Overview and Background on 1 st and 2 nd Corinthians

Transcription

1 Overview and Background on 1 st and 2 nd Corinthians We possess more detailed information about the actual conditions within the church at Corinth than about any other church in the New Testament. The picture given us of this church shows that even apostolic churches were not perfect churches. Our picture of the Corinthian church is drawn, not by an enemy of the church but by the founder of that church himself, as contained in his two epistles to that church which have been preserved for us. The letters also contain a distressing revelation of the interior life an apostolic church. It forever dissipates the dream that churches founded and nurtured by the apostles were in an exceptional condition of holiness of life or purity of doctrine. Out of the sins and shortcomings of the Corinthian church our sovereign God has seen fit to give us one of the priceless treasures of the New Testament. 1 1 Corinthians Author. There is no doubt about who wrote 1 Corinthians, for all scholars agree that the apostle Paul wrote it on his third missionary journey while he was living in Ephesus. By this time Paul was a mature, middle-aged (perhaps 55 years old) missionary, fully seasoned from planting churches around a quarter of the Mediterranean world. The Pauline authorship of 1 Corinthians is almost universally accepted. Not even the most ardent opponents of church tradition question the Pauline authenticity of 1 Corinthians. Pauline authorship of both epistles has strong support from church history and so few opponents from among modern critics that New Testament introductions scarcely mention the issue of authorship. 2 Date and Origin. Paul worked in Corinth from about AD 50 to 52. After a brief stay in Jerusalem, he returned to his missionary work, this time at Ephesus (Acts 19), where he ministered for three years (AD 53 55/56). During this period he wrote at least three letters to Corinth and made a visit as well. His first letter, often called the previous letter, is referred to in 1 Corinthians 5:9 11. We know from this reference that the letter was misunderstood, but we know little of its content, for it has been lost. Sometime in AD 55, after hearing reports from Chloe s household (1 Cor 1:11), who were probably members of Chloe s house church, he dictated a second letter to Corinth, our 1 Corinthians 1 4. Before this was dispatched, Paul received a letter from Corinth. The messenger probably supplied the news to which Paul responds in 1 Corinthians 5 6, but 1 Corinthians 7 15 is a direct response to questions in the letter (see 7:1), with chapter 16 the closing. The completed 1 Corinthians was probably sent off in the hands of Stephanus, Fortunatus, and Achaicus (16:17). Paul would later write a third letter to Corinth, called the letter of tears (2 Cor 2:3, 4) and then finally 2 Corinthians. Background. Corinth was a seaport city, destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC and rebuilt in 46 BC by Julius Caesar. After 27 BC it was the Roman capital of Achaia, where the proconsul had his residence (Acts 18:12). The city itself was really three cities: the port of Cenchrea, about eight 1 Hiebert, D. Edmond, An Introduction to the New Testament. Vol. 2:102, 116. Chicago: Moody Press, Hanna, Kenneth G., From Gospels to Glory: Exploring the New Testament.p.184.Bloomington, IN: WestBow Press, 2015.

2 miles to the east, where ships from the Aegean would unload; the port of Lechaeum, about a mile to the west on the Gulf of Corinth, where the ships would be reloaded, their goods having been transported in wagons over the isthmus and the ships on rollers; and the city itself on the high ground in between. The acropolis of the city on top of the steep, high Acrocorinth, contained the temple of Aphrodite, where 1,000 female slaves were dedicated to the service of this goddess of love. Down in the city was the synagogue (Acts 18:4); for while the city as a Roman colony was largely populated by Italians, it had attracted other peoples from the Mediterranean, among whom were the Jews. Roman officials and free men constituted the dominant minority. The population is estimated to have been at least 300,000 and perhaps as many as 600,000. Part of what made the city prosperous was the fact that two-thirds of its inhabitants were slaves. Wealth and poverty existed side by side. A sizable community of Jews was drawn to the city by its business opportunities and contributed to a diverse population that made Corinth a cosmopolitan city. Culture. Corinth was a multicultural city. Wealth enabled both a transient population and its leading citizens to put their mark on city life. Vice and violence abounded. Extremes of wealth and poverty, freedom and slavery made for a turbulent social life. Shaw describes Corinth thus: At night its streets were hideous with the brawls and lewd songs of drunken revelry. In the daytime its markets and squares swarmed with Jewish peddlers, foreign traders, sailors, soldiers, athletes in training, boxers, wrestlers, charioteers, racing-men, courtesans, slaves, idlers and parasites of every description-a veritable pandemonium! (The Pauline Epistles, 130). Magnificent architecture and gardens graced the city. Corinth was a pseudo-intellectual city. Money could not buy the sophistication of its rival Athens. Unwilling to admit its poverty in that field, Corinth prided itself on its knowledge, literature, and art, yet with the majority this interest was quite shallow and superficial (Hiebert, An Introduction to the New Testament, 2:105). Wealth and abundant leisure time made Corinth the center of athletics and entertainment. The Isthmian Games were held every two years and were second only to the Olympic Games as national festivals. Morals and religion. The city was notoriously corrupt. The word Corinth defined depravity in the Roman Empire. To Corinthianize meant to engage in drunkenness and debauchery. Greek plays portrayed Corinthians as drunkards. Alcohol abuse and sexual perversion were widespread. Prostitution was actively promoted in both the old and the new city. The original Greek city located on the peak of the Acro-Corinth had a temple to the goddess of love, Aphrodite. A thousand female prostitutes were available for the free use of worshipers visiting the temple. A new temple was built in the city to honor the goddess Venus. Though less depraved than the original, it did little to change the city s reputation. Idolatry flourished. Temples were built to Apollo, Poseidon, Hermes and even a Pantheon or temple for All the Gods. Foreign cults with their gods and goddesses were made to feel at home. Money was freely spent in Corinth for sinful pleasures by those who had come for a moral holiday. The flourishing of both eastern and western religions in Corinth furthered rather than hindered its moral corruption (Hiebert, An Introduction to the New Testament, 2:106). Corinth represented the worst of paganism, but it was there that the Holy Spirit used Paul to plant a church. The dark background of degeneration helps us appreciate the dramatic change that had occurred in the lives of believers at Corinth. It also helps explain the many deficiencies and

