DOWNLOAD PDF THE SPIRITUAL PORTRAIT OF SAINT MARGUERITE DYOUVILLE

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 : Marguerite Bourgeoys - Wikipedia The Spiritual Portrait of Saint Marguerite d'youville by Estelle Mitchell. Grey Nuns. Used - Good. Shows some signs of wear, and may have some markings on the inside. % Money Back Guarantee. The daughter of Abraham Bourgeoys and Guillemette Garnier, she was the seventh of their thirteen children. Her father died when she was very young, and her mother followed when Marguerite was In her early years, Bourgeoys had never held much of an interest in joining the confraternity attached to the monastery in the town of the canonesses regular of the Congregation Notre-Dame, which had been founded in by the Blessed Alix Le Clerc, C. The canonesses of the monastery helped the poor, but remained cloistered and did not have the right to teach outside of the cloister. To reach poor young girls who could not afford to be boarded within the cloister as students, they relied upon the confraternity, whose members they would educate in both religion and pedagogy. It seems, however, that she had a change of heart on 7 October, during a procession in honor of Our Lady of the Rosary. Her response to this experience was to seek to give herself wholly to God and to live a life that mirrored, as much as possible, that of the Virgin Mary. Marguerite was not only one of the most famous people who were supporting the education of children especially girls, she had the courage and mindset of her own. She had a rough life growing up. When she was about 15 years old, Marguerite decided to let herself make her own choices despite the fact of what her family was going through. Later on, Marguerite became well known of a lecturer in her early ages. She believed in god and was really religious of the choices she spoke. In February, Bourgeoys set sail on the Saint-Nicholas from her native France along with approximately other colonists, mostly men, who had been recruited and signed to working contracts. She declined the offer and spent her stay in Quebec living alongside poor settlers. She arrived in Ville-Marie on 16 November. Bourgeoys would have known practically everyone in the colony. There were no children to teach due to the high levels of infant mortality, which frustrated her plan to provide education. Despite this, she took it upon herself to help the community in any way she could, often working alongside the settlers. During these early years, Bourgeoys did manage to make some significant initiatives. Soon after receiving the stable, Bourgeoys departed for France with the goal of bringing back more women to serve as teachers for the colony. The women, however, would spend time on their own in various towns throughout the colony, teaching the local children. During this three-year period, Bourgeoys and her small community sought various forms of official recognition and legitimation from both the Crown and the religious establishment in New France. He ultimately granted her wishes through an ordinance that gave permission to the congregation Notre-Dame to teach on the entire island of Montreal, as well as anywhere else in the colony that saw their services as necessary. In Bourgeoys set out once again for France, this time with the goal of gaining an audience with the King to protect the unenclosed nature of her community. She left with no money or clothing, only with a letter of recommendation by Jean Talon, Royal Intendant of the colony, in which he declares her great contribution to its future. By May, she had not only met with Louis XIV, but had obtained letters patent from him which secured the viability of her community in New France as "secular Sisters". In fact, the French monarch went so far as to write that: Though she always devoted the majority of her efforts to helping the more needy members of society, she also established a boarding school at Ville-Marie so that more affluent girls would not need to venture all the way to Quebec for their education. She went on to establish a school devoted to needle-work and other practical occupations for women in Pointe-Saint-Charles. Other smaller schools were also established and run by other members of the Congregation in places such as Lachine, Pointe-aux-Trembles, Batiscan and Champlain. In, Marguerite also expanded into Native societies, setting up a small school in the Iroquois village of "la Montagne" Montreal. Bishop Laval, also visiting France, forbade her to bring back any new recruits. However, the recruitment of Canadian-born women into the congregation assured the survival of her work. Though Bourgeoys may have returned to New France somewhat frustrated with the bishop, her influence continued to grow in the colony. The new bishop in the colony, Jean-Baptiste Page 1

