JOURNEY!PURPOSE!STATEMENT!

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3 JOURNEY!PURPOSE!STATEMENT! TheJourneyexiststogivethepeopleofNewYorkCity thebestopportunitytobecomefullydevelopingfollowersofjesusby InvitingthemtoanintimaterelationshipwithGod, ConnectingtheminhealthyrelationshipswithotherChristians, GuidingthemtowardanauthenticcommitmenttoGod, InvolvingtheminlifeRchangingministryandmissioninourcity Andtheworldthattheymay HonorGodcompletely. AtTheJourneywefulfillthePurposeStatementthrough2typesofmeetings: LargeGroup(SundayService) SmallGroup(GrowthGroup) $ (They$met)$day$after$day,$in$the$Temple&courts$and$from$house&to&house.$ Acts5:42 *WebelieveJourneyUniversityenhancestheSundayServiceandGrowth Groups. WARNING:!This!is!a!Dangerous!Class!! Thisisaverydangerousclass.MoreinformationabouttheBibledoesnot necessarilyleadtoacloserrelationshipwithgod.knowledgealonecanlead toarroganceandimmaturity.thewordjesususedforsuchpeopleis hypocrite. Knowledge$makes$arrogant,$but$love$edifies. 1Corinthians8:1 MoreInformation+NoApplication= MoreInformation+MoreApplication= 2

4 GOALS!FOR!THIS!SEMINAR! $ We$want$you$to$walk$away$from$this$seminar$with $ AnappreciationofthesignificanceoftheApostles'Creed AcomprehensionoftheessentialsoftheChristianfaith AnunderstandingofhowtofulfillthevisionGodhasforyourlife Adesiretoread,study,andapplytheBiblewithothers! ADDITIONAL!PERSONAL!GOALS!!! 3

5 IbelieveinGod,theFatheralmighty, creatorofheavenandearth. THE!APOSTLES!CREED! IbelieveinJesusChrist,hisonlySon,ourLord. HewasconceivedbythepoweroftheHolySpirit andbornofthevirginmary. HesufferedunderPontiusPilate, wascrucified,died,andwasburied. Hedescendedtothedead. Onthethirddayheroseagain. Heascendedintoheaven, andisseatedattherighthandofthefather. Hewillcomeagaintojudgethelivingandthedead. IbelieveintheHolySpirit, theholycatholicchurch, thecommunionofsaints, theforgivenessofsins, theresurrectionofthebody, andthelifeeverlasting. Amen.!! 4

6 INTRODUCTION!! Thegoalofthisseminaristoteachyouthefundamentalpointsof,tohelpyouunderstandthe better,forthe centralpurposeof God struthtoyourlife. 5!QUICK!FACTS!ABOUT!THE!APOSTLES!CREED! TheCreedhelpsdefinethe ofwhat Christiansbelieve. TheCreedtestifiestothebodily ofjesuschrist. TheCreedshouldencourageusto thetruthandloveofgod withthosearoundus. TheCreedisorganizedin sections,basedonthetrinity: Father,Son,andHolySpirit TheApostles Creedisthe Creed,andawindowintothe beliefsoftheearliestfollowersofjesusoutsideofthenewtestament.!! 5

7 WHAT!IS!A!CREED?!!! ACreedisauniversallyRacceptedstatementthatarisesoutofprayerfulstudy of thatseekstolayouttheessentialtheologicalteachingof thechurch. Twocreeds:(1)Apostles Creedand(2)NiceneCreed Broadlyspeaking,Christiansinthe looktotheapostles Creedand Christiansinthe looktothenicenecreed. WHY!ARE!THE!CREEDS!IMPORTANT?! Theyhelpusunderstandthe. Theyhavebeen byfaithfulchristiansforthousandsofyears. Theydefinethe ofchristianbelief. 6

8 MYTHS!AND!TRUTHS! Myth:TheCreedswereinventedbybishopsandimposedonpeoplewho disagreed. Truth:TheCreedswereprayerfullydevelopedbyChristiansfromeverypart ofthechristianworld,andrepresented beliefs. Myth:TheCreedscontain thatisimportanttobelieveas achristian. Truth:TheCreedswerewrittentohighlightparticularpointsthatwere misunderstoodorunderattack. Myth:TheCreedshaveasmuchauthorityastheBible Truth:TheCreedshelpusunderstandtheBible,butdonotcarrythesame authority. Myth:YouhavetoreciteorunderstandtheCreedsinordertobeatrue Christian. Truth:Reciting orevenbelievingandunderstandingthecreeds doesnot makeapersonachristian.onlytrustinjesusanda to followhimmakesapersonatruechristian. $ You$say$you$have$faith,$for$you$believe$that$there$is$one$God.$Good$for$you!$$ Even$the$demons$believe$this,$and$they$tremble$in$terror. $ James2:19 7