3 serious problems Paul had to address in his letters. The monotheism and narrow legalism of the Jews stood in stark contrast to the pagan majority. Paul began his ministry in the synagogue and this Jewish element falsely charged Paul with treason against Caesar. The animosity of the pagan population against the Jews was evident when they turned on the Jews and beat Sosthenes, leader of the synagogue. The strongest indication of the depravity of Corinth lies in the fact that it was here that Paul wrote his letter to the Romans during his third missionary journey. The moral depravity and cultural bankruptcy of Corinth can be seen the Paul s description of the natural man in Romans chapter 1. 3 Purpose and Theological Teaching. The main concern of Paul in 1 Corinthians is the unity of the church. There was a self-centeredness in Corinth which resulted in building cliques within the church, in flaunting knowledge and liberty in the face of others scandalized by it, and in selfish displays in the services. Two other major concerns also surface in the book. First, along with other pagan practices the lax sexual ethics of Corinth had influenced the church; Paul needed to erect some barriers. Second, there was a problem in accepting the resurrection of the body; Paul realizes that this issue has implications for the core of the faith and vigorously affirms the resurrection. Both of these latter two areas, as well as aspects of the unity issue (particularly their concern with knowledge), have been identified by some scholars as gnostic motifs, leading to the conclusion that Paul was opposing a gnostic party in Corinth. Careful examination reveals, however, that while some of the elements floating in the Corinthian milieu would later contribute to the development of Gnosticism, it would be anachronistic to call them gnostic. Gnosticism itself was a 2nd-century movement, developing out of a combination of Christianity with Hellenistic and Eastern pagan elements. While recognizing protognostic ideas in the Corinthian situation, it is important to keep interpretation within the 1st-century context. Thus the focus of Paul s concern is the church, its unity and purity. Paul is fighting to keep this church from disintegrating into a number of competing and bickering factions divided over moral and doctrinal issues. Furthermore, he wants to keep the focus of the church on Jesus, the exalted Lord. 4 Distinctives. Among the epistles of the New Testament, only Romans exceeds 1 Corinthians in length. Paul discusses an exceptional range of subjects in this letter. The work of the Holy Spirit in relation to the church, love, spiritual gifts, death, and resurrection, all receive substantial attention along with the many and varied problems that plagued the church at Corinth. This is the most business-like of all Paul s epistles. He has a number of subjects with which he intends to deal and he sets about them in a most orderly manner. 5 The cross of Jesus 3 Hanna, Kenneth G.., From Gospels to Glory: Exploring the New Testament.p.186.Bloomington, IN: WestBow Press, Davids, P. H. (1988). Corinthians, First Letter to The. In Baker encyclopedia of the Bible (Vol. 1, pp ). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. 5 Guthrie, D. (1996). New Testament Introduction (4th rev. ed., p. 440). Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press.

4 Christ is applied to every problem of life. It is the focal point of Paul s preaching, the dividing line between human and divine wisdom, and the grounds of our sanctification. 2 nd Corinthians In 2 Corinthians (written from Macedonia, possibly ca. 56) Paul no longer touches on the points at issue in his first letter. Instead he faces other, more dangerous problems: heretics had penetrated his church and attempted to put the Corinthians into a Jewish straightjacket. Consequently, the Corinthians began to question Paul s apostolicity, particularly one man who had become Paul s great opponent (2 Cor. 2:5 8). The apostle was kept abreast of these developments, however; perhaps he had paid them a short, painful visit (implied at 2:1 2), after which he had to leave deeply hurt and seemingly with no positive result. Sometime afterward he sent a severe letter (vv. 3 4) to Corinth, his third Corinthian letter, apparently delivered by Titus. When Titus tarried in his return, Paul traveled to Troas and, unable to find him there, then to Macedonia (vv ), where he gladly heard that many of the disturbances had cleared up. This was the setting for Paul s fourth letter, 2 Corinthians. 6 Comparison of 1 and 2 Corinthians. Marked differences between 1 and 2 Corinthians are evident. The tone of 2 Corinthians is sharper and more biting. The businesslike style of 1 Corinthians give way to abrupt, almost disjointed changes of subject in 2 Corinthians. Divisions were a serious problem in 1 Corinthians but the personalities were all from within the church. In 2 Corinthians the attack is from outside in the form of Judaizers. The Judaizers that prompted the strong outburst of Paul in 2 Corinthians are absent in 1 Corinthians. Hiebert concludes, It is of value and lasting interest to compare the two epistles to the Corinthian church. There are closely related to each other, yet they are very different from each other (An Introduction to the New Testament, 2:150-52). The marked difference in style between the two epistles is explainable on the basis of the different situations that occasioned the letters. The remorseful attitude of the majority in the church at Corinth prompted Paul s message of comfort in 2 Corinthians 1-7. At the same time the intrusion of false apostles with their distorted gospel prompted Paul s scathing denunciation in chapters The problems that occasioned 1 Corinthians fell between these two extremes. They called for repentance that was not yet evident, but they did not call for the scathing denunciation that became necessary in the second. Letter. Scroggie provides and excellent comparison of these two letters by Paul: The First gives insight into the character and condition of the early Churches; the Second, into the life and character of the Apostle Paul. The First is objective and practical; the Second is subjective and personal. The First is systematic; the Second is not. The First is deliberate; the Second is impassioned. The First warns against Pagan 6 Myers, A. C. (1987). In The Eerdmans Bible dictionary (pp ). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