2 De La Croix de Saint-Vallier, had been impressed with the vocational school that Bourgeoys had established in Ville-Marie and worked with her towards establishing a similar institution in Quebec. In, the congregation opened a school in Quebec that catered to girls from poor families. Though she had removed herself from a leadership position, her presence could still be felt and she attempted to help her sisters retain the spirit which had characterized the Congregation from the start. Bourgeoys and her colleagues were able to keep their secular character despite efforts by Bishop Saint-Vallier to impose a cloistered life upon them through a merger with the Ursulines. On July 1,, the congregation was "canonically constituted a community". She died peacefully in Montreal on 12 January Her likeness, painted by Pierre Le Ber immediately after her death, speaks of the compassion that animated her life. The portrait can still be seen in the Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum. She has an all-girls high school named after her in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and a school commission in the Montreal area. The building on Westmount Avenue still belongs to the Congretation Notre-Dame and is now occupied by Marianopolis College, another cegep, founded by the English speaking division of Congregation Notre-Dame. Veneration and canonization[ edit ] Before Marguerite Bourgeoys received official recognition in as a saint in the Catholic Church, many people had already looked upon her as having the virtues of one. The day following her death, a priest wrote, "If saints were canonized as in the past by the voice of the people and of the clergy, tomorrow we would be saying the Mass of Saint Marguerite of Canada. The elderly Sister Bourgeoys was said to have given up her life to God in order to save that of a younger member of the Congregation who had fallen ill. After intense prayer, it is said that the young nun was cured and Marguerite fell terribly ill, dying soon thereafter. The convent held an afternoon visitation open to the public; people treasured objects that they touched to her hands at this time, which became considered spiritual relics. Various organizations and locations are named after Marguerite Bourgeoys, including Marguerite Bourgeoys Park in Montreal, Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys school board, and the Marguerite-Bourgeoys Quebec provincial electoral district. Page 2

3 Chapter 2 : Saint Marguerite dyouville The Spiritual Portrait of Saint Marguerite d'youville [Estelle Mitchell] on theinnatdunvilla.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Twelve chapters on the life of St. Marguerite d'youville. Originally published as From the Fatherhood of God to the Brotherhood of Mankind. Foundress; first native Canadian saint; b. Her father died when she was seven years old, leaving this family of six in great poverty. Through the influence of her great grandfather, Pierre Boucher, she was enabled to study for two years at the ursulines in Quebec. Upon her return home, she became an invaluable support to her mother and undertook the education of her brothers and sisters. Marguerite soon came to realize that her husband had no interest in making a home life. His frequent absences and illegal trading with the natives caused her great suffering and brought him infamy. She faithfully cared for him until his death in By the age of 29, she had experienced desperate poverty and suffered the loss of her father and husband. Four of her six children had died in infancy. Marguerite provided for the education of her two sons, who later became priests. Marguerite was soon joined by three young women who shared her love and concern for the poor. Marguerite, without realizing it, had founded a group that would become the Sisters of Charity of Montreal, "Grey Nuns. Her small society was publicly refused Holy Communion, stoned, and insulted. When fire destroyed their home, they pledged on Feb. In, this "mother of the poor" as she was called, was asked to become director of the Charon Brothers Hospital in Montreal, which was falling into ruin. She and her sisters rebuilt the hospital and cared for those in most desperate human misery. With the help of lay collaborators, Marguerite laid the foundation for service to the poor of a thousand faces. She asked her sisters and the poor who lived at the hospital to recognize the hand of God in the disaster and to offer praise. At the age of 64, she undertook the reconstruction of this shelter for those in need. Totally exhausted, she died six years later. Archives, Grey Nuns of Montreal. Page 3

