COPYRIGHT 2006 BY THE NEW ZEALAND POSTGRADUATE LAW E-JOURNAL ISSUE 3/2006 FRANCE AND THE VEIL

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "COPYRIGHT 2006 BY THE NEW ZEALAND POSTGRADUATE LAW E-JOURNAL ISSUE 3/2006 FRANCE AND THE VEIL"

Transcription

1 COPYRIGHT 2006 BY THE NEW ZEALAND POSTGRADUATE LAW E-JOURNAL ISSUE 3/2006 FRANCE AND THE VEIL AN INTERVIEW WITH RÉMY SCHWARTZ, RAPPORTEUR GÉNÉRAL OF THE STASI COMMISSION FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE LAÏCITÉ PRINCIPLE IN FRANCE by Herman Salton 1

2 Rémy Schwartz is a Senior Member of the Conseil d'etat, France's highest administrative jurisdiction. In 1997 he participated in the work of the commission on immigration and nationality issues; in 2001 he was asked by Prime Minister Lionel Jospin to chair a commission on the creation of a memorial dedicated to immigrants; and in 2003 he was the Rapporteur Général of the Stasi Commission for the Application of the Laïcité Principle in France. He is also Associate Professor at the University of Versailles Saint- Quentin in Paris. This interview was tailored for the New Zealand public and is an English translation of the French original. Should doubts arise as to the vocabulary, the original should be given priority. 1. Mr Schwartz, in December 2003 the Commission of which you were Rapporteur Général advised President Chirac to prohibit all ostensible political and religious signs at school. In March 2004 a statute partially went in this direction by prohibiting in public schools the wearing of signs or attire through which students ostensibly manifest a religious allegiance. Why was it necessary to legislate on this subject? Paradoxically, the issue of religious signs at school would not have posed any problem if it had not been accompanied by tensions and incidents. It should be borne in mind that France has long been home to a Muslim population. The post-world War II immigration wave augmented this population. Until 1989 that is to say, for more than half a century no problem arose and young practising Muslim girls did not wear the Islamic headscarf. The issue surfaced with the Islamic revolution in Iran, and the wearing of the Muslim veil in France has been very much a consequence of that revolution. The wearing of the Muslim veil by young girls conveyed a religious message that was often indissociable from a political message religious and political were intimately related. Yet in such a historically diverse country as France both at the political and religious level schools must remain a neutral `sanctuary' so as to allow all students to be instructed within a peaceful environment. French public schools are free of charge and are open to everyone without distinctions, even to immigrants who are illegally in the country. The educational system has a duty to avoid tensions and conflicts. Therefore, since the beginning, the wearing of a religious sign created problems only to the extent that it was indissolubly related to a political message. Between 1989 and 2003 the Muslim veil was accompanied by political claims and pressures against young Muslim girls who did not want to wear it. During these fourteen years teachers and heads of schools were not able to control such antagonistic situations. The President of the Republic perceived their tiredness and also heard the appeal of young Muslim girls both immigrant and French who demanded the protection as well as the intervention of the State. 2. Contrary to what happens overseas, where it is very much criticized, this statute was adopted with an overwhelming majority both at the Assemblée Nationale (494 votes to 36) and in the Sénat (276 to 20). It also appears to have the support of a majority of French people (according to a survey, 75% of them were favourable) and teachers, who had long been asking for it. How do you explain this contrast? Is it possible to speak of another French exception? There certainly is a French exception in Europe as far as the country's diversity is concerned. France has always been a Nation divided into the north and the south, the east and the west, with very different populations. In the 19th century 2

3 the majority of French people spoke a variety of patois or dialects, that is to say, hundreds of local languages very different from one valley to another. The Republic, especially thanks to the public education system, managed to unite the Nation. In the same way it managed to integrate the millions of immigrants who were coming from Belgium, Italy, Spain, then Russia and Poland, then the African countries and then the tens of thousands who came from Asia. France historically speaking `the eldest daughter of the Catholic Church' has today important protestant communities, Western and Central Europe's most numerous Muslim and Jewish communities, as well as Orthodox and Buddhist communities. The issue about which all politicians agree is to make all these people live together. The religious and sociological reality of the French population has nothing to do with that of other European countries. In terms of numbers, France has a Muslim population which is much more significant than all other Western countries, no doubt 10% of the population. It is therefore imperative to allow these people to live together. And there is consensus over the fact that French schools should permit everyone to receive an education without conflicts or tension. You should keep in mind that French public schools welcome all children: it is the only place that greets more than one hundred nationalities speaking hundreds of mother tongues and practising hundreds of religions, which sometimes enter into conflict with each other! [With the 2004 statute], French people have thus expressed the desire to see their schools become the places of peace and tranquility that they used to be. 3. By reading the newspapers of the time and by watching the hearings of the Stasi Commission as well as those of the Parliamentary Commission chaired by the President of the Assemblée Nationale, Jean-Luis Debré, one has the impression that France was faced with a veritable veil emergency. Yet the official statistics on veiled girls were not, it seems, so alarming and the wearing of the headscarf seemed even decreasing at school. Why does France appear to be more afraid of the veil than other countries? France was not and is not afraid of the veil. Everyone is free to wear it in France. Apart from the prohibition of every religious and political sign by civil servants during their work, there is only one exception for young girls: during their classes, they are asked not to wear the veil in the same way as Jewish students are asked not to wear the kippa and others are asked not to wear the keffieh, symbol of Palestine. It should once again be remembered that the wearing of religious signs at school was accompanied by incidents and pressures that limited the individual liberty of young girls. The official statistics were not reliable: where the [Education] Ministry counted, from its Paris headquarters, a few Islamic veils, the Mayor of the town counted tens or even hundreds of them at the school gates. The heads of schools and the national education community did not transmit the data to the Ministry because they were afraid of a negative impact on the reputation of their schools. The politics of burying one s head in the sand was preferred to the one of confronting the reality. I remind you once more that the associations of women and those defending the rights of immigrant girls were asking for the protection of the State. This was the central point: the apprehension of these girls, isolated within an aggressive environment that violated individual freedom. 4. France may be the eldest daughter of the Church but she has been quite a 3

4 rebellious one indeed. In 1875 Léon Gambetta [a French politician] expressed his desire to make of France the laïque nation by definition because it was her history, her tradition, her character and her role in the world. In 1902 Emile Zola [a French writer] was much more direct and spoke of the necessity for France to kill the Catholic Church, if France does not want to be killed by it. Three years later, the government pronounced a unilateral (and painful) divorce with the Roman hierarchy. Has this turbulent religious past between the French State and the Catholic Church Pope Pius VI had famously dismissed the Revolution s freedoms as monstrous rights positively influenced the adoption of Statute 228/2004? France has obviously been influenced by the historical combat between the public powers and the Catholic Church. The French laïcité, crowned by the law of [separation between Church and State of] 9 December 1905, is essentially interpreted as a space of freedom. The reason why the French State broke the links that had [for centuries] tied it to the Catholic Church and suppressed every form of official recognition of the four religions (Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist and Jewish) which were in 1905 placed under the tight control of the State in exchange of financial support, was to offer all religions the same rights and freedom visà-vis the State. Everyone is free to believe or not to believe. And every religious association that is formed in accordance with the law, whatever the religious belief they practise, has the same rights as the others. For example, the associations of the Jehovah's Witnesses and the practitioners of Krishna have seen their religious character recognised by the courts. Their associations consequently have the same fiscal rights as the Christian, Jewish or Muslim ones. And in order to ensure everybody's freedom and to avoid hurting any belief, the public powers need to be absolutely neutral. It is therefore not only the turbulent history of the relations between French State and Catholic Church that explains the [2004] statute on the prohibition of religious signs in public schools and, it should be noted, only in public schools but this laïque conception that requires the State and public services to be absolutely neutral in order to ensure everybody's communal and peaceful living together as well as the respect of each user [of the public service]. 5. Some foreign observers had the impression of a statute specifically targeted at the Muslim veil. The legislative history and the parliamentary debates, they argue, show that it is the veil which has always been at the centre of the discussion. Is the 2004 statute really a general one? It should first of all be mentioned that French Catholics, [the country's religious] majority, have always been asked to respect the rules of neutrality of the public space at school. They have always been discreet, avoiding the ostensible manifestation of their signs of religious belief at school. And since 1905, this attitude had the result of permanently eliminating the conflicts between Catholics and non-believers within the same classes and schools. In the same way, the Jews have always tried not to wear the kippa at school. In this respect, the veil has not received a different treatment. The specificity of the veil consists in the fact that it was not a simple question of wearing a religious sign. First of all, as I said, it often also conveyed a political demand. Secondly, it clashed with an 4