5 influences; the Second, against Judaic influences. The two together are valuable beyond all estimate for and understanding of the problems of first century Christians, and for an appreciation of the greatest missionary of the Christian era: (Know Your Bible, 2:142-43). 7 Distinctive Features of 2 Corinthians: Language and Style. This epistle is the most personal of all Paul s letters, indeed of the entire New Testament. The personal element in it is one of its outstanding features, and is one of its chief values (Scroggie, Know Your Bible, 2:140). Second Corinthians is the least systematic of all Paul s letters. It stands in sharp contrast to the first letter, which, along with Romans, is the most systematic. Frequent and abrupt changes in both subject matter and tone are seen in 2 Corinthians. Since emotions are not concerned with logical order, it is not surprising that this has been termed the least systematic of all Paul s writings (Hiebert, An Introduction to the New Testament, 2:149). This letter, particularly chapters 10-13, is the most intense, revealing, and emotional of all Paul s writings. Second Corinthians was written during a time of intense emotional stress. Behind the writing of this letter was the darkest hour in Paul s life. Evidence of this is seen in such passages as 7:5; 4:7-5:4; 6:4-10, in addition to the passages already referred to. (2 Cor. 1:8-10; 2:3-17) (Scroggie, Know Your Bible, 2:140). Variety of subject matter, combined with intensity, resulted in an epistle rich in unique words. There are 171 Greek words that do not occur in Paul s other epistles. There are also 91 Greek words that do not occur anywhere else in the New Testament (Scroggie, Know Your Bible, 2:144-45). Autobiographical element. This letter contains many details about the life and work of Paul that are not revealed anywhere else. Among the examples are his experience of being caught up into paradise (12:1-4), his thorn in the flesh (12:7-9), and the expensive listing of his physical sufferings (11:23-28). Though Paul emphasizes his weakness, he endured hardships like and iron man. The depth of Paul s self-disclosure reveals the human side of this spiritual giant. Second Corinthians is the most autobiographical of all Paul s epistles. In it he bears his heart and life as in none of his other writings. This prominent personal element in 2 Corinthians makes it especially valuable for an understanding of the character of the Apostle. Yet its very wealth of personal references creates difficulty for the interpreter (Hiebert, An Introduction to the New Testament, 2:135). Purposes for the Writing of 2 Corinthians: To console and encourage the majority. This is the first subject Paul deals with in the letter and the one to which he devotes the most space (chap. 1-7). Paul was clearly distraught over his relationship with the church and anxious to assure them that he accepted their repentance without hesitation or qualification (7:2-16). The word comfort, or a variation of it, occurs thirteen times, and all in the first seven chapters. The words confident and confidence each occur five times. Uppermost in Paul s mind was the restoration of a harmonious 7 Hanna, Kenneth G.., From Gospels to Glory: Exploring the New Testament.p.208.Bloomington, IN: WestBow Press, 2015.

6 relationship with the church as represented by the majority. The first and largest section is intended to comfort the majority (1:3-7:16). Paul accomplishes this by gentle appeals (1:12-14; 3:1-3; 6:1-2; 7:2-4). Comfort is also administered through patient instruction (1:15-2:11). Paul appropriately defines his ministry as one of reconciliation (5:18). Thus his ministry is one that brigs comfort. Paul speaks at length about his ministry in this opening section. However, he is not defending his ministry with arguments. Rather, he is defining his ministry by explaining it. These chapters are rich in detail on the glory and eternal importance of the gospel ministry (2:14-5:21). To restore the disciplined brother. The majority had taken action on Paul s request for church discipline. Now it was necessary for him to urge that the church accept the offender s repentance and extend forgiveness and comfort lest it give Satan an occasion to launch an attack (2:5-11). To complete the collection for the saints. Titus is being sent by Paul to arrange for the gift the Corinthians had promised to send to the church in Jerusalem (chaps. 8-9). This offering was important for at least three reasons. One, the saints in Jerusalem were in need because of persecution and natural disasters (1 Corinthians 16:1-4; 2 Corinthians 8:13-15; 9:12). Two, it was important for the Corinthian church to fulfill a commitment they themselves had made (2 Corinthians 8:10-12). Three, it encouraged other believers and confirmed Paul s boasting regarding the generosity of the Corinthians (8:22-9:5). The second section deals with this practical matter of the collection to be taken for the church in Jerusalem (Chaps. 8-9). The Corinthians had eagerly promised to give, and now Paul exhorts them to finish what they have begun. As the first seven chapters provide a valuable description of the gospel ministry, so chapters 8 and 9 provide the fullest and best discussion of Christian stewardship to be found anywhere in the New Testament. To vindicate Paul s apostleship. The concluding chapters of this letter were clearly written to vindicate Paul s apostolic authority (chaps ). Whether those and you are the minority who opposed Paul, or the false teachers themselves, they are clearly a motivation factor for this letter (13:2-10). The intensity and severity of these chapters make it difficult for some to accept them as part of the same letter or written at the same time. However, the presence of false teachers and the perversion of the gospel of Christ are sufficient warrant for Paul to write in this fashion, even if these critics represented only a minority in the church (Hiebert, An Introduction to the New Testament, 2:147-48). To prepare for Paul s third visit. The fact that Paul deals with this matter briefly and in the concluding chapter (13:1-10) does not diminish its importance. Tasker claim, The dominating purpose of 2 Corinthians is to prepare the readers for Paul s third visit (The Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, 22). Paul had already canceled an earlier visit because of condition in the church (1:15-17). He wanted to make certain that this visit would be a positive experience, not a negative one for him and for the church (13:10). 8 8 Hanna, Kenneth G.., From Gospels to Glory: Exploring the New Testament.p Bloomington, IN: WestBow Press, 2015.