4 Chapter 3 : Saint Marguerite dâ Youville â Franciscan Media Get this from a library! The spiritual portrait of Saint Marguerite d'youville [Estelle Mitchell]. In, she founded the community of The Sisters of Charity of Montreal. In consideration of her exceptional life of devotion and compassion for her brothers and sisters of the human family, she was canonized by Pope John Paul II in Twenty years later, the artist was also inspired by the memories of her companions. He shows us the face of an older woman marked by life. She had light brown hair, a rosy complexion, keen and expressive eyes, and perfectly even features. She was tall and very distinguished looking. Her contemporary the Sulpician Montgolfier, who admired her organizational abilities, said that she possessed an unusual intelligence. Beyond these traits, the innumerable trials of her life developed in her a deep spirituality that revealed itself in her compassion for the poor. Her letters reveal a gentle firmness, a precise understanding of business matters, and a good judgement; these qualities enabled her to restore and courageously administer the General Hospital of Montreal during the difficult years at the end of the French rule. Her bursar in Paris asked her to sign it always in the same way; but in the last years of her life, she signed her name as M. The members of that Society were the Lords Proprietor of the island of Montreal from According to her biographers, it was at this time that she experienced a mystical encounter with God the Eternal Father. She was often alone and mourning the deaths of three of her children. Perhaps she recalled the words of her great-grandfather Pierre Boucher: It becomes explicit if are considered that she laid the foundations for the social and community services that we are currently familiar with in our society. A woman of silence, she experienced a profound communion with the fatherhood of God and was able to hear the cry of the poor without the poor making a sound. For her, the poorest of the poor was the person who had the greatest need of God in order to become a man or woman. Her example will remain forever a source of inspiration for those who are working for the coming of a civilization of love and justice. The Eternal Father As a result of a promise Marguerite made to obtain the healing of her spiritual director, Louis Normant de Faradon, PSS, and at the request of one of her companions who wanted to see a representation of the Eternal Father, she ordered from France a painting depicting the Eternal Father. In our century of images, this request might seem a little naive; but in the eighteenth century, the painting served as a focus of meditation for the little community. The name given to God under the aspect of his care for us is the Providential God, or Divine Providence. It is the way in which God shows his care in the concrete events of our lives through intermediaries who are attentive to needs of the poor and marginalized. This faith in Divine Providence made Marguerite bold in her choice of life. She testified to this frequently. Divine Providence provides for everything; all my trust is in it. One part of the letters is the epistolary evidence of the famous quarrel she had with Intendant Bigot, who wanted to close the General Hospital of Montreal and move the residents to Quebec City. Throughout her letters, Marguerite defended her Hospital with great intelligence and determination. She replied to all the arguments put forward by Bigot, who was contesting the amount of money spent on the renovations for the maintenance of the boarders. One can feel her skill as an administrator and her determination to save her work. Letter to Intendant Bigot: I can assure you that when I came here I found no fields sown nor a single furrow of fallow land ploughed. It is I who had the ploughing and sowing done. Therefore, Sir, I am bound to leave things only as I found them. She also wrote to members of her family who had returned to France. There is a great deal of humanity in her words. Letter to her niece Josephte Gamelin: The only consolation we have in our having been abandoned by France is to have news of our friends. I have no worldly goods to give away, but I shall give myself, my time, and my work. I shall sow but a little, it is true, but your mercy will make of that little an infinite harvest. Every day poor people who are truly in need come to us. We do not have any more room to accommodate them, and it is with a heavy heart that I turn them away, but I have to do so. Walk always in the path of regularity, obedience, and mortification. But above all, let the most perfect union reign among you. Page 4

5 Chapter 4 : Patron i Relikwie JP II - Polski KoÅ ciã³å w Atlancie 6. From the fatherhood of God to the brotherhood of mankind: Marguerite d'youville's spiritual portrait, 6. These Sisters had to volunteer their services because the community did not wish to force anyone to leave Montreal for the new mission. It was agreed from the beginning that this new house would be independent but adhere to the Rule of The Grey Nuns of Montreal. At the beginning, they were very poor, but gradually the Sisters of Charity of Saint Hyacinthe profited from the recognition of numerous benefactors, including The Grey Nuns of Montreal. Immigration was increasing and the needs of the population were growing correspondingly. The bishops called on the charity and generosity of the Grey Nuns once again to found another institution. Over the years, the