5 ideological evolution of French society, [because] equality between men and women has been making, legally speaking, considerable progress in recent years. The implementation of policies which ensure this equality is the object of a consensus, although some disagreement persists as to the means of achieving it. Yet the veil is supposed to protect a woman from a man's view. It is the woman who is regarded as a `perturbation' and who must cover herself, not the opposite. According to the associations protecting the rights of women, the veil is perceived as an object that threatens the results obtained by the advancement of women's conditions. In addition, teachers were uneasy because there was a contradiction between, on the one hand, the perception of the veil and, on the other, the school programs which had as a mission the teaching of mutual respect and the principle of equality between men and women. 6. As far as the statute's terminology is concerned, with the use of an `ostensibility' criterion rather than one of `visibility', does this not risk appearing arbitrary and give heads of schools and administrative judges the hard task of interpreting religious signs? Does it not also risk being discriminatory towards the Muslim religion? There are not many pupils who go to class with Christian crosses `of a manifestly excessive dimension', as the application Circular reads. Ostensible means visible! The statute only wished to allow the wearing of those small religious signs which are intimately and privately carried: small crosses, small stars of David or small Fatima s hands. In practice, there has been no problem in distinguishing these intimate religious signs which are worn for oneself from those signs which are on the contrary worn with the purpose of being seen by others. Like everyone else, young Muslims too wear intimate religious signs without obviously posing any problem. 7. Until the adoption of Statute 228/2004, the Conseil d Etat s case law excluded any general prohibition of the Muslim veil and admitted this religious sign (like any other) except in special circumstances, particularly for reasons of public order or the violation of the rights of others. As Dominique de Villepin [a French politician, writer and currently France s Prime Minister] wrote, The neutrality of the State is not a synonym for indifference but of impartiality in a context where all religious groups are granted the right to freely exercise their beliefs, except if this impinges upon other people s freedom or troubles public order. Why would one abandon this parameter? Why, critics say, would not one prohibit only those signs (religious or political) which trouble public order? The Conseil d'etat had essentially acknowledged the existence of a law, enacted in 1989, which authorised students to manifest their convictions at school. This law conflicted with almost a century of school practice and modified the previous legal situation. Yet the truth is that the legislature was not aware of this. It voted for a school statute which recognised some rights for the pupils, adding the right to express their convictions, without thinking about the consequences of this legislation. It is the Conseil d'etat that, afterward, took it at its word and drew from the law a series of legal consequences which the legislator had not thought of. As I said, the tensions, the continuous conflicts, the pressures performed on young girls often by groups of young boys in violation of their individual freedom, have induced the 5

6 President of the Republic to establish a Commission of `sages'. This Commission was formed, according to the wishes of the President, by twenty personalities from the most diverse horizons (politicians, intellectuals, civil servants, company executives) with different philosophical conceptions and in their majority certainly more on the left-hand side of the political spectrum than on the right. For three months this Commission conducted a number of public hearings, which were broadcast live by a TV channel. And, exceptionally, these very different men and women collectively evolved and unanimously submitted a number of proposals among which was the interdiction of ostensible religious [and political] signs at school. The Parliament voted in the law, with right and left exceptionally united [by the text]. Why this large consensus? Exactly because the tensions and conflicts in French schools risked degenerating and because the protection of the weakest demanded a prohibition. Sometimes a prohibition can lead to emancipation. Confronted with the pressures of a few who menaced other people's rights, the State had a duty to fix a clear prohibition. 8. You are a member of the Conseil d Etat as well as the author of numerous judicial decisions on the veil matter. What is the situation in terms of case law after the passage of the 2004 Statute? Have there been lawsuits concerning religious signs at school? And if so, do they involve the Muslim veil or other religious signs? First of all it should be said that the statute has been perfectly accepted. We have more than 10 million students in primary and secondary schools in France, and three-quarters of them are in public schools. There have only been 70 cases of exclusions of schoolgirls who refused to withdraw their veil. And the `National Centre for Distance Learning', the public institution which ensures the distance education of those students who cannot or can no longer attend public schools, has not been submerged by admission requests. In this context of school peace, the administrative judge has been asked to rule on some cases involving either young Muslim girls or Sikhs. Yet these lawsuits can be counted in tens whereas [France's] administrative courts are usually asked to decide on 130,000 first-instance administrative cases per year among which thousands concern the public education system and whereas, let us remind ourselves, there are more than 10 million students in French primary and secondary schools. These numbers suggest that French society has perfectly accepted a text which it had itself demanded irrespectively of its political or religious allegiance. You know very well that French people do not hesitate to massively protest when they think their rights or freedoms are in danger. You have seen with what kind of consensus the statute has been approved and applied. 9. The Stasi Commission has not limited its works to the veil question but seems to have tried to carry out a more general assessment of the laïcité in French society. As one of its members, René Rémond [a French historian] wrote, it has tried to adapt the laïcité to Modern France and it has dealt with more general issues such as the refusal of male-female coexistence in schools, hospitals and public swimming pools or the rejection by certain students of a number of [sensitive] parts of school programs (such as the Holocaust or the Dreyfus affair). The Commission has also proposed the adoption of new national holidays corresponding to the Muslim holy day of Aïd and the Jewish one of Kippur. 6

7 Do you regret the fact that the Government did not adopt these proposals? Why do you think it did not do so? The great majority of the Commission's proposals were a guide of `good administrative practices', which did not require the intervention of Parliament. Essentially, only the interdiction of ostensible religious signs at school and the introduction of a holy day à la carte that is, according to everyone's inclination required a statute. And only the first of these two proposals has been retained. The second one occurred at a bad moment: the government had just suppressed a national holiday corresponding to the Catholic event of the Pentecost. In addition, our proposal has been misunderstood: a part of French public opinion thought it was an additional holiday at a time when France already had many of them. Yet we had simply proposed that everyone, during the year, should have been able choose to take a day off [for religious reasons] within the already existing number of national holidays. This coincidence of the suppression of a national holy day corresponding to a Catholic event and this misunderstanding of our proposal explains why the measure was not retained by the Government. It certainly is a pity. Yet the essential thing is that our `guide of good practices' does inspire the French public administration as well as companies in their management of French society's sizeable diversity. 10. The French solution has been very much criticized in the Anglo-Saxon countries, which are mainly multicultural or, as you say in France, communitarian [ communautaristes ] societies. When a veil case appeared in New Zealand a young Muslim girl had been called to testify in a civil trial and wanted to do so without lifting her burqa the judge chose an intermediate position. It asked her to lift the veil but also ordered a screen to be used with the result that her face was only visible to the judge and the lawyers. What do you think of this compromise? This solution will not surprise a French person because it is similar to our own practice. It should again be mentioned that the prohibition of religious signs only concerns civil servants and, as an exception and because of the troubles and incidents that were registered at school, primary and secondary school students. Other than this, everyone is free to wear religious signs as he or she sees fit. It can sometimes be necessary, for identification and security purposes, to ask a woman to lift her veil and this can be done discreetly and privately, beyond other people s sight. And it is certainly possible for a judge to privately ask the identification of a witness out of public sight. Our practice is not necessarily different from yours, except perhaps in the case of civil servants who are obliged to maintain a state of total neutrality [ un total devoir de réserve ] as well as, for the above-mentioned reasons, the situation for primary and secondary school students. 11. One last question. Everyone in France seems to agree that this statute on religious signs at school should be the beginning and not the end of the debate because, the argument goes, the real problem of French society is the integration of its minorities and especially its Muslim minority. Considering the integrationist choice of France, welcoming into the common space of the République these people who are locked within the periphery of citizenship, as Hannah Arendt wrote, does not seem an option but indeed a necessity. We are not born equal, 7

8 Arendt added, we become equal only to the extent that we are determined to grant each other mutually equal rights. Do you really think that the 2004 Statute goes in this direction of equality? The 2004 statute is not an anti-veil law. It is a legislation of conciliation of our primary and secondary school students. It prohibits the [Muslim] veil as well as the kippa of young Jews and big crosses of militant Christians. The idea is that all students, without distinction, must be able to work together without political or religious confrontations. The rule is the same for everyone. You are right to insist on the notion of equality, something that French people are very attached to since the 1789 [Revolution]. The 2004 statute can indeed be understood with reference to this conception of collective living dear to French people. The French have a passion for equality because they intimately know that, in the end, it is the fundamental cement of our country a country that is extremely diverse in terms of its populations as well as origins, beliefs and religions. 8

9 LE VOILE ET LA FRANCE AN ENTRETIEN AVEC RÉMY SCHWARTZ, RAPPORTEUR GÉNÉRAL DE LA COMMISSION STASI SUR L APPLICATION DU PRINCIPE DE LAÏCITÉ EN FRANCE par Herman Salton 9