7 1 Corinthians SECTION OUTLINE ONE (1 CORINTHIANS 1) Paul begins his first letter to the Corinthian church by giving thanks to God for the many gifts this church has received from the Lord. He then addresses two problems facing the Corinthian church. I. THE PERSONAL GREETINGS FROM PAUL (1:1 3) A. The recipients (1:1 2) 1. Paul writes to the Corinthian believers (1:1 2a). 2. Paul writes to all believers (1:2b). B. The blessing (1:3): Paul wishes them grace and peace. II. THE PRAYER OF PAUL (1:4 9) A. Paul thanks God for the gifts God has given the Corinthian believers (1:4 7): They received all the spiritual gifts. B. Paul thanks God for the guarantee God gave the Corinthian believers (1:8 9): This guarantee refers to their eternal security. III. THE PROBLEMS ADDRESSED BY PAUL (1:10 31): Paul discusses two of the numerous problems confronting the Corinthian church. A. They are elevating human leaders (1:10 17). 1. The individuals (1:10 12): Some are fans of Paul; some, of Apollos; and others, of Simon Peter. 2. The issue (1:14 16): Apparently the argument consists mainly of who baptized them. 3. The insanity (1:13, 17): Paul rebukes them, hitting his own fan club the hardest. a. Was I, Paul, crucified for you? (1:13a). b. Were any of you baptized in the name of Paul? (1:13b). c. Christ didn t send me to baptize, but to preach the Good News (1:17). B. They are exalting human wisdom (1:18 31): Paul contrasts and compares the egocentric wisdom of people with the eternal wisdom of God. 1. The response to God s wisdom (1:18, 22 23) a. In regard to unbelieving Jews and Gentiles (1:18, 22 23) (1) To the Jews who demand supernatural signs, it becomes a stumbling block (1:18a, 22a, 23a). (2) To the Gentiles who depend upon vain philosophy, it becomes foolishness (1:18b, 22b, 23b). b. In regard to believing Jews and Gentiles (1:18c, 24 25): It represents both the power and wisdom of God. 2. The results of God s wisdom (1:19 21) a. It is used to destroy worldly wisdom (1:19 20). b. It is used to deliver repenting sinners (1:21). 3. The reason for God s wisdom (1:26 31): Why did God choose the Cross to save people?

8 a. Paul s overview (1:27 31): God delights in using foolish, weak, lowly, and despised things to nullify the wise, strong, exalted, and respected things. b. Paul s observation (1:26): He tactfully reminds the arrogant Corinthians of their own lack of worldly influence and academic wisdom! SECTION OUTLINE TWO (1 CORINTHIANS 2) Paul reflects on his founding of the church in Corinth and reminds the Corinthian believers of several facts in regard to the Cross. I. THE MESSAGE OF THE CROSS IS NOT OF THIS WORLD (2:1 6). A. The apostle s resolve (2:1 4) 1. What he determines not to do (2:1): He will not depend on eloquence or education in his preaching. 2. What he determines to do (2:2 4): He will depend completely on the power of the Holy Spirit. B. The apostle s reason (2:5 6): He will do this so their faith will rest on God s Word and not on his wisdom. II. THE MESSAGE OF THE CROSS WAS ORDAINED BEFORE THIS WORLD (2:7 8). A. Handcrafted for the saved (2:7): This involves God s wise plan to bring believers into the glories of heaven. B. Hidden from the unsaved (2:8): Had they known the truth, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory. III. THE MESSAGE OF THE CROSS WAS RESERVED FOR THE HEIRS OF THIS WORLD (2:9 16). A. Concealed from the human spirit (2:9): No mortal can ever see, hear, or even imagine what wonderful things God has prepared for those who love him. B. Revealed by the Holy Spirit (2:10 16) 1. What he does (2:10 12): He reveals to us God s deepest secrets. 2. How he does it (2:13 16): This is accomplished through the Scriptures. SECTION OUTLINE THREE (1 CORINTHIANS 3) Paul again reminds the Corinthians not to elevate teachers of the Word of God over the Word itself. I. THE BABY CHRISTIANS IN THE CORINTHIAN CHURCH (3:1 10): Paul addresses some squabbling believers in this assembly. A. Paul s criticism (3:1 2) 1. What he hopes to do (3:1): The apostle wants to give them the solid meat of the Word. 2. What he has to do (3:2): Because of their carnality and immaturity, he can only feed them milk. B. Paul s correction (3:3 10) 1. Their sinful view of Christian leaders (3:3 4): They are looking to men (like Paul and Apollos) instead of to Christ.

9 2. His scriptural view of Christian leaders (3:5 10) a. What the leaders do (3:5a, 6a, 7a, 8 10): They can only sow and water the spiritual seed. b. What the Lord does (3:5b, 6b, 7b): God alone can cause the crop to grow. II. THE BEMA JUDGMENT AND THE CORINTHIAN CHURCH (3:11 23) A. The works (3:11 15): Paul says all believers will someday stand before an elevated platform (called a bema ) to be tested in regard to their service for Christ. 1. The objects in this test (3:11 13): Our works here are classified as gold, silver, jewels, wood, hay, and straw. 2. The outcome of this test (3:14 15) a. The owner of the gold, silver, and jeweled works will receive a reward (3:14). b. The owner of the wood, hay, and straw works will receive no reward (3:15). B. The warning (3:16 23) 1. Don t defile your temple (3:16 17): God regards our bodies as temples. 2. Don t deceive yourselves (3:18 21): Paul warns not to depend on earthly wisdom or human leaders but on God himself. 3. You belong to Christ as Christ belongs to God (3:22 23). SECTION OUTLINE FOUR (1 CORINTHIANS 4) Paul writes about the office and duties of a steward. A steward is a trusted servant whom the master has appointed to conduct his business matters in his absence. I. THE CONTRASTS BETWEEN FAITHFUL AND FAITHLESS STEWARDS (4:1 13) A. The faithless steward (4:6 8, 10b, 10d 10e) 1. This person is filled with pride (4:6 7). 2. This person is presumptuous (4:8). 3. This person is wise in his own eyes (4:10b). 4. This person is physically strong (4:10d). 5. This person is well thought of by the world (4:10e). B. The faithful steward (4:1 5, 9 10a, 10c, 10f 13) 1. This person possesses a clear conscience (4:1 4). 2. This person does not judge others (4:5). 3. This person becomes a spectacle (4:9). 4. This person is written off as a fool (4:10a). 5. This person may be physically weak (4:10c). 6. This person is laughed at by the world (4:10f). 7. This person is often hungry, thirsty, and without warm clothes (4:11a). 8. This person is brutally treated and homeless (4:11b). 9. This person is acquainted with backbreaking labor (4:12a). 10. This person blesses his or her enemies (4:12b, 13a). 11. This person is looked upon as the world s garbage (4:13b). II. THE COUNSEL TO THE FAITHFUL AND FAITHLESS STEWARDS (4:14 21) A. Paul s appeal (4:14 16)