9 SETTING!THE!CONTEXT:!THE!HISTORY!OF!THE!CHURCH!IN!5! MINUTES! Want!to!dig!deeper?!Formoreonthehistoryofthechurch,seethe JourneyUniversityonthehistoryoftheearlychurch: SOME!KEY!DATES! 33 Pentecost(Acts2) 313 Constantine Converted andestablishedculturalchristianity 1054 GreatSchismofEastandWest 1517 Luther s95theses;protestantreformation 1731 FirstGreatAwakening 1790 SecondGreatAwakening 1900s RiseoftheEvangelicalMovement THE!HISTORICAL!BACKGROUND!OF!THE!APOSTLES!CREED! DATE:!100S!TO!300S!AD! Inthemiddle100s,aformula,verysimilartotheApostles Creedwasusedin. WritersasfarawayasmodernRday and were awareofthisformulaandwereusingittosummarizechristianbeliefs. 8

10 HOW!WAS!THE!CREED!USED?! & TheCreedwaslikelyoriginallya wayfora baptizedpersontomaketheirprofessionoffaith. Q: DoyoubelieveinGod,theFatheralmighty,theCreatorofheaven andearth? A: Yes. Q: AndinJesusChrist,hisonlySon,ourLord? A: Yes. Q: AndintheHolySpirit? A: Yes. Q: Whatisyourprofession? A: JesusisLord! (andthenthepersonisbaptized) $ Therefore,$go$and$make$disciples$of$all$the$nations,$$ baptizing&them&in&the&name&of&the&father&and&the&son&and&the&holy&spirit.$$ Teach$these$new$disciples$to$obey$all$the$commands$I$have$given$you.$$ And$be$sure$of$this:$I$am$with$you$always,$even$to$the$end$of$the$age. Matthew28:19R20 & 9

11 THEOLOGY!OF!THE!APOSTLES!CREED! BELIEF! I believe in 4&POSSIBLE&MEANINGS&OF& I&BELIEVE & 1. Toexpress. Did$your$mom$say$she s$going$to$pick$us$up? $$ I$believe$so. $ $ 2. Toexpressan,ofwhichwearenotcompletelycertain. I$believe$Michael$pawned$his$Xbox$to$help$him$buy$an$engagement$ring. $ 3. Toexpressapersonal thatsomethingistrue, eventhoughothersdon tthinkso. I$believe$that$God$exists. $$ $ $ 4. Toexpress. If$a$child$is$willing$to$jump$off$a$ledge$into$her$dad s$arms,$we$say$the$child$ believes$in $her$dad.$ Ibelievein intheapostles Creedisthe meaning. I$believe$in$God $is$not$merely$that$we$believe$that$god$exists$ $that$we$are$of$ the$opinion$that$god$exists,$or$that,$after$due$consideration,$we$have$decided$ that$god$exists,$or$even$that$we$are$absolutely$convinced$that$god$exists.$$what$ the$creed$means$is$that$we$trust$god,$that$we$are$willing$to$stake$our$lives$on$ God JustoGonzalez,The$Apostles $Creed$for$Today 10

12 GOD!AS!TRINITY! TheApostles Creedhas mainparts onereferringtoeachofthe threepersonsofthe. When$I$Say$God,$I$Mean$ Father,$Son,$and$Holy$Spirit $$ GregoryNazianzen(4 th RcenturyArchbishop) $ Scriptureteaches,andtheCreedhelpsusunderstand,thatGodis, yet. 11

13 GOD!THE!FATHER! I believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth. TheCreedemphasizesGodasthe ofjesus. SinceGodis creatorofheavenandearth, thereisnothingoutsideofgod s. GOD!THE!SON! Want!to!dig!deeper?!FormoreonJesus,seetheJourneyUniversities onjesus: JESUS&AS&LORD& I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord.! Three!implications!of!calling!Jesus! Lord! 1. Jesus&is&.& Lord isthewordusedconsistentlyof intheoldtestament. 2. Jesus&deserves&our&.& TheRomanCaesarsclaimeddivineidentity: JuliusCaesar: thecommonsaviorofhumanlife. Augustus: asaviorwhoputanendtowarandestablishedallgood things. Claudius: savioroftheworld and agodwhoissaviorand benefactor. Nero: LordofallLords, andneroregardedeverykneeonearth bowingtohim. 12