10 Rémy Schwartz est Maître des Requêtes au Conseil d Etat, la plus haute instance de juridiction administrative en France. En 1997 il a été membre de la mission d études de la législation de l immigration et de la nationalité ; en 2001 il a été chargé par Lionel Jospin d une Mission sur la création d un lieu de rencontres et de mémoire consacré à l immigration ; et en 2003 il a été Rapporteur Général de la commission de réflexion sur l application du principe de laïcité en France (Commission Stasi). Il est également Professeur Associé de droit public à l Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin. 1. M. Schwartz, en Décembre 2003 la Commission dont vous avez été le rapporteur général a suggéré au Président Chirac d interdire les signes politiques et religieux ostensibles à l école. En Mars 2004 une loi est partiellement allée dans cette direction en prohibant dans les écoles publiques «le port de signes ou tenues par lesquels les élèves manifestent ostensiblement une appartenance religieuse». Pourquoi était-il nécessaire de légiférer sur ce sujet? Paradoxalement, la question du port de signes religieux dans les écoles aurait pu ne pas poser de problème, dès lors qu il ne s accompagnait pas de tensions ou d incidents. Il faut rappeler que depuis longtemps la France compte une population de religion musulmane. L immigration postérieure à la seconde guerre mondiale n a fait qu accroître au fil des ans cette population. Jusqu en 1989, c est-à-dire pendant plus d un demi-siècle aucun problème ne s était posé. Les jeunes filles musulmanes, croyantes, ne portaient pas de foulard islamique. La question a surgi avec la révolution islamique en Iran. Le port de ce foulard islamique en France a été un contrecoup de cette révolution islamique. Et le port du foulard islamique par des jeunes filles était un symbole religieux, indissociable souvent d un message politique. Le religieux et le politique étaient intimement mêlés. Or, dans un pays aussi divers historiquement que La France, tant sur le plan politique que religieux, l école doit rester un «sanctuaire» neutre pour permettre à tous les enfants d être formés dans la sérénité. L école publique est gratuite, ouverte à tous sans distinction, même aux enfants d étrangers en situation irrégulière. Elle se doit d éviter les tensions, les conflits. Donc, dès l origine, le port d un signe religieux posait problème dès lors qu il était indissolublement lié à une revendication politique. Et entre 1989 et 2003, il s est accompagné de revendications politiques, de pressions sur des jeunes filles musulmanes qui ne voulaient pas le porter. Pendant ces 14 années les enseignants et chefs d établissements n arrivaient pas à surmonter ces situations conflictuelles. Le président de la République avait perçu la lassitude des enseignants mais aussi l appel des jeunes filles immigrées ou françaises, de confession ou d origine musulmane, qui réclamaient une protection, une intervention de l Etat. 2. Contrairement à l étranger, où elle semble rester mal comprise, cette loi a été adoptée avec une écrasante majorité aussi bien à l Assemblée Nationale (494 votes contre 36) qu au Sénat (276 contre 20). Elle semble également bénéficier de la faveur d une grande majorité de français (75% d entre eux se sont déclarés favorables) et des enseignants, qui l ont vigoureusement réclamée. Comment expliquez vous cette différence? Peut-on parler d une autre exception française? Il y a une exception française en Europe qui tient à sa diversité. La France a toujours été un pays très éclaté entre le nord et le sud, l est et l ouest, avec des populations très diverses. Au XIX siècle, la majorité des français parlaient des 10

11 «patois», c est-à-dire des centaines de «langues» locales divergeant d une vallée à l autre. La République, grâce notamment à l école, a réussi à souder la Nation. De même, elle a réussi à intégrer des millions d immigrés venus de Belgique, d Italie, d Espagne puis de Russie, de Pologne, puis de tous les pays d Afrique, puis par dizaines de milliers d Asie La France, historiquement «Fille aînée de l Eglise catholique», a d importantes communautés protestantes, les communautés musulmanes et juives les plus nombreuses en Europe de l ouest et centrale, des communautés orthodoxes, bouddhistes L objectif sur lequel tous les politiques s accordent est de faire vivre ensemble toutes ces populations. La réalité sociologiques et religieuses de la population française n a rien à voir avec celle des autres pays européens. Proportionnellement, la France a une population musulmane bien plus importante que tous les pays occidentaux, sans doute 10% de la population. Il faut donc faire vivre tout le monde ensemble. Et le consensus est que l école doit permettre de former tout le monde, sans conflit ni tension. N oubliez pas que l école publique française regroupe tous les enfants ; elle est le seul lieu qui brasse plus d une centaine de nationalités avec autant de langues maternelles et des religions les plus diverses, susceptibles d entrer en conflit! Les Français ont voulu que l école redevienne le lieu de paix et de sérénité qu elle avait été dans le passé. 3. En lisant les journaux de l époque et en regardant les auditions de la Commission Stasi aussi bien que celles de la Mission Parlementaire dirigée par le Président de l Assemblée Nationale, Jean-Louis Debré, on a l impression que la France ait été confrontée par une véritable «émergence-voile». Cependant les données officiels sur les filles voilées n étaient pas, semble-t-il, si alarmantes et le port du foulard parait même en diminution à l école. Pourquoi le voile fait-il plus peur en France qu ailleurs? Le voile ne faisait et ne fait pas peur. Toutes les femmes sont libres de le porter en France. Outre l interdiction du port de tout signe politique et religieux par les agents publics pendant leur service, il existe une seule exception pour les jeunes filles : le temps de la classe, il leur est demandé de ne pas porter le voile comme il est demandé aux jeunes juifs de ne pas porter la Kippa et qu il est demandé à d autres de ne pas porter le Keffieh, symbole de la Palestine. Il faut rappeler encore une fois que le port de signes religieux dans les écoles s était accompagné d incidents, de pressions attentatoires à la liberté individuelle de jeunes filles. Les statistiques officielles n étaient pas fiables : là où le ministère recensait depuis Paris quelques voiles islamiques, le maire les dénombrait par dizaines ou centaines à la sortie des écoles de sa ville. Les chefs d établissement, la hiérarchie de l éducation nationale ne faisaient pas remonter les informations au ministère, de peur de nuire à la réputation de leurs établissements. La politique de l autruche était préférée à la confrontation aux réalités. Je rappelle une fois encore que les associations féminines, les associations défendant les jeunes filles issues de l immigration demandaient une protection de l Etat. Ce fut le pont central : la détresse d e toute ces jeunes filles, isolées face à un environnement agressif et attentatoire à leur liberté individuelle. 4. La France est peut être «la fille aînée de l Eglise» mais elle a cependant été une fille un tantinet rebelle. En 1875 Léon Gambetta exprimait son souhait de faire du pays «la nation laïque par excellence» car c était «son histoire, sa tradition, son caractère et son rôle nationale dans le monde». En 1902 l écrivain Emile Zola fut beaucoup plus 11

12 direct et parla de la «nécessité pour la France de tuer l Eglise si la France ne voulait pas être tuée par elle». Trois ans après, le gouvernement prononçait un divorce unilatéral (et douloureux) avec la hiérarchie romaine. Est-ce que cette histoire turbulente entre état français et religion catholique Pie VI avait défini les libertés révolutionnaires comme «droits monstrueux» a pesé, à votre avis, en faveur de l adoption de la loi 228/2004? La France est bien évidemment marquée par le combat passé entre les pouvoirs publics et l Eglise catholique. La laïcité française, couronnée par la loi du 9 décembre 1905, est essentiellement conçue comme un espace de liberté. L Etat s est affranchi de tout lien avec l Eglise catholique, a supprimé toute reconnaissance officielle aux 4 cultes qui en 1905 étaient placés sous le contrôle étroit de l Etat moyennant une prise en charge financière (catholique, luthérien, calviniste et juif), pour offrir à tous les cultes les mêmes droits et la même liberté vis à vis de l Etat. Chacun est libre de croire ou de ne pas croire. Et toute association qui se constitue pour célébrer un culte, quel qu il soit, a les mêmes droits que les autres. Par exemple, les associations des Témoins de Jéhovah et les adeptes de Krisna ont vu leur caractère cultuel reconnu par le juge. Leurs associations ont donc les mêmes droits fiscaux que les associations chrétiennes, juives ou musulmanes. Et pour assurer la liberté de tous, pour ne froisser aucune susceptibilité, les personnes publiques doivent être absolument neutres. Ce n est donc pas seulement l histoire turbulente des relations entre l Etat et l Eglise catholique qui explique en soi la loi sur l interdiction des signes religieux à l école publique, et seulement à l école publique, mais cette conception «laïque» qui veut que l Etat soit absolument neutre ainsi que tous les services publics pour assurer le vivre en commun de tous et le respect des convictions de chaque usager. 5. Certains observateurs étrangers ont eu l impression d une loi faite contre le voile islamique. L histoire législative et les débats parlementaires, disent-ils, démontrent que c est le voile qui a toujours été au centre des discussions. La loi du 2004 est-elle vraiment une loi générale? Il faut d abord rappeler que les catholiques français, majoritaires, se sont toujours vus imposer comme les autres les règles de l espace neutre de l école publique. Ils ont toujours été discrets, évitant d afficher ostensiblement au sein de l école des signes de leur foi. Et depuis 1905, ces comportements ont fait qu il n y a plus jamais eu de conflit entre catholiques et non croyants au sein des mêmes classes, des mêmes écoles. De même, les juifs se sont depuis toujours imposés de ne pas porter la Kippa dans les écoles. Le voile n a pas eu un traitement différent sur ce point. La spécificité du voile vient de ce qu il ne s agissait pas d une simple question du port d un signe religieux. En premier lieu, comme je l ai dit, il traduisait bien souvent aussi une revendication politique. En second lieu, il est venu à contre-courant d une évolution idéologique de la société française. L égalité entre les hommes et les femmes est en net progrès sur le plan juridique depuis plusieurs décennies. La mise en place de politiques assurant cette égalité fait consensus même si des désaccords persistent sur les moyens. Or, le voile est censé protéger la femme du regard de l homme. C est la femme qui est regardée comme «perturbatrice» et qui doit se couvrir, et non l inverse. Pour les associations de défense de la condition féminine, le voile a été perçu comme remettant en cause les acquis obtenus par les femmes. De plus, les enseignants vivaient mal la contradiction entre le sens donné au voile et les programmes scolaires qu ils devaient faire respecter et imposant 12