Sisters of Charity of Ottawa have established more than 60 institutions for seniors, orphans, and sick people. Two groups of Sisters detached themselves from the Sisters of Charity of Ottawa to form autonomous congregations: The Sisters of Charity of Quebec. Land close to that of the Charitable Society of Catholic Ladies had been purchased for this purpose. They left Montreal in August on the steamboat that linked the two cities. Their Sisters trembled at the thought of the terrible epidemic they were braving. The Sisters were nonetheless welcomed warmly in Quebec, where on the day after their arrival they found themselves responsible for 25 orphaned girls. Two weeks later, the number of orphans had doubled with the arrival of children whose parents had died of cholera. They provided considerable help by teaching, caring for the sick, and comforting the poor of this isolated population. From their arrival at the Red River Colony on 21 June, the Grey Nuns devoted themselves to care for the sick, the poor, the elderly and the orphans. Despite their limited resources, they built in, a small house to care for the sick with a four-bed dispensary on the 2nd floor. This house was the foundation for what became the first hospital in Western Canada, the Saint Boniface Hospital. That same year, four Grey Nuns died from the disease. It was from this time that the Grey Nuns developed their professional expertise not only in nursing, but also in management and pharmacy, among other things. Two institutions came out of this mission: An orphanage and a healthcare centre were opened in Lawrence, Massachusetts in Other establishments of the Grey Nuns were opened in the United States, including those in Minneapolis and Worcester, where the use of French was maintained. From Ohio to Massachusetts, from New Hampshire to New Jersey, the Grey Nuns founded healthcare and teaching establishments that made a difference to the local population. Three young Sisters were selected for the new mission. When the Sisters arrived, they set themselves to learning Cree and, by doing so, helped to improve the situation of the sick people whom they visited in their tents with food and medicine. The Sisters also assumed the task of teaching the young. Soon after, the Sisters were providing refuge to the elderly, orphans, and the sick for both the families of the region and the First Nations people. People of different nationalities and religions were also arriving there. For the historian Janet Ross-Kerr, the year marks the beginning of nursing in Alberta. They valiantly founded the first of many missions that would spread right up to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. On 14 April, the waters rose as high as the first floor. It, the community decided to build a new Mother House there. The mortal remains of the Foundress were reverently transferred there. The old General Hospital became a warehouse in the port of Montreal. The prestigious architect Victor Bourgeau, one of the founders of the Montreal Academy of Fine Arts, was hired to bring to life this ambitious project. Other architects contributed to various stages of the construction of the Mother House: In his original plans, Victor Bourgeau proposed a convent arranged in the form of the letter H with a chapel at its centre. The east side the Guy Street wing would house the community while the west side the St. Matthew Street wing would be for the old people, the ill, and orphans. The convent as a whole is of an extraordinary quality and integrity, owing to its continuous occupation by the community. In, the chapel was completely renovated. The color of the original walls, pews, and floors was restored, and the mouldings on the ceiling and vault were refurbished. In, in spite of everything this house meant to them, The Grey Nuns of Montreal, coming to the sad realization that their diminishing numbers would not be replenished, decided with clarity and serenity to sell the Mother Page 5

6 House to Concordia University. Like other communities of the Grey Nuns, they sent some of their members to Western Canada, especially to help the First Nations people, the Blackfoot, Blood, and Peigan tribes in southern Saskatchewan and Alberta. In Quebec, there were 27 institutions, hospices, hospitals, homes, and boarding schools. In Manitoba, there were ten, three in Saskatchewan, two in Ontario, and eight in Alberta. Twenty-six establishments had been opened in the United States. Among other activities, she visited in that year the missions in the West to become familiar with their life. The war resulted in intensification of needs since many people were orphaned or had become invalids. In Paris, he had studied the properties of radium with the Curie and wanted to use it to overcome the devastation wreaked by cancer in the population. In, the Grey Nuns agreed to be responsible for the internal administration of the Institute. The Grey Nuns were once again on the front lines. They distributed food to