10 1. His reminder (4:14 15): The apostle reminds the Corinthian believers that he led them to Christ. 2. His request (4:16): Follow my example and do as I do. B. Paul s ambassador (4:17): He will soon be sending Timothy their way to assist them. C. Paul s appearance (4:18 21): The apostle plans to visit them personally in the near future. SECTION OUTLINE FIVE (1 CORINTHIANS 5) Paul writes about church discipline. I. THE NEED FOR DISCIPLINE (5:1): There is a terrible sin prevalent in the Corinthian church. A. The notoriousness of their sin (5:1a): It is something so evil that even the heathen won t permit it. B. The nature of their sin (5:1b): A member is living in immorality with his own mother (or possibly stepmother). II. THE REFUSAL TO DISCIPLINE (5:2): Due to pride and indifference, the church has not removed this man. III. THE COMMAND TO DISCIPLINE (5:3 5): Paul orders the church to call a special meeting to resolve this issue. A. The authority (5:3 4): He reminds them that the Savior has given authority to the local church. B. The action (5:5) 1. What the church is to do (5:5a): They must hand this guilty man over to Satan. 2. Why the church is to do it (5:5b): This will hopefully bring him to repentance so that his spirit might be saved. IV. THE REASONS FOR DISCIPLINE (5:5 8) A. To bring the offender back to God (This has already been seen 5:5.) B. To keep the offense from spreading in the church (5:6 7): Thus, the church is to: 1. Cut out the cancer (5:6 7a) 2. Continue in the Savior (5:7b) C. To keep the celebration of Christ, the Passover Lamb, pure and true (5:8) V. THE EXTENT OF DISCIPLINE (5:9 13) A. This discipline involves only church members (5:9 11). 1. The church has no right to judge godless outsiders (5:9 10). 2. The church has the responsibility to avoid godless outsiders (5:11). B. The discipline involves all church members (5:12 13).

11 SECTION OUTLINE SIX (1 CORINTHIANS 6) Paul deals with two sins plaguing the Corinthian church. I. LAWSUITS (6:1 11) A. The facts (6:1, 6): Some Christians in Corinth are taking fellow believers to court before pagan judges to settle petty matters. B. The folly (6:2 5, 7 11): Paul condemns this action on three accounts. 1. It is illogical (6:2 5): Inasmuch as believers will someday judge angels, can they not be expected to settle their differences down here with the help of other Christians? 2. It is illegal (6:7 8): Apparently they are using the court system to defraud each other. 3. It is inexcusable (6:9 11). a. God has forgiven them of so many horrible sins (6:11). b. Could they not forgive one another of a few lesser sins (6:9 10)? II. LASCIVIOUSNESS (6:12 20): Paul warns them to control their bodies in all areas. A. The realms (6:12 18) 1. In regard to food (6:12 13a): In a nutshell, don t let food master you. 2. In regard to sexual matters (6:13b 18): We are to flee from sexual immorality. B. The rationale (6:19 20): Our body is God s temple, paid for by the blood of Jesus. SECTION OUTLINE SEVEN (1 CORINTHIANS 7) Paul talks about marriage. I. MARRIAGE SOME GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS (7:1 2, 7 9, 17 24, 29 35) A. The argument (7:1 2, 7 9, 32 35): Is it better to be married than not to be married? 1. The advantages of marriage (7:2, 7, 9) a. It helps prevent immoral actions and attitudes (7:2, 9). b. It is God s will for many people to marry (7:7). 2. The advantages of remaining single (7:1, 8, 32 35): For the most part, a single person is free to devote all his or her attention to the work of the Lord, having no need to share time with a spouse or children. B. The answer (7:17 24, 29 31): Which course is the best? It depends totally on God s perfect plan for each believer. 1. God s will must govern any decisions concerning marriage (7:17). 2. Pleasing God is the supreme objective (7:18 19). 3. We are not our own but have been bought and paid for by Christ (7:20 24). 4. Even if married, Christ must occupy first place in our life (7:29 31). II. MARRIAGE SOME SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS: (7:3 6, 10 16, 25 28, 36 40): Paul now addresses four groups. A. Saved couples (7:3 6, 10 11) 1. Both are to submit their bodies to each other (7:3 4). 2. Both must agree if physical intimacy is set aside for a while to facilitate prayer and fasting (7:5 6). 3. Both must strive to stay together and not divorce (7:10 11).

12 B. Spiritually mixed couples (7:12 16) 1. The saved spouse should continue living with the unsaved spouse if possible (7:12 13). 2. This action may result in the salvation of the unsaved spouse (7:14). 3. The saved spouse should allow the unsaved spouse to depart if he or she insists on it (7:15 16). C. Virgins (7:25 28, 36 38): Paul advises the unmarried not to rush into marriage. D. A widow (7:39 40): She is free to marry another believer. SECTION OUTLINE EIGHT (1 CORINTHIANS 8) In the next three chapters, Paul deals with the subject of Christian liberty. Here Paul answers a question the Corinthian church asked him concerning food. I. THE CONFUSION (8:4a): Is it right for a Christian to eat meat that has been sacrificed to idols? II. THE CLARIFICATION (8:4b 6, 8) A. There are many idols, all of which represent gods who do not exist (8:4b 5). B. There is only one true God, the creator of all things and the giver of life (8:6). C. In light of the above, there is no connection between food and spirituality (8:8). III. THE CONCERN (8:7): Paul warns, however, that not all Christians fully realize this, and some are upset when other believers eat such meat. IV. THE CHALLENGE (8:1 3, 9 12) A. Don t become a stumbling block to other Christians (8:9 12). 1. To do so is to sin against your weaker brother (8:9 11). 2. To do so is to sin against your Savior (8:12). B. Do become a stepping-stone (8:1 3): Knowledge puffs up, but love builds up. V. THE CONCLUSION (8:13): Paul says, If what I eat is going to make another Christian sin, I will never eat meat again as long as I live for I don t want to make another Christian stumble. SECTION OUTLINE NINE (1 CORINTHIANS 9) Paul offers himself as a proper role model. I. CHRISTIAN LIBERTY PAUL S APPROACH (9:1 23): How the apostle views his liberty in Christ and his rights as a believer. A. The basis of his rights (9:1 3) 1. He is an apostle of Christ (9:1a). 2. He has seen Christ (9:1b). 3. He has led many to Christ (9:1c 3). B. The extent of his rights (9:4 12a, 13 14): Paul s rights include:

13 1. The right of hospitality (9:4): Paul has earned the right to be entertained by other believers. 2. The right to travel with his family (9:5 6) 3. The right to enjoy financial support (9:7 12a, 13 14) a. A soldier is paid for his services (9:7a). b. A vineyard owner eats from the grapes he harvests (9:7b). c. A shepherd drinks from the milk of his flock (9:7c). d. A farmer shares in the fruit of his crops (9:8 12a). e. A priest partakes from the animal sacrifices he offers (9:13 14). C. The use of his rights (9:12b, 15 18, 20 22): How Paul employs his rights. 1. What he does not do (9:12b, 15 18): Paul chooses not to use his rights but supplies his own needs. 2. What he does (9:19 22a): He becomes a servant to everyone. a. To the Jews he becomes like a Jew (9:19 20). b. To the Gentiles he becomes like a Gentile (9:21). c. To the weak he becomes weak (9:22a). 3. Why he does it (9:22b 23): He becomes all things to all people so that he might save some. II. CHRISTIAN LIBERTY (9:24 27): Paul makes an appeal. A. The apostle s challenge (9:24 26) 1. Run to win the race (9:24 25). 2. Fight to win the battle (9:26). B. The apostle s concern (9:27) 1. What he does (9:27a): He keeps his body in subjection by punishing it like an athlete would do. 2. Why he does it (9:27b): He does not want sin to creep in and disqualify him from the battle. SECTION OUTLINE TEN (1 CORINTHIANS 10) Paul writes concerning Israel s tragic failure in the past and provides both examples and exhortations. I. EXAMPLES (10:1 10): The factors that led to Israel s destruction. A. The advantages enjoyed by Israel (10:1 4) 1. They were led by the cloud of God s glory (10:1). 2. The waters of the Red Sea parted for them (10:2). 3. They were supernaturally provided with food and water (10:3 4a). 4. Christ himself accompanied them (10:4b). B. The apostasy committed by Israel (10:5 10) 1. They displeased God, and many were killed (10:5 6). 2. They were guilty of idolatry (10:7): They engaged in pagan revelry. 3. They were guilty of immorality (10:8): Twenty-three thousand of them died in one day. 4. They were guilty of impunity (10:9): They died of snakebites.

14 5. They were guilty of ingratitude (10:10): They grumbled, and God sent the angel of death. II. EXHORTATIONS (10:11 33): The factors that lead to our deliverance. A. The faithfulness of God (10:11 13): Paul speaks of God s faithfulness in the hour of temptation. 1. God has not promised to shield us from temptation (10:11 12). 2. God has promised to see us through temptation (10:13). B. The fellowship with God (10:14 22): Among all of Israel s sins, idolatry was apparently the most serious. Paul explains and contrasts divine fellowship with devilish fellowship. 1. Divine fellowship (10:14 18): This fellowship is especially seen through the Lord s Supper, which expresses the unity among the members and their participation in the blood and body of Christ. 2. Devilish fellowship (10:19 22): The same is true in pagan worship, where sacrifices are actually offered up to demons. C. Freedom in God (10:23 33): Paul addresses two issues. 1. What believers can do (10:23): They can partake, for this practice is permissible. 2. What believers should do (10:24 33): Since some weaker Christians might be offended by certain actions, mature believers should: a. Do what they do for the good of all (10:24 30, 32 33) b. Do what they do for the glory of God (10:31) SECTION OUTLINE ELEVEN (1 CORINTHIANS 11) Paul describes just how children of God should conduct themselves in the house of God. I. GUIDANCE CONCERNING CLOTHING (11:1 16): The desired proper appearance. A. The pattern (11:1 3) 1. The role model (11:1 2): Paul instructs believers to follow his examples just as he follows Christ s. 2. The relationships (11:3) a. The head of the woman is man (11:3b). b. The head of the man is the Savior (11:3a). c. The head of the Savior is the Father (11:3c). B. The parties (11:4 16) 1. Rules concerning the man (11:4, 7 9, 14) a. His head is to be uncovered (11:4, 7 9). (1) Demonstrating his relationship to his Savior (11:4, 7) (2) Demonstrating his relationship to his spouse (11:8 9) b. His hair is to be cut (11:14). 2. Rules concerning the woman (11:5 6, 10, 13, 15 16) a. Her head is to be covered (11:5, 10, 13). (1) Demonstrating her submission to her Savior (11:13) (2) Demonstrating her submission to her spouse (11:5)

15 (3) Demonstrating her submission to the angels (11:10) b. Her hair is not to be cut (11:6, 15 16): It should not be shorn or shaved. 3. Rules concerning both (11:11 12) a. The woman is not to be independent of the man (11:11). b. The man is not to be independent of the woman (11:12). II. GUIDANCE CONCERNING COMMUNION (11:17 34): The Corinthian believers are not observing the Lord s Table as they should. A. The perversion (11:17 22) 1. They separate into their own little groups (11:17 20). 2. They share with no one else (11:21 22). B. The pattern (11:23 25): Paul describes the original Lord s Supper as conducted by Jesus in the upper room. 1. What the Savior did (11:23, 25a) a. He held up the bread (11:23). b. He held up the cup (11:25a). 2. What the Savior said (11:24, 25b) a. Concerning the bread (11:24): This is my body, which is given for you. b. Concerning the cup (11:25b): This cup is the new covenant between God and you, sealed by the shedding of my blood. C. The purpose (11:26, 28): Any Lord s Table involves a threefold look. 1. It serves as a backward look to the cross (11:26a). 2. It serves as an inward look to the conscience (11:28). 3. It serves as a forward look to the crown (11:26b). D. The penalty (11:27, 29 30): Any believer who partakes in an unworthy manner is guilty and risks punishment. 1. To eat and drink God s judgment on oneself (11:27 29) 2. To be divinely judged with physical sickness (11:30a) 3. To be divinely judged with physical death (11:30b) E. The profit (11:31 34) 1. It can be used for judging ourselves (11:31 32). 2. It can be used for giving ourselves (11:33 34). SECTION OUTLINE TWELVE (1 CORINTHIANS 12) Paul discusses spiritual gifts. I. THE COMMAND TO KNOW THE GIFTS (12:1 3): This knowledge will help dispel any ignorance concerning the giver of the gifts. II. THE SOURCE OF THE GIFTS (12:4 6, 11): They are imparted by the Holy Spirit. III. THE EXTENT OF THE GIFTS (12:7, 29 30) A. Each believer is given at least one gift (12:7). B. No believer is given all the gifts (12:29 30).