14 At$the$name$of$Jesus$every$knee$should$bow,$in$heaven$and$on$earth$$ and$under$the$earth,$and$every$tongue$confess$that$jesus$christ$is$lord,$$ to$the$glory$of$god$the$father. Philippians2:10R11 But$we$are$citizens$of$heaven,$where$the$Lord$Jesus$Christ$lives.$And$we$are$ eagerly$waiting$for$him$to$return$as$our$savior. Philippians3:20 3. Jesus&is& &of&my&life& AsGodandasruleroftheworld,Jesusisalsobossofourlives. WHY&IS&IT&IMPORTANT&THAT&JESUS&WAS&BORN&OF&A&VIRGIN?& He was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary. Jesus VirginBirthappearsinboththeApostles andnicenecreeds: Apostles Creed: HewasconceivedbythepoweroftheHolySpirit andbornofthevirginmary NiceneCreed(seeappendixB):Jesuswas begottennotcreated Humanbeings,andhumanbeingsneed. Onlya couldpaythepricerequiredforoursalvation, butonly couldoffertheperfectgift. So,weneedaGodRhuman,bornlikeus.! & 13

15 THE&HISTORICAL&REALITY&OF&JESUS& He suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried. Christianityisrootedin events. 3$ I$passed$on$to$you$what$was$most$important$and$what$had$also$been$passed$ on$to$me.$christ$died$for$our$sins,$just$as$the$scriptures$said. $4$ He$was$buried,$$ and$he$was$raised$from$the$dead$on$the$third$day,$just$as$the$scriptures$said. $$ 5$ He$was$seen$by$Peter$and$then$by$the$Twelve. $6$ After$that,$he$was$seen$by$more$ than$500$of$his$followers$at$one$time,$most$of$whom$are$still$alive,$though$some$ have$died. $7$ Then$he$was$seen$by$James$and$later$by$all$the$apostles. $$ 8$ Last$of$all,$as$though$I$had$been$born$at$the$wrong$time,$I$also$saw$him. 1Corinthians15:3R8 NotcountingtheNewTestament, differentwritersorhistorians (bothromanandjewish)fromaroundthetimeofjesusmentionjesus. ofthesewriterswerechristians. IfyouputtogetherwhatallfourofthesewriterssayaboutJesus,hereiswhat weget: Jesus$really$lived;$he$was$crucified$under$Pontius$Pilate,$though$Jews$were$ also$involved;$he$was$recognized$as$a$wise$teacher$and$also$worked$ miracles;$he$had$a$wide$following$which$continued$after$his$death;$jewish$ leaders$thought$he$disobeyed$the$law;$some$people$believed$he$was$the$ Messiah.$ (SeeAppendixDformoreinformation.) 14

16 WHO&DID&JESUS&CLAIM&TO&BE?& HereisasamplingofwhatJesussaysabouthimself: I$am$the$bread$of$life (hecansatisfyourspiritualhunger,john6:35) If$the$Son$sets$you$free,$you$are$free$indeed (John8:36) I$am$the$light$of$the$world (John8:12) I$am$the$resurrection$and$the$life (hewillovercomedeathandgiveus eternallife,john11:25) I$am$the$way,$truth$and$the$life (wegettogodthroughhim,john14:6) If$you$have$seen$me,$you$have$seen$God (John14:9) HealsomadesomebigclaimsthatshowhethoughthewasGod: o Heclaimedthathecouldforgivesin inmark2:5hesaidto someone, Your$sins$are$forgiven. PeopleknewthatonlyGod couldforgivesin. o o o o o Heclaimedtobe IAm (nameforgodintheoldtestament, Exodus3:14) I$say$to$you,$before$Abraham$was,$I$am (John8:58) Heclaimedtobe the$one$who$would$judge$the$world (Matthew25:31R32,40,45) HeclaimedtobetheMessiah(Mark14:61R62) HeclaimedtobeSon$of$God(Mark14:61) ThomascallsJesus My$Lord$and$my$God (John20:28),andJesus doesn tcorrecthim WHO,&THEN,&IS&JESUS?& Either a a,or the! & 15