13 d enseigner l égalité entre les hommes et les femmes. 6. Quant au vocabulaire de la loi, l utilisation d un critère d ostensibilité plutôt que de visibilité ne risque-t-il pas de paraître arbitraire et de donner aux chefs d établissements et aux juges la difficile tâche d interpréter des signes religieux? Ne risque-t-il pas également de paraître discriminatoire envers la religion musulmane? On ne compte pas beaucoup d élèves venant en classe avec des croix chrétiennes «de dimension manifestement excessive», comme le dit la Circulaire d application de la loi. Ostensible veut dire visible! La loi a simplement voulu permettre le port de petits signes religieux que l on porte dans son intimité : petite croix, petite étoile de David ou petite main de fatma. Dans la pratique, il n y a eu aucun problème pour distinguer ces signes intimes de foi, que l on porte pour soi, des signes que l on porte pour être vu par autrui. Les jeunes musulmans portent sur eux des signes intimes, comme les autres, sans que cela pose bien évidemment problème. 7. La jurisprudence du Conseil d Etat excluait, jusqu à l adoption de la loi 228/2004, une interdiction générale du voile islamique et admettait ce signe religieux (comme tout autre symbole) sauf dans des circonstances particulières (liées notamment à l ordre public ou à la violation des droits des autres enfants). Comme l a écrit Dominique de Villepin, «La neutralité de l état n est pas synonyme d indifférence mais d impartialité dans la garantie pour toutes les confessions de pouvoir exercer librement leur culte, sous réserve de ne pas attenter aux liberté d autrui ni troubler l ordre public». Pourquoi abandonner ce paramètre? Pourquoi pas, disent les critiques, prohiber tout signe (religieux ou politique) pouvant nuire à l ordre publique? Le Conseil d Etat avait pour l essentiel pris acte d une loi, votée en 1989, qui autorisait les élèves à manifester leur conviction au sein de l école. Cette disposition allait à l encontre de près d un siècle de pratique scolaire. Elle revenait sur l état du droit antérieur. Mais la vérité oblige de dire que le législateur n en n a pas eu conscience. Il a voté une loi scolaire reconnaissant des droits aux élèves, en ajoutant un droit à l expression des convictions, sans penser aux conséquences. C est le Conseil d Etat qui, ensuite, l a pris au mot et a tiré du texte les conséquences juridiques auxquelles le législateur n avait pas pensé. Comme je l ai indiqué, les tensions, les conflits incessants depuis, les pressions s exerçant sur les jeunes filles, souvent par des groupes de jeunes garçons, en violation de leur liberté individuelle, a conduit le Président de la République à mettre en place une commission de sages plurielle. Cette commission a été composée par le Président de la République de 20 personnalités venant d horizons les plus divers (politiques, intellectuels, fonctionnaires, hommes d entreprises), majoritairement sans doute plus à gauche qu à droite et de philosophie les plus diverses. Elle a mené des auditions publiques pendant 3mois, retransmises en direct par une chaîne du câble. Et, événement exceptionnel, ces femmes et ces hommes aussi divers ont évolué collectivement pour soumettre unanimement des propositions dont l interdiction du port de signes religieux ostensibles dans les écoles. Le législateur a voté la loi, droite et gauche exceptionnellement réunies. Pourquoi ce très large consensus? Parce que précisément les tensions, les conflits au sein de l école risquaient de dégénérer plus encore ; que la protection des plus faibles 13

14 imposaient une interdiction. A un moment donné, c est l interdit qui libère! Face à la pression de quelques-uns attentatoire à la liberté individuelle, l Etat se doit de poser un interdit clair. 8. Vous êtes membre du Conseil d Etat et auteur de diverses décisions judiciaires au sujet du voile. Quelle est la situation jurisprudentielle après la loi? Y a t il eu de plaintes au sujet des signes religieux à l école? Et portent-elles sur le voile ou sur autres signes religieux? Il faut d abord indiquer que la loi a été parfaitement acceptée. Nous comptons plus de 10 millions d élèves dans le primaire et le secondaire et les trois-quarts dans les écoles publiques. Ont été dénombrées seulement 70 exclusions d élèves refusant d ôter leur voile. Et le «Centre national d enseignement à distance», établissement public assurant la scolarisation à distance des élèves ne pouvant pas ou plus fréquenter l école publique, n a pas été submergé de nouvelles demandes d inscription. Dans ce contexte de paix scolaire, le juge administratif a été saisi de quelques litiges concernant soit de jeunes filles musulmanes soit de sikhs. Ces litiges se comptent en unités alors que les juridictions administratives sont saisies en premier ressort de recours chaque année contre des décisions administratives dont des milliers concernant le service public de l éducation, et qu il y a, rappelons le, plus de 10 millions d élèves dans les écoles primaires et secondaires. Les chiffres montrent que le corps social a parfaitement accepté un texte qu il voulait dans toute sa diversité politique et religieuse. Vous savez que les Français n hésitent pas à manifester en masse dès qu ils estiment que leurs droits ou libertés seraient susceptibles d être menacés. Vous avez vu avec quel consensus le texte a été voté et appliqué. 9. La Commission Stasi ne semble pas s être limitée, dans ses travaux, à la question du voile mais semble avoir au contraire essayé de fournir un regard d ensemble sur la laïcité dans la société française. Comme l a dit un de ses membres, Réné Rémond, «elle a tenté d adapter la laïcité à la France moderne» et a traité certains problèmes plus généraux comme le refus de la mixité à l école, à l hôpital et dans les piscines publiques ou la contestation d une partie des programmes scolaires (comme la Shoah ou l affaire Dreyfus) par certains élèves. La Commission à également suggéré l adoption de deux nouveaux jours fériés nationaux correspondant à la fête musulmane du Aïd et à celle juive du Kippour. Est-ce que vous regrettez que le Gouvernement n ait pas adopté ces propositions? Pourquoi, a votre avis, n a-t-il pas fait ça? La très grande majorité des propositions de la commission constituait un guide des «bonnes pratiques» administratives, ne nécessitant pas l intervention du législateur. Pour l essentiel, seules l interdiction du port de signes religieux ostensibles dans les écoles et l instauration d un jour férié «au choix», selon la convenance de chacun, nécessitaient une réforme législative. Et seule la première de ces deux propositions de réforme législative a été retenue. La seconde est intervenue à un mauvais moment : le gouvernement venait de supprimer un jour férié correspondant à la fête catholique de la Pentecôte Et notre proposition a été mal comprise. Une partie de l opinion pensait qu il s agissait d un jour férié supplémentaire, alors que la France en dénombre déjà beaucoup. Nous avions simplement proposé que chacun puisse, dans l année, prendre un jour férié de son choix, venant s imputer sur le nombre déjà 14

15 existant de jours fériés. Cette coïncidence avec la suppression d un jour férié correspondant à une fête catholique et cette mauvaise compréhension de notre proposition expliquent pourquoi elle n a pas été reprise par le Gouvernement. C est sans doute dommage. Mais l essentiel est que notre «guide des bonnes pratiques» inspire toutes les administrations publiques et les entreprises dans leur gestion de la très grande diversité française. 10. La solution française a été beaucoup critiquée dans les pays anglo-saxons, qui sont en prévalence des sociétés multiculturelles ou, comme on dit en France, «communautaristes». Quand un cas de voile est paru en Nouvelle Zélande une jeune fille musulmane avait été appelée à témoigner dans un procès civil et voulait le faire sans lever son burqa le magistrat a choisi une solution intermédiaire. Il lui a demandé de se découvrir la tête mais a fait poser un paravent avec le résultat que son visage était visible seulement aux yeux du juge et des avocats. Que pensez-vous de cette solution de compromis? Une telle solution ne surprendra pas un français car elle se rapproche de notre pratique. Il faut encore rappeler que l interdiction du port de signes religieux concerne les seuls agents publics et par exception, en raison des troubles et incidents qui affectaient les écoles, les collégiens et lycéens. Sinon, chacun est libre de porter des signes religieux comme bon lui semble. Il peut toutefois être nécessaire, pour des raisons d identification et de sécurité de demander, à une femme d ôter son voile et cela peut se faire discrètement, à l abri du regard des tiers. Et il est tout à fait envisageable qu un juge puisse demander à procéder à l identification d un témoin à huis-clos. Notre pratique n est pas nécessairement éloignée de la vôtre sauf en ce qui concerne peut être les agents publics, tenus à un total devoir de réserve, et pour les raisons susévoquées les collégiens et lycéens. 11. Une dernière demande. Tout le monde en France semble d accord sur le fait que la loi sur les signes religieux à l école doit être le commencement et non la fin du débat car, on dit, le vrai problème de la société française est l intégration des minorités et notamment de la minorité musulmane. Compte tenu du choix intégrationniste de la France, on observe également que le fait de faire rentrer dans l espace républicain tous les gens qui sont enfermés «dans la périphérie de la citoyenneté», comme le disait Hannah Arendt, n est pas une option mais une nécessité. «On n est pas nés égaux», continuait la Arendt, «on dévient égaux seulement si nous sommes déterminés à nous garantir réciproquement des droits égaux». Pensez-vous que la loi de 2004 aille dans cette direction d égalité? La loi de 2004 n est pas une loi «antivoile». C est une loi de pacification des relations entre élèves dans nos collèges et lycées. Elle interdit le port du voile, mais aussi de la Kippa par les jeunes juifs et des grandes croix autour du cou par les chrétiens militants. La volonté est que tous les élèves, indistinctement, puissent travailler ensemble sans conflit politique et religieux. La règle est la même pour tous. Vous avez raison d insister sur la notion d égalité à laquelle les français sont très attachées depuis La loi de 2004 se comprend aussi au regard de cette conception qu ont les français de la vie en commun. Les français ont la passion de l égalité car au fond d eux mêmes, ils savent qu il s agit d un ciment fondamental de notre pays, exceptionnellement divers par ses populations aux origines, croyances et religions multiples. 15

Mister Minister and President of the Administrative Council, Íñigo Méndez de Vigo;

Mister Minister and President of the Administrative Council, Íñigo Méndez de Vigo; OPENING CEREMONY Tuesday, 8 November 2016, 11:00h Mister President of the European Commission, Jean-Claud Juncker; Mister Minister and President of the Administrative Council, Íñigo Méndez de Vigo; Dear

More information

1) Mot de bienvenue Caryl Green welcomes the members and says a few words about La Fab.

