Background Information for Antigone
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1 Background Information for Antigone
2 Political Climate in Athens! Intellectual Inquiry! radical ideas! democracy! philosophy! arts & sciences! Religious Tradition! dictated thinking! controlled behavior
3 Gender Roles Patriarchy! social system in which men are regarded as the authority within family and society; power & possessions are passed on father to son Women s Roles! limiting expectations! do not get involved in issues! do not meddle in politics! virtually no rights! domestic duties! bear children! manage household! direct household slaves
4 Importance of Burial Rights! provide guidance to afterlife! prevent suffering of deceased! prevent haunting of family members
5 Funeral Traditions! Visual Display! family wealth, pride, and bonding! mourners in black! Payment of Charon! ferries souls across Styx! coin in mouth! Hades Judgement! evil to Tartarus! average to Asphodel! heroic and blessed to Elysium
6 Three Part Procedure! I: Laying Out of the Body (2 days)! washed, anointed, dressed! flowers and crown! mouth and eyes shut (to prevent psyche soul from leaving the body)! II: Cart Procession to Tomb! men lead! women follow! III: Internment! men burry ashes or corpse with possessions! placement of grave marker! women return to prepare banquet
7 Stele: Grave Marker marker for a young girl circa 445 B.C.E. deceased with surviving father and son circa 340 B.C.E. family grave marker circa 360 B.C.E. marker for a devotee of Isis circa 165 C.E. (Rome) * 317 B.C.E. Athens: elaborate stelai forbidden
8 Tending the Dead! Post Funeral Visitation! day 3! day 9! day 30! Periodic Rituals! monthly! annually! holidays Farewell & the Last Touch circa 400 B.C.
9 Background Information for Antigone
10 Founders of Drama! Athens! 480 B.C.E.! greatest city/state after Persian Wars! Patronage of Wealthy Citizens! provided costuming! paid for actors training! considered a public and religious duty! theater contributions tax exempt
11 Dionysian Festivals! Spring Season! open-air! natural lighting! Theater of Dionysus! Athens! Competition! 4 to 5 days (i.e. Lollapolooza)! official judges! awards ceremony
12 Theater of Dionysus Reserved seating for patron gods & goddesses (empty seats)
13 Amphitheater Attendance! 1500 spectators! prisoners released on bail! public business suspended
14 The Stage! facility! amphitheater! tents! skenes! temples! palaces
15 The Actors! First Plays one actor only! Later 3 per playwrite! multiple roles! all male! elaborate masks! portray women! distinguish characters! 5th Century BCE as many as 3 actors on stage at a time
16 ! Purpose! summarize! preview! community viewpoint Chorus & Choragos! Talented Amateurs! Choragos: spokesman! 15 member chorus: Athenians! singers & dancers! engage in dialogue (not narrators)
17 Literary Terms! paraodos chanted entrance song! paean hymns sung to Apollo! ode lyric poem marked by exaltation of feeling with varying line lengths
18 Background Information for Antigone
19 Sophocles 496 to 406 BCE! 123 plays! only 7 survive! Athenian Festival first prize 18 times! highly popular! well respected
20 ! Oedipus Rex! written second! 429 B.C.E.! Antigone! written first! 441 B.C.E.! last chronologically The Trilogy! Oedipus at Colonus! written last before his own death! circa 409 B.C.E.
21 The Protagonist! Heroine! one of the earliest in world literature! young: 12 to 15! fights patriarchy! Αντιγονε! against the family! opposed to! close to! filial hyperbole! mention of pairs! Ismene responds
22 Greek Tragedy! Single Unified Action! complete & probably! of a certain magnitude! one character; two at most! language embellished! Human Error & Frailty! not vice or depravity! arouses reader s emotion! pity! terror! may lead to death
23 ! High Position! conspicuous! wealth & power! good fortune! great potential Tragic Hero! Human! both good & bad! pitied & feared! doomed to fail! punishment outweighs misfortune
24 Tragic Flaw! Harmatia error of jugement! Hubris! a common flaw! excessive pride! arrogance
25 Fate vs. Responsibility! Fate! preordained by prophecy! hero is doomed, not evil! Responsibility! choice! wrong decision! Ultimate Outcome! realize mistake! accept punishment! feel remorse
26 Τηε Ενδ
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Murder in the Cathedral T.S. Eliot Introduction In 1163, a quarrel began between the British King Henry II and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket. The men had been good friends, but each felt