17 & HE&DESCENDED&TO&THE&DEAD & He descended to the dead. ThisphrasedoesnotappearintheearliestversionsoftheApostles Creed, butmanygroupsincludeit.thewidelyracceptedversionoftheapostles Creedsays hedescendedtothedead. ThreewaysthispartoftheCreedhasbeenunderstood: Understand thedead as the (asinthetombwhere Jesuswasburied). Asa forjesus sufferingsonthecross. Jesuswenttothe topreachtothe enslavedspirits(1peter3:18r20). o Jesusdidnotexperiencepunishmenthere,butwenttodefeatthe powerofdeathandreleasefromthepowerofdeaththosewho diedinfaithbeforejesus. $ It$was$as$if$a$king$were$to$go$to$a$dungeon$and,$entering$it,$were$to$fling$open$ its$doors,$loosen$the$fetters,$break$the$chains,$bolts,$and$bars$in$pieces,$conduct$ the$captives$forth$to$freedom$and$restore$such$as$sat$in$darkness$and$in$the$ shadow$of$death$[referringtops.107:10]$to$light$and$life.$$in$a$case$like$this$the$ king$is,$of$course,$said$to$have$been$in$the$dungeon,$but$not$under$the$same$ circumstances$as$the$prisoners$confined$within$it.$$they$were$there$to$discharge$ their$penalties,$but$he$to$secure$their$discharge$from$punishment. $$ Rufinus(fifthRcenturybishop) $ 16

18 THE&RESURRECTION&OF&JESUS& On the third day he rose again. ThewholetruthofChristianityrestsonwhetherornotJesusrosefromthe dead. If!Jesus!was!not!raised,!then!our!faith!is!.!!! And$if$Christ$has$not$been$raised,$then$all$our$preaching$is$useless,$$ and$your$faith$is$useless.$ $And$if$Christ$has$not$been$raised,$then$your$faith$$ is$useless$and$you$are$still$guilty$of$your$sins. 1Corinthians15:14,17 Arguments!that!Jesus!was!not!raised! Theory$1:$The$Disciples$ $the$body$(see$matthew$28:11i15)$ 11$ As$the$women$were$on$their$way,$some$of$the$guards$went$into$the$city$and$ told$the$leading$priests$what$had$happened. $12$ A$meeting$with$the$elders$was$ called,$and$they$decided$to$give$the$soldiers$a$large$bribe. $13$ They$told$the$ soldiers,$you$must$say,$'jesus'$disciples$came$during$the$night$while$we$were$ sleeping,$and$they$stole$his$body.' $14$ If$the$governor$hears$about$it,$we'll$stand$up$ for$you$so$you$won't$get$in$trouble. $15$ So$the$guards$accepted$the$bribe$and$said$ what$they$were$told$to$say.$their$story$spread$widely$among$the$jews,$and$they$ still$tell$it$today. Matthew28:11R15 Problemswiththistheory: TheRomansguardswerethebest ofthetime,and wasthepunishmentforfailure.theywouldnothaveletthishappen. Thestoneinfrontofthetombwouldhavebeen tomovequietly. Whywouldthefearfuldiscipleswanttostealabodyandthenmanyof themdieforwhattheyknewwasa? 17

19 Theory$2:$The$Women$Went$to$the$ $Tomb$ Problemswiththistheory: Iftheydid,thensodid and. Jesus'tomb'slocationwasknowntofollowersofJesusanddoubtersof Jesusalike,soanyonewouldhavebeenabletocheckthetombtomake surethatitwasempty.thejewishorromanauthoritiescouldhave producedthebodyandsilencedthemovement. Theory$3:$Jesus$didn t$really$ $ $he$just$passed$out$and$later$walked$out$ of$the$tomb$ Problemswiththistheory: TheRomanswere.Theyknewwhena personwasdead. Jesuswaswrappedinburialclotheswithabout100poundsofspices appliedtomakeitgummy.evenifjesushadnotactuallydiedonthe cross,thereisnochancethatamanwhowasnearlykilledcouldhave gottenoutoftheseclothesandspices,pushedawayahugestone,and walkedoutunnoticed. Theory$4:$The$Resurrection$is$an$ $Story$ (the$disciples$made$it$up)$ Problemswiththistheory: Claimsofthe werementionedintheearliestof Christiansources:1Cor.15;Peter'ssermoninActs2(preachedsoon afterjesus ascension);andthegospelofmark(thefirstgospelwritten, datedabout30yearsafterchrist)! 18