1) Mot de bienvenue Caryl Green welcomes the members and says a few words about La Fab. Procès-verbal de l Assemblée générale annuelle de La Fab tenue le 22 juin 2016, à 19h / Minutes of La Fab Annual General Meeting held on June 22, 2016, at 7:00 pm Veuillez noter que le procès-verbal est

More information

L éducation catholique: Vivre en disciples joyeux MAY 5 MAY 10, 2019

L éducation catholique: Vivre en disciples joyeux MAY 5 MAY 10, 2019 Box 2064, Suite 1804 20 Eglinton Avenue West Toronto, Ontario M4R 1K8 T. 416.932.9460 F. 416.932.9459 ocsta@ocsta.on.ca www.ocsta.on.ca Beverley Eckensweiler, President Michelle Griepsma, Vice President

More information

Transport THE STANDING SENATE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS EVIDENCE UNREVISED-NON-RÉVISÉ

Transport THE STANDING SENATE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS EVIDENCE UNREVISED-NON-RÉVISÉ Transport 42674 0900-1 OTTAWA, Tuesday, November 15, 2005 THE STANDING SENATE COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS EVIDENCE UNREVISED-NON-RÉVISÉ The Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications,

More information

The Holy See ADDRESS OF POPE JOHN PAUL II TO BISHOPS OF CANADA ON THEIR «AD LIMINA APOSTOLORUM» VISIT. Friday, 23 September 1983

The Holy See ADDRESS OF POPE JOHN PAUL II TO BISHOPS OF CANADA ON THEIR «AD LIMINA APOSTOLORUM» VISIT. Friday, 23 September 1983 The Holy See ADDRESS OF POPE JOHN PAUL II TO BISHOPS OF CANADA ON THEIR «AD LIMINA APOSTOLORUM» VISIT Friday, 23 September 1983 Dear Brothers in the Episcopate, 1. We have gathered here today as Bishops

More information

UNIVERSITY of MAURITIUS Vice Chancellor s Speech

UNIVERSITY of MAURITIUS Vice Chancellor s Speech UNIVERSITY of MAURITIUS Vice Chancellor s Speech AWARD CEREMONY CERTIFICATE IN PEACE AND INTERFAITH STUDIES Tuesday, 22 November 2016 @11 am RBLT, UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS Protocol: His Excellency, Mr Paramasivum

More information

COMITÉ SUR LES AFFAIRES RELIGIEUSES A NEW APPROACH TO RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN SCHOOL: A CHOICE REGARDING TODAY S CHALLENGES

COMITÉ SUR LES AFFAIRES RELIGIEUSES A NEW APPROACH TO RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN SCHOOL: A CHOICE REGARDING TODAY S CHALLENGES COMITÉ SUR LES AFFAIRES RELIGIEUSES A NEW APPROACH TO RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN SCHOOL: A CHOICE REGARDING TODAY S CHALLENGES BRIEF TO THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION, SALIENT AND COMPLEMENTARY POINTS JANUARY 2005

More information

Feeding the Five Thousand from the pulpit of First Presbyterian Church, Champaign, IL

Feeding the Five Thousand from the pulpit of First Presbyterian Church, Champaign, IL Feeding the Five Thousand from the pulpit of First Presbyterian Church, Champaign, IL 10 th Sunday after Pentecost/July 29, 2018 John 6:1-21 Matt Matthews Some things seem impossible. A crowd follows Jesus.

More information

THE MAKING OF OUR MINISTRY 8

THE MAKING OF OUR MINISTRY 8 13TH OCTOBRE 2017 THE MAKING OF OUR MINISTRY 8 THEODORE ANDOSEH CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY FELLOWSHIP INTERNATIONAL LEADER S OFFICE Proverbs 29:18 Where there is no vision, the people cast up all discipline

More information

October 2018 Newsletter

October 2018 Newsletter October 2018 Newsletter An English-speaking congregation within the Church of England s Diocese of Europe Ben Harding, Chaplain, available at revbenharding@gmail.com Website: www.lyonchurch.org 04 78 59

More information

He Thirsts for You National Conference on Evangelization and Catechesis

He Thirsts for You National Conference on Evangelization and Catechesis He Thirsts for You 2019 National Conference on Evangelization and Catechesis Workshop Descriptions for Friday, April 5 th, 2019 11:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m. 1. Gaudete et Exsultate - Rejoice and Be Glad: Joy

More information

Paper 1: Justice Must Be Seen To Be Done : Organisational Justice And Islamic Headscarf And Burqa Laws In France. Nicky Jones INTRODUCTION

Paper 1: Justice Must Be Seen To Be Done : Organisational Justice And Islamic Headscarf And Burqa Laws In France. Nicky Jones INTRODUCTION Paper 1: Justice Must Be Seen To Be Done : Organisational Justice And Islamic Headscarf And Burqa Laws In France Nicky Jones INTRODUCTION 6 In late 1989, the first events of the affair of the headscarf

More information

an oversimplification to state that the term laïcité could be reduced to secularism.

an oversimplification to state that the term laïcité could be reduced to secularism. Abstract: The principle of laïcité is an integral element of the French Republic. This essay examines what the principle means for the State. Firstly, it considers the principle of laïcité as imposing

More information

The Holy See APOSTOLIC JOURNEY TO AFRICA HOMILY OF JOHN PAUL II. Accra (Ghana), 8 May 1980

The Holy See APOSTOLIC JOURNEY TO AFRICA HOMILY OF JOHN PAUL II. Accra (Ghana), 8 May 1980 The Holy See APOSTOLIC JOURNEY TO AFRICA HOMILY OF JOHN PAUL II Accra (Ghana), 8 May 1980 Dear brothers and sisters in Christ, 1. A little less than ten years ago, the first Pan African and Malagasy Meeting

More information

What was the feudal system? LO: Why did William create the feudal system?

What was the feudal system? LO: Why did William create the feudal system? What was the feudal system? Starter In pairs each create a hierarchy of your school. Think, who is the most powerful person in your school? Who is the least powerful person in your school? Who has the

More information

SOVEREIGNTY AND LAÏCITÉ

SOVEREIGNTY AND LAÏCITÉ SOVEREIGNTY AND LAÏCITÉ Michel Troper * Just as every bachelor is unmarried, every State is sovereign, because sovereignty is precisely the defining characteristic of the State. But the State is not defined

More information

FREEDOMS AND PROHIBITIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF LAÏCITÉ (CONSTITUTIONAL SECULARISM)

FREEDOMS AND PROHIBITIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF LAÏCITÉ (CONSTITUTIONAL SECULARISM) FREEDOMS AND PROHIBITIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF LAÏCITÉ (CONSTITUTIONAL SECULARISM) The last decades have seen the emergence, in a fragile social context, of new phenomena, such as the rise in communitarian

More information

Burying the Dead as a Corporal Work of Mercy

Burying the Dead as a Corporal Work of Mercy March 2016 Vol.12 I. Our Church Burying the Dead as a Corporal Work of Mercy By David Deane, Ph. D. B urying the dead, the seventh corporal work of mercy, rests uneasily alongside the others. There are

More information

2018 Prayer and Fasting Crusade

2018 Prayer and Fasting Crusade DAY 21 04/11/2018 2018 Prayer and Fasting Crusade Message of 4th November 2018 THEODORE ANDOSEH 1 If you have prepared a thanksgiving, stand up and thank the Lord. Alleluia! Who has a testimony and has

More information

University of Aberdeen. Anthropology contra ethnography Ingold, Timothy. Published in: Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. DOI: /hau7.1.

University of Aberdeen. Anthropology contra ethnography Ingold, Timothy. Published in: Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. DOI: /hau7.1. University of Aberdeen Anthropology contra ethnography Ingold, Timothy Published in: Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory DOI: 10.14318/hau7.1.005 Publication date: 2017 Document Version Publisher's PDF,

More information

The Holy See APOSTOLIC PILGRIMAGE TO AFRICA (MAY 2-12, 1980) ADDRESS OF JOHN PAUL II TO THE CHURCH OF GHANA. Cathedral of Accra Thursday, 8 May 1980

The Holy See APOSTOLIC PILGRIMAGE TO AFRICA (MAY 2-12, 1980) ADDRESS OF JOHN PAUL II TO THE CHURCH OF GHANA. Cathedral of Accra Thursday, 8 May 1980 The Holy See APOSTOLIC PILGRIMAGE TO AFRICA (MAY 2-12, 1980) ADDRESS OF JOHN PAUL II TO THE CHURCH OF GHANA Cathedral of Accra Thursday, 8 May 1980 Venerable and dear Brothers in the Episcopate, Beloved

More information

Kant s Transcendental Arguments: Disciplining Pure Reason Scott Stapleford New York: Continuum, 2008; 152 pages.