16 IV. THE DIVERSITY OF THE GIFTS (12:8 10, 28) A. Wisdom (12:8a) B. Knowledge (12:8b) C. Faith (12:9a) D. Healing (12:9b, 28e) E. Miracles (12:10a, 28d) F. Prophecy (12:10b, 28b) G. Discernment (12:10c) H. Tongues (12:10d, 28h) I. Interpretation of Tongues (12:10e) J. Apostleship (12:28a) K. Teaching (12:28c) L. Helping (12:28f) M. Administration (12:28g) V. THE ANALOGY OF THE GIFTS (12:12 27): Paul compares the body of Christ and its many spiritually gifted members to the human body with its many physical members. A. Each member in both bodies performs a vital task (12:12 13, 18). B. No member in either body can be independent of the other members (12:14 17, 19 24). 1. The foot and the ear are not to show envy toward the hand and the eye (12:14 17). 2. The eye and the head are not to show pride toward the hands and the feet (12:21). C. Each member in both bodies is to rejoice and suffer with the other members (12:19 20, 22 27). VI. THE GREATEST OF THE GIFTS (12:31): Paul ends this chapter by promising to show the most excellent way, which he does in chapter 13. SECTION OUTLINE THIRTEEN (1 CORINTHIANS 13) This is the famous love chapter. I. THE IMPORTANCE OF LOVE (13:1 3) A. The gift of tongues is useless without it (13:1). B. The gift of prophecy is useless without it (13:2a). C. The gift of knowledge is useless without it (13:2b). D. The gift of faith is useless without it (13:2c). E. The gift of giving is useless without it (13:3). II. THE IMPECCABILITY OF LOVE (13:4 7) A. In relation to saints (13:4a): It is patient and kind, not jealous. B. In relation to self (13:4b 5a): It is not boastful, proud, or rude, and it never seeks its own way. C. In relation to sin (13:5b 6): It is not irritable, nor does it keep a record of wrongs; it is never glad about injustice or unrighteousness but rejoices with the truth.

17 D. In relation to situations (13:7): It never gives up, never loses faith, is always hopeful, and endures through every circumstance. III. THE INDESTRUCTIBILITY OF LOVE (13:8 12) A. Unlike the other gifts, love is permanent (13:8). 1. Prophecy will cease (13:8a). 2. Tongues will cease (13:8b). 3. Knowledge will cease (13:8c). B. Unlike other gifts, love is complete (13:9 12): Paul offers two illustrations. 1. The child/adult illustration (13:9 11) a. The gifts, if used without love, may be likened to the attitudes and actions of an immature child (13:9 11a). b. Love may be likened to the attitudes and actions of a mature adult (13:11b). 2. The mirror/face-to-face illustration (13:12) a. In the present, through the gifts, we see but a mirror-like reflection of God (13:12a). b. In the future, through love, we will see God face-to-face (13:12b). IV. THE INVINCIBILITY OF LOVE (13:13) A. Faith and hope are among God s greatest gifts (13:13a). B. Love is God s greatest gift (13:13b). SECTION OUTLINE FOURTEEN (1 CORINTHIANS 14) Paul contrasts and compares the gifts of tongues and prophecy. I. THE GIFT OF PROPHECY (14:1, 3, 4b 12, 18 19, 29 33) A. The admonition to seek this gift (14:1): Love should be the highest goal, but prophecy should be sought after as well. B. The advantages of this gift (14:3, 4b 6, 18 19) 1. It strengthens, encourages, and comforts believers (14:3). 2. It edifies the entire church (14:4b). 3. It is Paul s personal choice for the Corinthian church (14:5). 4. It is Paul s most effective way to help all the churches (14:6). 5. In fact, he feels this gift is 2,000 times more effective than the gift of tongues (14:18 19). C. The analogies concerning this gift (14:7 12): Paul offers three analogies, each proving the superiority of prophecy over tongues. 1. From the music world (14:7): No one recognizes the melody unless each note is sounded clearly. 2. From the military world (14:8): An unclear call to battle is useless. 3. From the daily world (14:9 12): Unclear language is useless language. D. The admonitions concerning this gift (14:29 33) 1. Only two or three people should prophesy in a service, and the others should evaluate what is said (14:29).

18 2. If one person is prophesying and another receives a divine revelation, the first person should allow the second to speak (14:30 31). 3. Those who prophesy must remain in control of their spirit so that they can wait their turn to speak (4:32 33). II. THE GIFT OF TONGUES (14:2, 4a, 13 17, 21 25, 27 35) A. The reasons for this gift (14:2, 4a, 21 25) 1. In regard to believers (14:2, 4a) a. The speaker utters mysteries to God that are unknown to man (14:2). b. The speaker edifies himself (14:4a). 2. In regard to unbelievers (14:21 25) a. The prediction (14:21): Paul quotes from Isaiah, where the prophet warned that God would allow foreign-speaking nations (Assyria, Babylon, etc.) to punish his sinful people (Isa. 28:11 12). b. The purpose (14:22): The gift of tongues is thus a sign of judgment for unbelieving Israel. c. The problem (14:23): Paul warns against the entire church s exercising the gift of tongues, lest an unsaved person come in and conclude that all are out of their minds. d. The persuasion (14:24 25): However, if the gift of prophecy (preaching) is in effect, that unsaved person might be convinced to accept Christ. B. The rules governing this gift (14:13 17, 27 32, 34 35) 1. Those speaking in tongues should pray that what is said might be correctly interpreted (14:13 14). 2. The one praying and singing with his spirit is also to do both with his mind (14:15 17). 3. No more than two or three should speak in tongues at any service (14:27a). 4. They should speak one at a time (14:27b). 5. Someone must be present to interpret, or they should keep quiet (14:27c 28). 6. Women are not to speak in tongues or prophesy in the church meetings (14:34 35). IV. THE GUIDELINES FOR BOTH GIFTS (14:20, 33, 36 40): Paul offers a fourfold conclusion covering both gifts. A. Be as innocent as infants and as intelligent as adults in exercising these gifts (14:20). B. These gifts and all others should be used solely for the edification of others (14:26). C. Be eager to prophesy, and don t forbid tongues (14:39). D. Do everything in a fitting and orderly way (14:33, 40). E. Obey what Paul has written, for these are God s commands (14:36 38). SECTION OUTLINE FIFTEEN (1 CORINTHIANS 15) Paul writes about the resurrection of Christ and the resurrection of believers. I. THE PROMINENCE OF THE RESURRECTION (15:1 4) A. The resurrection of Christ is the focal point in reference to salvation (15:1 2). B. The resurrection of Christ is the focal point in reference to the Scriptures (15:3 4).