20 Additional!Evidence!for!the!Resurrection! AppearancesofJesus MaryMagdalene(Mark$16:9i11;John$20:11i18) Otherwomen(Matt.$28:8i10) ReportofthesoldierstoJewishauthorities(Matt.$28:11i15) TwodisciplestoEmmaus(Mark$16:12i13;Luke$24:13i32) Reportofthosetwodisciples(Luke$24:33i35) Assembleddisciples(Mark$16:14;Luke$24:36i43;John$20:19i25) Thomasandtheelevenassembleddisciples(John$20:24i31;1$Cor.$ 15:5b) Sevendiscipleswhilefishing(John$21:1i25) EleveninGalilee(Matt.$28:16i20) James,Jesus'brother(1$Cor.$15:7) DisciplesinJerusalem(Acts$1:3i8;Luke$24:44i49) Saul/PaulontheroadtoDamascus(Acts$9;1$Cor.$15:8) Morethan500atthesametime(1$Cor.$15:6) Circumstantial TheamazingriseoftheChristianchurchdespitepersecution. ThedisciplesdiedsayingthatJesushadrisen o Peter crucified o Andrew crucified o MatthewRthesword o John natural o James,sonofAlphaeus crucified o Philip crucified o Simon crucified o ThaddaeusRkilledbyarrows o James,brotherofJesus stoned o ThomasRspearthrust o Bartholomew crucified o James,sonofZebedeeRthesword Peopledon'tknowinglyandwillinglydieforalie. $ 19

21 THE&ASCENSION&AND&SESSION&OF&CHRIST& He ascended into heaven, and is seated at the right hand of the Father. 6$ So$when$the$apostles$were$with$Jesus,$they$kept$asking$him,$ Lord,$has$the$time$ come$for$you$to$free$israel$and$restore$our$kingdom? $7$ He$replied,$ The$Father$ alone$has$the$authority$to$set$those$dates$and$times,$and$they$are$not$for$you$to$ know. $8$ But$you$will$receive$power$when$the$Holy$Spirit$comes$upon$you.$And$ you$will$be$my$witnesses,$telling$people$about$me$everywhereii$in$jerusalem,$ throughout$judea,$in$samaria,$and$to$the$ends$of$the$earth. $9$ After$saying$this,$ he$was$taken$up$into$a$cloud$while$they$were$watching,$and$they$could$no$ longer$see$him. Acts1:6R9 Significance!of!the!ascension!and!session!of!Christ! Jesusis. Jesusis. Jesusis. Therefore$he$is$able,$once$and$forever,$to$save$those$who$come$to$God$through$ him.$he$lives$forever$to$intercede$with$god$on$their$behalf. Hebrews7:25 My$dear$children,$I$am$writing$this$to$you$so$that$you$will$not$sin.$$ But$if$anyone$does$sin,$we$have$an$advocate$who$pleads$our$case$before$the$ Father.$He$is$Jesus$Christ,$the$one$who$is$truly$righteous. 1John2:1 JESUS&IS&COMING&AGAIN& He will come again to judge the living and the dead. 10$ As$they$strained$to$see$him$rising$into$heaven,$two$whiteirobed$men$suddenly$ stood$among$them. $11$ Men$of$Galilee, $they$said,$ why$are$you$standing$here$ staring$into$heaven?$jesus$has$been$taken$from$you$into$heaven,$but$someday$he$ will$return$from$heaven$in$the$same$way$you$saw$him$go! Acts1:10R11 Wedon tknow Jesusiscomingback,butheis! However,$no$one$knows$the$day$or$hour$when$these$things$will$happen,$$ not$even$the$angels$in$heaven$or$the$son$himself.$only$the$father$knows. Mark13:32 20

22 GOD!THE!HOLY!SPIRIT! I believe in the Holy Spirit Want!to!dig!deeper?FormoreontheJourneyUniversityontheHoly Spirit: TheEarlyChurchtooksometimetodeveloptheirunderstandingoftheHoly Spirit,andsoforthisreasonthereisnotmuchontheSpiritintheApostles Creed. Still,evenasearlyastheApostles Creed,theChurchrightlyunderstandsthe HolySpiritas. THE!CHURCH! the!holy!catholic!church,!the!communion!of!saints! LittleR c catholic= Church BigR C Catholic= Church TheApostles Creedreferstothe Church. WHAT&(OR&WHO)&IS&THE&CHURCH?& Differentviews: truechurch,andthat stheorthodox(orromancatholic) Church Anywherewherethe isproperlypreachedandthe sacramentsareadministeredaccordingtothegospel :churchisfoundintheheartsofbelievers, whomonlygodknows Churchas :Churchiswhereverevangelization takesplace. Whereverpeopleare Christianthingsand Christianteachings offollowersofjesus 21