Kant s Transcendental Arguments: Disciplining Pure Reason Scott Stapleford New York: Continuum, 2008; 152 pages. Book Reviews / Comptes rendus 195 nier a connu le «cas» Kierkegaard par le critique Georg Brandès, d où l importance de revenir sur deux concepts assurant une rencontre marquante et profonde : le paradoxe

More information

Response by the European Humanist Federation to the consultation on

Response by the European Humanist Federation to the consultation on European Humanist Federation Registration number: 84310943110 81 Response by the European Humanist Federation to the consultation on the ERA Framework Introduction : The European Humanist Federation was

More information

Casey Friedman. La Laïcité et la Liberté de Conscience. Although Article 10 of the high-minded Declaration of the Rights of Man and the

Casey Friedman. La Laïcité et la Liberté de Conscience. Although Article 10 of the high-minded Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Casey Friedman La Laïcité et la Liberté de Conscience Although Article 10 of the high-minded Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen states explicitly, No one should be disturbed on account of

More information

High Priests: Ministers of Vision

High Priests: Ministers of Vision High Priests: Ministers of Vision Pre-ordination Temple School Course 2014 2015 Pilot Experience Summary The new high priest preordination course was developed during the Temple School Writers Summit at

More information

The headscarf has become a cultural flashpoint, a freighted symbol of many

The headscarf has become a cultural flashpoint, a freighted symbol of many Introduction: The Headscarf: A Political Symbol in Comparative and Historical Perspective Elisa Wiygul, Guest Editor The headscarf has become a cultural flashpoint, a freighted symbol of many of the central

More information

Objectives French 3 Discovering French Nouveau! Rouge

Objectives French 3 Discovering French Nouveau! Rouge Week # First 9 Weeks 1 Unité Partie Introduction p.1-3 1-3 Reprise A Rappel 1, 2, 3 p.4-11 4-5 Reprise B Rappel 4, 5, 6 p.12-21 Objectives French 3 Discovering French Nouveau! Rouge Cultural Context: Les

More information

Results of the Online Survey: Religious Life, Spirituality, and Charism

Results of the Online Survey: Religious Life, Spirituality, and Charism Results of the Online Survey: Religious Life, Spirituality, and Charism General Chapter 2016-03 July 2016 23 July 2016 Chapitre general 2016-03 juillet 2016 23 juillet 2016 Congregation of Holy Cross Congrégation

More information

Thank you so much for that wonderful introduction and thank you to so many of you for coming today. It s a great pleasure to be here with my friends f

Thank you so much for that wonderful introduction and thank you to so many of you for coming today. It s a great pleasure to be here with my friends f Thank you so much for that wonderful introduction and thank you to so many of you for coming today. It s a great pleasure to be here with my friends from caucus, my friend Jim Karygiannis has come from

More information

General Council News. On August 10, the nominees for Moderator addressed. Moderator Nominees Address the Council

General Council News. On August 10, the nominees for Moderator addressed. Moderator Nominees Address the Council 42 nd General Council The United Church of Canada/L Église Unie du Canada 42 e Conseil général General Council News Corner Brook, NL Tuesday, August 11, 2015 Vol. 42 No. 3 Moderator Nominees Address the

More information

Equality and Value-holism

Equality and Value-holism By/Par Paul Bou-Habib _ Department of Government University of Essex RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article je considère un récent défi à l égalitarisme développé par Michael Huemer. Le challenge de Huemer prend la forme

More information

Tara Luz Danse. Project description. Partner site. About art place

Tara Luz Danse. Project description. Partner site. About art place Tara Luz Danse Amelia Griffin graduated from The School of Dance s classical ballet and contemporary dance programs in 2006. Since, she has danced for several choreographers and companies including Sylvie

More information

Part 1 (20 mins- teacher led lecture about the laws and events that have led to the current burqa ban in France)

Part 1 (20 mins- teacher led lecture about the laws and events that have led to the current burqa ban in France) Lesson Plan- World Regions-A Focus on France, and a Comparison with Turkey and Uzbekistan: Learning the Laws + the Debates (for instructor use - based on a 1h 15m block period) Part 1 (20 mins- teacher

More information

Taking a Stand for Algeria

Taking a Stand for Algeria Taking a Stand for Algeria Jacques Derrida, Boris Belay College Literature, 30.1, Winter 2003, pp. 115-123 (Article) Published by Johns Hopkins University Press DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/lit.2003.0008

More information

a) the narrator, Julian Baggini, the journalist b) citizens in general c) travellers, people in general

a) the narrator, Julian Baggini, the journalist b) citizens in general c) travellers, people in general a) the narrator, Julian Baggini, the journalist b) citizens in general c) travellers, people in general Boats, trains and planes. He doesn t like planes because boarding is boring, seats are uncomfortable,

More information

Secularism French style

Secularism French style 1 Secularism French style John Bell, Faculty of Law University of Cambridge 1 Secularism (laïcité): the word smells of gunpowder; it evokes passionate and contradictory resonances; and the contradiction

More information

Paine, Critic or Propagandist of the French Republic? (January 1794 September 1802)

Paine, Critic or Propagandist of the French Republic? (January 1794 September 1802) PART III Paine, Critic or Propagandist of the French Republic? (January 1794 September 1802) On 18 January 1794, while Paine had been in jail for a month and on the day after Vadier s statement on Paine

More information

«Machine à contingence»: Bergson s Theory of Freedom in L évolution du problème de la liberté

«Machine à contingence»: Bergson s Theory of Freedom in L évolution du problème de la liberté DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1432781 Articoli/3 «Machine à contingence»: Bergson s Theory of Freedom in L évolution du problème de la liberté Leonard Lawlor Articolo sottoposto a doppia blind review. Inviato il

More information

CONGRÉGATION GÉNÉRALE 36 rome // 2016

CONGRÉGATION GÉNÉRALE 36 rome // 2016 CONGRÉGATION GÉNÉRALE 36 rome // 2016 Shalom 08 novembre 2016 jour_37 GC 36 en ramant vers le large L INVITATOIRE eng Peace be with you! 1. Dm Sha - lom cha - 2. ve - rim, sha - 3. 4. 5. lom cha - ve -

More information

Swearing-in Ceremony Speech February 15, 2018

Swearing-in Ceremony Speech February 15, 2018 Swearing-in Ceremony Speech February 15, 2018 Chief Justice Smith, Regional Senior Justice Morawetz, Justices, Masters, Members of the bar, friends and family: Like the speakers before me, I would first

More information

Tolerance in French Political Life

Tolerance in French Political Life Tolerance in French Political Life Angéline Escafré-Dublet & Riva Kastoryano In France, it is difficult for groups to articulate ethnic and religious demands. This is usually regarded as opposing the civic

More information

Candidature Lettre de recommandation

Candidature Lettre de recommandation - Ouverture Dear Sir, Formel, destinataire masculin, nom inconnu Dear Madam, Formel, destinataire féminin, nom inconnu Dear Sir / Madam, Formel, nom et sexe du destinataire inconnus Dear Sir, Dear Madam,

More information

A POINT OF VIEW ON LASALLIAN ASSOCIATION IN WEST AFRICA

A POINT OF VIEW ON LASALLIAN ASSOCIATION IN WEST AFRICA A POINT OF VIEW ON LASALLIAN ASSOCIATION IN WEST AFRICA 46 Marc Some fsc District of West Africa, Burkina Faso ABSTRACT Association, on the whole reflection of Brothers and lay people, is an issue that

More information

Laïcité, the Republic, and the Veil

Laïcité, the Republic, and the Veil Laïcité, the Republic, and the Veil By Samantha Tropper Duke University 1 The issue of state secularity has arisen numerous times in history. The Greeks and Romans both had different ideas about secularity,

More information

Adam Rosenthal, Emory University. simply writing on the death penalty? As though from a point of mastery, beyond or outside its

Adam Rosenthal, Emory University. simply writing on the death penalty? As though from a point of mastery, beyond or outside its Derrida Seminars Translation Project IMEC Workshop Peine de mort (1999-2000) Session Eleven July 9, 2011 Scenes of Mortality in Derrida s Peine de mort Adam Rosenthal, Emory University How to hold a seminar

More information

Angela Ales Bello, The Divine in Husserl and Other Explorations. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009; xiv pages. ISBN:

Angela Ales Bello, The Divine in Husserl and Other Explorations. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009; xiv pages. ISBN: Book Reviews 191 l avoir si bien démontré. En dépit de son programme, il est peut-être regrettable que Desroches n ait pas jugé bon de poursuivre ce travail de reconstruction remarquable en interrogeant

More information

ECOSOC Special Consultative Status (2010) UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW THIRD CYCLE

ECOSOC Special Consultative Status (2010) UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW THIRD CYCLE ECOSOC Special Consultative Status (2010) UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW THIRD CYCLE Submission to the 27 th session of the Human Rights Council s Universal Periodic Review Working Group April-May 2017, Geneva,

More information

Lifting the veil 1. (Published in French Politics, Culture and Society, Vol.22, n 3, fall 2004)

Lifting the veil 1. (Published in French Politics, Culture and Society, Vol.22, n 3, fall 2004) Patrick Weil Lifting the veil 1 (Published in French Politics, Culture and Society, Vol.22, n 3, fall 2004) On July 3, 2003, President Jacques Chirac set up an Independent Commission to study the implementation

More information

PONDICHERY 2018 ANGLAIS LV1 (SERIE GENERALE)

PONDICHERY 2018 ANGLAIS LV1 (SERIE GENERALE) PONDICHERY 2018 ANGLAIS LV1 (SERIE GENERALE) Introduction Une épreuve axée sur la différence entre personnes célèbres et héros et la confusion qui peut parfois exister entre ces deux catégories, ainsi

More information

CHANGES IN POLICY SINCE LAST GENERAL COUNCIL IN

CHANGES IN POLICY SINCE LAST GENERAL COUNCIL IN Candidates being offered to Ottawa Presbytery for election as nominees to the M&O Conference AGM Nominations process for Commissioners to General Council 42 in August 2015 in Cornerbrook, Nfld CHANGES

More information

SECTS AND CULTS CONTRAVENING HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RULE OF LAW

SECTS AND CULTS CONTRAVENING HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RULE OF LAW Interministerial Mission for Monitoring and Combatting Sectarian Deviances SECTS AND CULTS CONTRAVENING HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RULE OF LAW Serge BLISKO President of MIVILUDES I am very pleased to be with

More information

NORTHERN LIGHT. D anciens écrits. Ancient Words---But Ever True? Happy Birthday--King James Version SHARING OUR STORY

NORTHERN LIGHT. D anciens écrits. Ancient Words---But Ever True? Happy Birthday--King James Version SHARING OUR STORY GRACE COMMUNION INTERNATIONAL-CANADA / COMMUNION INTERNATIONALE DANS LA GRÂCE, CANADA NORTHERN LIGHT SHARING OUR STORY J A N U A R Y - M A R C H 2 0 1 1 D anciens écrits Ancient Words---But Ever True?