19 II. THE PROOFS OF THE RESURRECTION (15:5 11): The various appearances of the risen Christ are offered as proof. A. His appearance to Peter (15:5a) B. His appearance to the apostles with Thomas absent (15:5b) C. His appearance to 500 disciples (15:6) D. His appearance to James, the half-brother of Christ (15:7a) E. His appearance to the apostles with Thomas present (15:7b) F. His appearance to Paul (15:8 11) 1. The unworthiness of Paul (15:8 9): Paul once persecuted the church. 2. The unmerited favor of God (15:10 11): Grace made Paul what he is. III. THE PROTEST AGAINST THE RESURRECTION (15:12 19, 29 34): The doctrine of the resurrection is under attack. A. The charge (15:12): The enemies of the gospel deny it. B. The conclusion (15:13 19, 29 32): If there is no resurrection, one must be forced to accept the following horrible conclusions: 1. In regard to Christ (15:13, 16): The Easter story is a lie. 2. In regard to gospel preaching (15:14a): It is useless. 3. In regard to gospel preachers (15:15): They are all liars. 4. In regard to living believers (15:14b, 17, 19, 29 31) a. Our trust in God is empty, worthless, and hopeless (15:14b). b. We are still in our sin (15:17). c. We are the most miserable of all creatures (15:19). d. Those who live, suffer, and die for Christ are fools (15:29 31). 5. In regard to departed believers (15:18): They are forever dead, never to rise again. 6. In regard to this present life (15:32): We should live it up, for tomorrow we may die! C. The chastening (15:33 34): Paul rebukes Christians who have been listening to the lies of unbelievers about the resurrection. IV. THE PROGRAM OF THE RESURRECTION (15:20 28) A. The two representatives (15:21 22) 1. The first Adam brought about ruin and death (15:21a, 22a). 2. The second Adam (Christ) brings about resurrection and deliverance (15:21b, 22b). B. The three resurrections (15:20, 23 24a) 1. The resurrection of Christ (15:20, 23a): Christ was raised first. 2. The Rapture resurrection (15:23b): When Christ returns, all his people will be raised. 3. The resurrection of Old Testament and Tribulation saints (15:24a) C. The 1,000-year reign (15:24b 28) 1. The final enemy will be destroyed (15:24b, 26): This terrible foe is physical death. 2. The future Kingdom will be established (15:25 27). V. THE PATTERN OF THE RESURRECTION (15:35 41): Paul illustrates the difference between the earthly and heavenly bodies through analogies. A. The difference between a planted seed and a harvested seed (15:35 38): A planted seed is dead, but a harvested seed is alive. B. The difference between animal flesh and human flesh (15:39)

20 C. The difference between the moon and the sun (15:40 41): They differ from each other in their beauty and brightness. VI. THE PERFECTION OF THE RESURRECTION (15:42 9): Paul describes the new body as superior to the old. A. The old body (15:42a, 43a, 43c, 44a, 45a, 46a, 47a, 48a, 49a) 1. It is sown a perishable body (15:42a, 45a, 47a). 2. It is sown in dishonor (15:43a). 3. It is sown in weakness (15:43c). 4. It is sown a natural body (15:44a, 46a, 48a). 5. It is sown bearing the likeness of the first Adam (15:49a). B. The new body (15:42b, 43b, 43d, 44b, 45b, 46b, 47b, 48b, 49b) 1. It will be raised imperishable (15:42b). 2. It will be raised in glory (15:43b). 3. It will be raised in power (15:43d). 4. It will be raised a spiritual body (15:44b, 46b, 48b). 5. It will be raised giving life (15:45b). 6. It will come from heaven (15:47b). 7. It will be raised bearing the likeness of Christ (15:49b). VII. THE PROMISE OF THE RESURRECTION (15:50 58) A. The situation requiring this promise (15:50): Flesh and blood cannot inherit God s Kingdom. B. The secret associated with this promise (15:51): All believers alive at Christ s coming will go to heaven without dying. C. The suddenness of this promise (15:52a): This will occur in the amount of time it takes to blink an eye. D. The signal introducing this promise (15:52b): The last trumpet will signify the fulfillment of this promise. E. The schedule of this promise (15:52c, 53) 1. Departed believers will exchange their corrupted bodies for incorruptible ones (15:52c). 2. Living believers will exchange their mortal bodies for immortal ones (15:53). F. The Scriptures predicting this promise (15:54 57): Old Testament prophets Isaiah and Hosea wrote of this (Isa. 25:8; Hos. 13:14). G. The strength derived from this promise (15:58): Because of the resurrection, no labor done for the Lord is in vain. SECTION OUTLINE SIXTEEN (1 CORINTHIANS 16) Paul concludes with instructions about the offering for the Christians in Jerusalem and about his future visit to them. He conveys greetings from several people and ends with a curse on unbelievers and a plea for Christ s return. I. PAUL S COLLECTION (16:1 4): The apostle gives directions concerning an offering the Corinthian church is taking.