shinji Yamane Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University Faculty of Software and Information Science, Iwate Prefectural University Abstract The status of cryptography is often offered as the national security issue. Such viewpoint fails to explain the status and history of non-governmental or personal use of cryptography. Today all Internet users in all countries can access to uniform strong cryptographic technology. It is neither the first time nor the last time. This situation is similar as the cryptography technology in pre-modern. Reading the description of Kāmasūtra and its commentaries, we examine the original form of non-governmental secret writing and the similarities to the 21st century. We also reports the resent studies on the history of cryptography by Sanskrit researchers. Keywords history of cryptography, Sanskrit, Kāmasūtra, substitution cipher

2 1 2 KS Kahn KS 21 [12] Kahn : [11] 2.1 KS (Kāmasūtra; KS) KS Kahn[4] (Vātsyāyana) 4 Kahn [2] 300 KS KS Kahn KS Renou [7] (Yaśodhara) (Jayamaṅgalā) 1 13 Kahn KS 1000 Kahn KS Kahn KS KS ( ) 2.2 Kahn KS KS (yoga) 1 46 mlecchita-vikalpā (

3 a kha gha ca ña na ya ra la ka ga ṅa ṭa ṇa ma śa ṣa sa 3.1 mlecchita 1: mūladevīya mlecchita-vikalpā mlecchita [3] mlecch [2] ) mlecch wälschen, eine 2 Kahn secret writing unverständliche oder fremde Sprache sprachen [1], to speak indistinctly (like a foreigner mlecchita-vikalpā or barbarian who does not speak Sanskrit) Kahn [6] ( ) mlecchita-vikalpā kauṭilīya mūladevīya na brāhmaṇo mlecchet ( mūladevīya 1 mlecch ) [1] 3 ( ) mūladevīya gūḍhalekhya mlecch mleccha Kahn a foreigner, barbarian mlecch ein Mann, der Hang zum Bösen hat [1], a wicked or bad man, sinner [6] 3 KS mlecchitavikalpā Kahn mlecch KS mlecchitavikalpā mlecchita-vikalā 2 Kahn 45 KS Kahn Burton Burton [8] KS [8] KS KS mlecch durvācakayoga, pustakavācana 30 [8, pp.32 33] KS mlecch 3 Kahn ta pa [8]

4 3.2 (yoga) KS 64 KS mlecchitavikalpā mlecchita mlecchita-vikalpā 45 4 [2, p.318] Kathāsaritsāgara mlecchita 5 (akṣara-vyatyāsa) [8, p.34] Kahn mlecchita-vikalpā a-kau kha-gau gha-ṅau ca-eva ca-ṭau ña-ṇau na-mau / ya-śau mlecchita ra-ṣau la-sau ca-iti mūladevīyamucyate 6 [8, p. 35] 1 (akṣara-muṣṭikā-kathana) sābhāsā nirābhāsā 2 Kahn KS mlecchitavikalpā 4 KS mlecchitavikalpā mlecchita Kahn 47 (deśabhāṣā-vijñāna) 4 mūdhasabāsuśakanidhakaāvyāḥ mūdha-sa-bā-su-śa-ka-ni-dha-ka-ā-vya mūrti-dhana-sahaja-bāndhava-suta-śatrukalatra-nidhana-dharma-karma-āya-vyayā 2 [8] 6 ( ) a ka kha ga gha ṅa... la sa 5 [ ] mūladevīya

5 ( ) (saubhāgya) (KS ) k kh g gh ṅ c ch j jh ñ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ t th d dh n p ph b bh m y ś r ṣ l s v h ] [ ] 2: (lakṣyabhūtā) (KS ) 33 7 KS 64 a KS ( ) Ratirahasya, Anaṅgaraṅga 64 ( ) 34! (64 ) (KS ) [ mlecchita-vikalpā mlecchitavikalpā Kahn KS 64 (yoga) 64 (yoga) 7 ḥ (visarga) ṃ (anusvāra) 35 KS

6 64 20 ( ) [1] O. Böhtlingk and R. Roth. Sanskrit-Wörterbuch. St. Petersburg, (Reprint in Tokyo, 1976). [2].., [3]. ( )., [4] David Kahn. The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing. Scribner, Revised edition (1996), Originally appeared in [5] Mathias Metzger. Re: codes. via Indology-ML <INDOLOGY@listserv.liv.ac.uk>, Dec. 21, Message-ID: <b4.efb80c b93@aol.com>. [6] Sir Monier Monier-Williams. Sanskrit-Engilish Dictionary. Oxford, new edition, [7] Louis Renou. Litérature Sanskrite, Vol. 5 of Glossaires de l Hindouisme. Paris, [8] G. D. Shastri. Kāmasūtra by SrīVātsyāyana Muni, with the commentary Jayamangala of Yashodhar. No. 29 in Kāshi Sanskrit Series. Benares, [9] Allen W Thrasher. Re: codes. via Indology-ML <INDOLOGY@listserv.liv.ac.uk>, Dec. 6 20, Message-ID: <sa40d @loc.gov>. [10] D. Wujastyk. INDOLOGY Internet Resources for Indological Scholarship. WWW. (since Nov. 12, 1999) URL: < Thrasher[9] /indology.html>. [11],,. :., Vol. 100, pp (ISEC ), INDOLOGY Website [10] [12]. 21. URL: Metzger[5] japanese/group/internet/ninshou/ (June 1999).