23 SALVATION!AND!OUR!HOPE! the!forgiveness!of!sins,!! the!resurrection!of!the!body,!! and!the!life!everlasting.!! Amen.!! Want!to!dig!deeper?Formoreonsalvation,seetheJourneyUniversity onsalvation: ForallofthetheologyintheCreed,itallcomesdowntothis:Jesus!came!to! offer!us!!of!sins!and!!after!death.! $ If$we$miss$this,$we$miss$the$point$of$the$Creed!$ TheChristianhopeisthatwewillbe likejesuswas.! $ The$Spirit$of$God,$who$raised$Jesus$from$the$dead,$lives$in$you.$And$just$as$God$ raised$christ$jesus$from$the$dead,$he$will$give$life$to$your$mortal$bodies$by$this$!! same$spirit$living$within$you. $ Romans8:11 22

24 IbelieveinGod,theFatheralmighty, creatorofheavenandearth. THE!APOSTLES!CREED! IbelieveinJesusChrist,hisonlySon,ourLord. HewasconceivedbythepoweroftheHolySpirit andbornofthevirginmary. HesufferedunderPontiusPilate, wascrucified,died,andwasburied. Hedescendedtothedead. Onthethirddayheroseagain. Heascendedintoheaven, andisseatedattherighthandofthefather. Hewillcomeagaintojudgethelivingandthedead. IbelieveintheHolySpirit, theholycatholicchurch, thecommunionofsaints, theforgivenessofsins, theresurrectionofthebody, andthelifeeverlasting. Amen.!! 23

25 APPENDIX!A:!THE!CREED!TEACHING!SERIES!PLAN! MARCH16 LIVINGWITHGODASFATHER MARCH23RLIVINGWITHJESUSASSAVIOR MARCH30RLIVINGWITHTHEHOLYSPIRIT APRIL6RLIVINGWITHGOD SPEOPLE APRIL13 LIVINGWITHETERNITYINMIND APRIL20(EASTER)R#HOPESERIESBEGINS 24

26 APPENDIX!B:!NICENE!CREED! WebelieveinoneGod,theFatherAllGoverning,creatorof heavenandearth,ofallthingsvisibleandinvisible; AndinoneLordJesusChrist,theonlyRbegottenSonofGod, begotten from the Father before all time, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten not created, of the same essence as the Father, through Whom all things came into being, Who for us men and because of our salvation came downfromheaven,andwasincarnatebytheholyspiritand thevirginmaryandbecamehuman.hewascrucifiedforus underpontiuspilate,andsufferedandwasburied,androse onthethirdday,accordingtothescriptures,andascended toheaven,andsitsontherighthandofthefather,andwill comeagainwithglorytojudgethelivingandthedead.his Kingdomshallhavenoend. AndintheHolySpirit,theLordandlifeRgiver,Whoproceeds from the Father, 1 Who is worshiped and glorified together withthefatherandson,whospokethroughtheprophets; andinone,holy,catholic,andapostolicchurch.weconfess one baptism for the remission of sins. We look forward to the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come.amen. 1 TheWesternChurchadded andtheson after thefather here.thisisfamouslycalledthe filioque (Latinfor andtheson ).ThiswasamajorcontributingfactortotheGreatSchismbetweentheEasternand WesternChurches. 25

27 APPENDIX!C:!DEFINITION!OF!CHALCEDON! Following, then, the holy fathers, we united in teaching all mentoconfesstheoneandonlyson,ourlordjesuschrist. ThisselfsameoneisperfectbothindeityandalsoinhumanR ness;thisselfsameoneisalsoactuallygodandactuallyman, witharationalsoulandabody.heisofthesamerealityas Godasfarashisdeityinconcernedandofthesamereality asweareourselvesasfarashishumanrnessisconcerned; thus like us in all respects, sin only excepted. Before time beganhewasbegottenofthefather,inrespectofhisdeity, and now in these last days, for us and on behalf of our salvation, this selfsame one was born of Mary the virgin, whoisgodrbearerinrespectofhishumanrness. [Wealsoteach]thatweapprehendthisoneandonlyChrist Son,Lord,onlyRbegotten intwonatures;[andwedothis] withoutconfusingthetwonatureswithouttransmutingone nature into the other, without dividing them into two separate categories, without contrasting them according to area or function. The distinctiveness of each nature is not nullified by the union. Instead, the properties of each nature are conserved and both natures concur in one person andinonesubstance.theyarenotdividedorcut into two persons, but are together the one and only and onlyrbegotten Logos of God, the Lord Jesus Christ. Thus havetheprophetsofoldtestified;thusthelordjesuschrist himself taught us; thus the Symbol of the Fathers has handeddowntous. 26