More information

Return Maya Cosmic Masters. Part

Return Maya Cosmic Masters. Part Return Maya Cosmic Masters. Part 46 2011. Session of 29 August 2011 recorded English translation - Original French. Place : M. V. at Keerbergen in Belgium. Present and Transmitted by Kathy Visitors: Malvantra

More information

La routine quotidienne Talking about your daily routine

La routine quotidienne Talking about your daily routine CoffeeBreakFrench.com In this edition: talking about your daily routine using the present tense Lesson 42 Notes La routine quotidienne Talking about your daily routine Programme Notes Welcome to Coffee

More information

Anti-Terrorism UNREVISED / NON RÉVISÉ THE SPECIAL SENATE COMMITTEE ON BILL C-36 EVIDENCE

Anti-Terrorism UNREVISED / NON RÉVISÉ THE SPECIAL SENATE COMMITTEE ON BILL C-36 EVIDENCE Anti-Terrorism 38475 0930 1 THE SPECIAL SENATE COMMITTEE ON BILL C-36 EVIDENCE OTTAWA, Wednesday, December 5, 2001 The Special Senate Committee on Bill C-36, to amend the Criminal Code, the Official Secrets

More information

Emile s Quest on Religion and Modern Politics. Emile Perreau Saussine s death is a tragedy for his family and all those who loved him,

Emile s Quest on Religion and Modern Politics. Emile Perreau Saussine s death is a tragedy for his family and all those who loved him, Emile s Quest on Religion and Modern Politics Emile Perreau Saussine s death is a tragedy for his family and all those who loved him, and it is also a tragic loss for philosophy. We have carried on an

More information

United Nations Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review France

United Nations Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review France United Nations Human Rights Council Universal Periodic Review France Submission of The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty 8 February 2008 1350 Connecticut Avenue NW Suite 605 Washington, D.C. 20036 T: +1

More information

DRAFT PAPER DO NOT QUOTE

DRAFT PAPER DO NOT QUOTE DRAFT PAPER DO NOT QUOTE Religious Norms in Public Sphere UC, Berkeley, May 2011 Catholic Rituals and Symbols in Government Institutions: Juridical Arrangements, Political Debates and Secular Issues in

More information

152 Histoire sociale / Social History

152 Histoire sociale / Social History 152 Histoire sociale / Social History the franchise lurk in the background of Hall s book, and she carefully makes links between the Birmingham-Jamaica connection and domestic politics: for example, in

More information

NOTES ON BEING AND EVENT (PART 4)

NOTES ON BEING AND EVENT (PART 4) Fall 2009 Badiou course / John Protevi / Department of French Studies / Louisiana State University www.protevi.com/john/badiou/be_part4.pdf / protevi@lsu.edu 28 October 2009 / Classroom use only / Not

More information

General Council News. The United Church has taken another step towards. Israel/Palestine One Step Closer. by Kevin Cox

General Council News. The United Church has taken another step towards. Israel/Palestine One Step Closer. by Kevin Cox 41 st General Council /L Église Unie du Canada 41 e Conseil général General Council News Ottawa, Ontario Thursday August 16, 2012 Vol. 41 No. 6 Bruce Gregersen Israel/Palestine One Step Closer by Kevin

More information

europa on PoInT If your brother sins, rebuke him; and if RePenT, forgive him. (Luke 17:3)

europa on PoInT If your brother sins, rebuke him; and if RePenT, forgive him. (Luke 17:3) December 2015 on PoInT christmas 2015 Dear sisters and brothers around the world. As law enforcement officers we face this Christmas looking towards our colleagues in France. We will share the words of

More information

Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level 8670 French June 2012 Principal Examiner Report for Teachers

Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level 8670 French June 2012 Principal Examiner Report for Teachers FRENCH Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level www.onlineexamhelp.com Paper 8670/41 Texts Key Messages In Section 1 questions, candidates are being asked to answer the questions set, not to write

More information

January Prayer / February Partners. Published: January 12, 2017 (Guelph, Ontario)

January Prayer / February Partners. Published: January 12, 2017 (Guelph, Ontario) Published: January 12, 2017 (Guelph, Ontario) Resolutions I remember as a child sitting with my sisters to make our annual resolution lists on New Year s Eve. There were things on there like getting a

More information

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY FELLOWSHIP INTERNATIONAL. 7 th Prayer and Fasting Crusade. Rhema on CMFI. Theodore Andoseh

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY FELLOWSHIP INTERNATIONAL. 7 th Prayer and Fasting Crusade. Rhema on CMFI. Theodore Andoseh CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY FELLOWSHIP INTERNATIONAL 7 th Prayer and Fasting Crusade. Rhema on CMFI. Theodore Andoseh THIS DOCUMENT IS A SUMMARY OF THE PRAYER NIGHT OF 3RD DECEMBRE 2015 Sister Emilia TENDO/Sister

More information

These prayers have been inspired by these verses that we suggest as a starting point for your sermons. Exode 3:6-10 Isaïe 62 Ps 23 Luc 4:14-21

These prayers have been inspired by these verses that we suggest as a starting point for your sermons. Exode 3:6-10 Isaïe 62 Ps 23 Luc 4:14-21 These prayers have been inspired by these verses that we suggest as a starting point for your sermons. Exode 3:6-10 Isaïe 62 Ps 23 Luc 4:14-21 Wendy MacLean is a poet and minister of the United Church

More information

mohammed arkoun 4366BB5CACFDAF3D728A76D175C21AB9 Mohammed Arkoun 1 / 6

mohammed arkoun 4366BB5CACFDAF3D728A76D175C21AB9 Mohammed Arkoun 1 / 6 Mohammed Arkoun 1 / 6 2 / 6 3 / 6 Mohammed Arkoun Mohammed Arkoun. Professor Mohammed Arkoun ( Kabyle: Muḥemmed Arkun; Arabic: محمد ا ركون ; 1 February 1928 14 September 2010) was an Algerian scholar and

More information

The whole document is fully searchable.

The whole document is fully searchable. Welcome to the electronic edition of Freedom of Religion under Bills of Rights. The book opens with the bookmark panel and you will see the contents page. Click on this anytime to return to the contents.

More information

Spinoza lecteur de Maïmonide: La Question théologico-politique by Catherine Chalier. Paris: Les Éditions de Cerf, 2006, 326 pgs.

Spinoza lecteur de Maïmonide: La Question théologico-politique by Catherine Chalier. Paris: Les Éditions de Cerf, 2006, 326 pgs. 478 Book Reviews Elukin knows how to tell a good story. He has condensed one thousand years of Jewish life in Christian Europe into a short, readable narrative. He is certainly correct that a history of

More information

A View of Julien Sorel, the Protagonist of The Red and the Black with Reference to Søren Kierkegaard s The Concept of Irony

A View of Julien Sorel, the Protagonist of The Red and the Black with Reference to Søren Kierkegaard s The Concept of Irony A View of Julien Sorel, the Protagonist of The Red and the Black with Reference to Søren Kierkegaard s The Concept of Irony by BIRGIT BARTHELME Irony has always been a rather elusive philosophical concept

More information

Paul Ricoeur s Ethical Syntax. Roberto Toscano *

Paul Ricoeur s Ethical Syntax. Roberto Toscano * Paul Ricoeur s Ethical Syntax Roberto Toscano * I will not try to paint a systematic picture of Ricoeur s ethical thought. I will try, instead, to list a series of basic concepts through which Ricoeur

More information

Catholic Education Week Kit for the First Week of School

Catholic Education Week Kit for the First Week of School P.O. Box 2064, Suite 1804 20 Eglinton Avenue West Toronto, Ontario M4R 1K8 T. 416.932.9460 F. 416.932.9459 ocsta@ocsta.on.ca www.ocsta.on.ca Beverley Eckensweiler, President Michelle Griepsma, Vice President

More information

Jonathan Laurence Harvard University and The Brookings Institution

Jonathan Laurence Harvard University and The Brookings Institution INTRODUCTION Harvard University and The Brookings Institution Politicians and civil servants charged with the task of helping a French Islam emerge in late twentieth-century France faced a vast, transnational

More information

EN TA CHAR 12 CHARTER

EN TA CHAR 12 CHARTER EN CHARTER 12 At EisSchoul, special emphasis is laid on the idea of inclusion, of solidarity amongst children and adults stemming from different social and ethnic backgrounds and endowed with distinctive