28 APPENDIX!D:!EVIDENCE!FOR!THE!HISTORICAL!JESUS! Evidence$1$ NotcountingtheNewTestament, differentwritersorhistorians (bothromanandjewish)fromaroundthetimeofjesusmentionjesus.none ofthesewriterswerechristians. Tacitus(Roman) o TheEmperorNerofastenedtheguiltandinflictedthemost exquisitetorturesonaclasshatedfortheirabominations, called'chrestians'bythepopulace.christus,fromwhomthe namehaditsorigin,sufferedtheextremepenaltyduringthe reignoftiberiusatthehandsofoneofourprocurators, PontiusPilate,andamostmischievoussuperstition[i.e. Christianity],thuscheckedforthemoment,againbrokeout notonlyinjudaea,thefirstsourceoftheevil,butevenin Rome,whereallthingshideousandshamefulfromeverypart oftheworldfindtheircenterandbecomepopular. o Keyinfo:Christ;Chrestians;Christexecutedinthereignof TiberiusbytheprocuratorofJudeaPontiusPilate Suetonius(Roman) o AstheJewsweremakingconstantdisturbancesatthe instigationofchrestus,he[claudius]expelledthemfrom Rome. PlinytheYounger(Roman) o Mentionsthename Christus 27

29 Josephus(Jewish) o BearswitnesstoJesus sdate,tohisbeingthebrotherofjames thejust,tohisreputationasamiraclerworker,tohis crucifixionunderpilateasaconsequenceofchargesbrought againsthimbythejewishrulers,tohisclaimtobethemessiah, andtohisbeingthefounderofthe tribeofchristians. IfyouputtogetherwhatallfourofthesewriterssayaboutJesus,hereiswhat weget: Jesus$really$lived;$he$was$crucified$under$Pontius$Pilate,$though$Jews$were$ also$involved;$he$was$recognized$as$a$wise$teacher$and$also$worked$ miracles;$he$had$a$wide$following$that$continued$after$his$death;$jewish$ leaders$thought$he$disobeyed$the$law;$some$people$believed$he$was$the$ Messiah. That sactuallyaprettygoodhistoricalrecord.andthisisn tevencounting whatwegetaboutjesusinthebible! $ Evidence$2$ IntheyearsimmediatelyafterJesus,anumberofpeoplestartedclaimingto behisfollowers. Byapproximately100yearsafterJesus,Christianshadbecomeaverylarge groupofpeople. TrytoimaginetodayahugegroupofpeoplefollowingamadeRupguyfrom 100yearsago! 28

30 FOR!FURTHER!READING! Gonzalez,JustoL.The$Apostles $Creed$for$Today.Louisville:WestminsterJohn KnoxPress,2007. Grudem,Wayne.Systematic$Theology:$An$Introduction$to$Biblical$Doctrine. GrandRapids:Zondervan,1995. Lewis,CliveStaples(C.S.).Mere$Christianity. Rogers,Adrian.What$Every$Christian$Ought$to$Know:$Solid$Grounding$for$a$ Growing$Faith.ReprintEdition.Nashville:B&HBooks,2012. Stanley,Charles.Living$in$the$Power$of$the$Holy$Spirit.Nashville:Thomas Nelson,2005. Strobel,Lee.The$Case$for$Christ:$A$Journalist s$personal$investigation$of$the$ Evidence$for$Jesus.GrandRapids:Zondervan,1998. Strobel,Lee.The$Case$for$Faith:$A$Journalist s$investigates$the$toughest$ Objections$to$Christianity.GrandRapids:Zondervan,2000. Swindoll,Charles.Jesus:$The$Greatest$Life$of$All.Nashville:ThomasNelson, ExplorepriorJourneyUniversitystudiesat: 29