More information

Stories to Ponder. for Reading and Understanding English. Marthe Blanchet

Stories to Ponder. for Reading and Understanding English. Marthe Blanchet TIRÉ À PART Marthe Blanchet Stories to Ponder 2 9900, avenue des Laurentides, Montréal-Nord (Québec) H1H 4V1 Téléphone: (514) 329-3700 1 800 563-6644 (sans frais) Télécopieur: (514) 329-0630 Site Internet:

More information

DOWNLOAD OR READ : THE YOUNG VOYAGEURS OR THE BOY HUNTERS IN THE NORTH ILLUS BY W HARVEY PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI

DOWNLOAD OR READ : THE YOUNG VOYAGEURS OR THE BOY HUNTERS IN THE NORTH ILLUS BY W HARVEY PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI DOWNLOAD OR READ : THE YOUNG VOYAGEURS OR THE BOY HUNTERS IN THE NORTH ILLUS BY W HARVEY PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI Page 1 Page 2 the young voyageurs or the boy hunters in the north illus by w harvey the young

More information

FROM THE PEOPLE TO THE PUBLIC

FROM THE PEOPLE TO THE PUBLIC INVITATION Interdisciplinary colloquium September 30, 2016 FROM THE PEOPLE TO THE PUBLIC The Significance of Public Opinion, Press and Propaganda from 1750 to 1850 «Après la faculté de penser, celle de

More information

Television and radio address, Washington, U.S.A., December 18, 1956

Television and radio address, Washington, U.S.A., December 18, 1956 Présence d André Malraux sur la Toile, article 225, juillet 2018 Revue littéraire et électronique de / ISSN 2297-699x Jawaharlal Nehru : The Indian Way of Life Television and radio address, Washington,

More information

If looking for the ebook La Wicca Au Quebec/The Wiccan Movement in Quebec: Portrait D'une Religion De Sorcellerie Contemporaine/A Portrait of a

If looking for the ebook La Wicca Au Quebec/The Wiccan Movement in Quebec: Portrait D'une Religion De Sorcellerie Contemporaine/A Portrait of a La Wicca Au Quebec/The Wiccan Movement In Quebec: Portrait D'une Religion De Sorcellerie Contemporaine/A Portrait Of A Contemporary Witchcraft Religion (French Edition) By Mireille Gagnon READ ONLINE If

More information

Unveiling French Society

Unveiling French Society Malmö University Department of IMER Bachelor Thesis 10 p. IMER 41-60 Autumn 2004 Unveiling French Society - A qualitative study on young Muslim women s opinions and experiences regarding the law on religious

More information

CERTAINTY IN AN UNCERTAIN WORLD Apologetics and Counseling Ružomberok, 10th May 2014

CERTAINTY IN AN UNCERTAIN WORLD Apologetics and Counseling Ružomberok, 10th May 2014 PAVEL HANES CERTAINTY IN AN UNCERTAIN WORLD Apologetics and Counseling Ružomberok, 10th May 2014 0. INTRO: WHAT IS CERTAINTY? certainty of death? Psychological certainty is an attitude that persons can

More information

Live with Urgency sowing together for harvest

Live with Urgency sowing together for harvest Live with Urgency sowing together for harvest john 4:35-37 Canadian 2009 Prayer Guide for North American Missions 2 CNBC Goal $80,000 Don t you say, There are still four more months, then comes the harvest?

More information

Faiths and Social cohesion Establishing social participation with religious differences: local Muslim communities in Europe

Faiths and Social cohesion Establishing social participation with religious differences: local Muslim communities in Europe Recognition of Islam in European Municipalities EDITORIAL Faiths and Social cohesion Establishing social participation with religious differences: local Muslim communities in Europe Altay Manço and Spyros

More information

Predictions By John Hogue

Predictions By John Hogue Predictions 2015-2016 By John Hogue With the Premier League campaign set to kick off this weekend, SillySeason writers have got together and given their predictions for the 2015/2016 season. Who will be

More information

GENERAL GENERALITES 340 LAW IN GENERAL DROIT EN GENERAL. 341 col./.. INTERNATIONAL LAW (yearbooks) DROIT INTERNATIONAL (annuaires)

GENERAL GENERALITES 340 LAW IN GENERAL DROIT EN GENERAL. 341 col./.. INTERNATIONAL LAW (yearbooks) DROIT INTERNATIONAL (annuaires) LIBRARY OF THE COURT - BIBLIOTHEQUE DE LA COUR INTERNATIONAL LAW DROIT INTERNATIONAL 000 330 GENERAL GENERALITES 340 LAW IN GENERAL DROIT EN GENERAL 340.13( ) 340.14( ) NATIONAL LEGISLATION LEGISLATION

More information

Rediscovering the European Common Good

Rediscovering the European Common Good Rediscovering the European Common Good By CEC President Rev. Christian Krieger 1. Introduction Good evening First of all, I would like to thank the Jesuit European Social Center (JESC) and the Chapel for

More information

PLYMOUTH-TRINITY UNITED CHURCH

PLYMOUTH-TRINITY UNITED CHURCH PLYMOUTH-TRINITY UNITED CHURCH Second Sunday after Pentecost May 29 th, 2016 Prelude Welcome and greetings Response MV 1, v. 1 * Call to worship *Opening prayer Let us build a house where love can dwell

More information

PLYMOUTH-TRINITY UNITED CHURCH

PLYMOUTH-TRINITY UNITED CHURCH Prelude PLYMOUTH-TRINITY UNITED CHURCH Pentecost - May 15 th, 2016 Welcome and Greetings * Response Let us build a house where love can dwell MV 1, v. 1 and all can safely live, a place where saints and

More information

BACCALAURÉAT GÉNÉRAL

BACCALAURÉAT GÉNÉRAL BACCALAURÉAT GÉNÉRAL SESSION 2018 ANGLAIS LANGUE VIVANTE 1 Durée de l épreuve : 3 heures Séries ES et S coefficient : 3 Série L Langue vivante obligatoire (LVO) coefficient : 4 Série L LVO et Langue vivante

More information

Jeremy Ahearne University of Warwick

Jeremy Ahearne University of Warwick 532195FRC0010.1177/0957155814532195French Cultural StudiesAhearne research-article2014 French Cultural Studies Laïcité: A parallel French cultural policy (2002 2007) French Cultural Studies 2014, Vol.

More information

Inauguration of the new novitiate building

Inauguration of the new novitiate building BE THE FIRST TO SERVE A PUBLICATION OF THE PIARIST FATHERS FORMATION HOUSE - KUMBO CAMEROON 2013-2014 EDITION Inauguration of the new novitiate building CALASANZ LIVES ON IN ROMAMAAY!! INNER VIEW OF THE

More information

THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION

THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION Divi 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20036-2188 Tel: 202-797-6000 Fax: 202-797-6004 www.brookings.edu U.S.-FRANCE ANALYSIS SERIES March 2004 VEILED MEANING: THE FRENCH

More information

Protesting headscarf ban: a path to becoming more French? A case study of Mamans toutes égales and Sorties scolaires avec nous

Protesting headscarf ban: a path to becoming more French? A case study of Mamans toutes égales and Sorties scolaires avec nous Ethnic and Racial Studies ISSN: 0141-9870 (Print) 1466-4356 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rers20 Protesting headscarf ban: a path to becoming more French? A case study of Mamans

More information

Spiritual Refreshment on the Camino

Spiritual Refreshment on the Camino Spiritual Refreshment on the Camino The purpose of this guide is to enrich, so far as possible, the spiritual experience of pilgrims walking the Camino de Santiago. The focus initially will be on the Via

More information

French Certificate Grand Orient of France 1778

French Certificate Grand Orient of France 1778 French Certificate Grand Orient of France 1778 By Yasha Beresiner The Library and Museum of the Regular Grand Lodge of Italy (RGLI) has recently added to its growing collection of Masonic artefacts and

More information

TURNING POINTS Award Winning Essays

TURNING POINTS Award Winning Essays TURNING POINTS 2012 Award Winning Essays The Learning Partnership is a national charitable organization dedicated to championing a strong public education system in Canada through innovative programs,

More information

«ABSOLUTE KNOWLEDGE» Reflections on Deleuze s ontology

«ABSOLUTE KNOWLEDGE» Reflections on Deleuze s ontology «ABSOLUTE KNOWLEDGE» Reflections on Deleuze s ontology 1. Ontology Mon discours est logiquement ou proprement philosophique [ ] quand je dis le sens de ce que je dis, et quand ainsi l Être se dit. Gilles

More information

DAYS, MONTHS, SEASONS AND DATES

DAYS, MONTHS, SEASONS AND DATES DAYS, MONTHS, SEASONS AND DATES DAYS, MONTHS, SEASONS AND DATES Days of the Week Time of the Day Months of the Year Seasons Asking and Answering the Date in French Asking and Answering the Day in French

More information

SOUVENIRS DU CNU, , version abrégée. Michael Harris

SOUVENIRS DU CNU, , version abrégée. Michael Harris SOUVENIRS DU CNU, 1999-2002, version abrégée Michael Harris One evening in the spring of 1999 a colleague for whom I have a great deal of esteem called me at home to inform me that my name was on a list

More information

SUMMARY of the CONSULTATION

SUMMARY of the CONSULTATION SUMMARY of the CONSULTATION The Bremen Mission s theological consultation was a wonderful biblical and pastoral adventure. Contributions were delivered by professors from faculties in Germany, Ghana and

More information