families. They also provided social services in households by giving advice and practical information on nutrition, hygiene, and home management. In a way, they conducted a mobile home economics school. Since, they had had a school for nurses in Toledo as part of their mission in Ohio. Several Sisters had received a university education in the United States. Until, it was the only French-language advanced nursing school in Quebec. The third centennial of the city of Montreal was celebrated with faith and gratitude in All the missions of the Grey Nuns in Brazil have been oriented to helping the needy by providing them with health care. The Grey Nuns have worked in little hospitals and dispensaries. They have also given training on hygiene and the prevention of diseases to the mothers of families. This remarkable event united seven thousand Grey Nuns throughout the world. The first years of the new decade were busy with the preparations for the Second Vatican Council that would change many practices at the core of the Catholic Church. Between and, a number of Sisters who were trained nurses worked in Tunis. She subsequently headed the Tunisian-Canadian cooperative health project. This teaching mission continued until In, the Grey Nuns responded to the request of Bishop Louis Charpenet of Yagoua to work in the dispensary of his diocese in order to fight infant mortality and epidemics of measles and meningitis. The Sisters were also mandated to provide health education and social improvement instruction, especially for women. In, The Grey Nuns of Montreal also agreed to open a mission in Dungu, Zaire, and to take charge of a school for nurses and midwives. Ten Sisters went to work in this Medical Technical Institute until A home for teenage mothers was quickly added to this work. On 31 December, the mission in Columbia was permanently closed. In December, Marguerite was entombed in the chapel of the Basilica. Her tomb has become a place of prayer and contemplation open to everyone. An exhibition located in the former sanctuary next to the church recounts the life of this extraordinary woman. Page 6

7 Chapter 5 : Maternity Home â Pregnancy Center â DesOrmeaux Foundation The Spiritual Portrait of Saint Marguerite d'youville Books - theinnatdunvilla.com Zarama at the Cathedral of Christ the King and veneration of a first-class relic of the late pope, who was beatified May 1. Prior to the Mass, many gathered to recite the Divine Mercy Chaplet in the parish hall. The veneration was held on the first feast day of John Paul, Oct. The Mass, which included readings in both English and Polish, was also attended by members of the Polish Catholic community in Atlanta. Zukauckas and her husband, Deacon Gerald Zukauckas, have had an intense devotion to the late John Paul since the early s. At the Mass, the altar of the Cathedral was adorned with the large, simple portrait of Blessed Pope John Paul II, the image of the Black Madonna of Czestochowa, patroness of Poland, and a striking display of yellow flowers. If we love, we need to make time. Any of us could be in war, in his situation. He just lived such a holy life. Four vials of blood were drawn from Pope John Paul during the final stage of his illness by his personal physician, in case a transfusion was needed. No transfusion was ever needed, and after the death of Pope John Paul on April 2,, two of the vials went to Cardinal Dziwisz and the other two remained in the custody of the Daughters of Charity of St. Auxiliary Bishop Luis R. Originally from near Krakow, Oberc has lived in the U. One of the founders of the Polish Apostolate is Dr. She said that they applied to get the relic as part of the 25th anniversary of the apostolate in Atlanta, and they intended for Pope John Paul to be their patron saint. He blessed the folder, which contained documents with petitions to the Atlanta archbishop and the provincial for the Society of Christ to reestablish the apostolate in Atlanta after a break of eight years. People can come by all the time, said Father Nowacki. Many who attended contacted her after the performance, like Jim Hubbard of St. It consists of a small blood sample of Blessed John Paul II collected during one of his medical tests in He made nine pastoral visits to Poland during his papacy. He was a perfect model, and everyone loved him. Page 7

8 Chapter 6 : Saint Marguerite dâ Youville â Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart of Mary The Associates of Saint Marguerite d'youville; The partners. A number of laymen and laywomen from different backgrounds share the mission and values of The Grey Nuns of Montreal. Thanks to them, the spirit of Marguerite d'youville is very much alive and thriving. After studying two years with the Ursulines at Quebec, she shared, at the age of twelve, in the housework of her widowed mother. She married M. She was forced to carry on a small trade in order to meet her obligations. The only two of her sons who reached manhood became priests. Out of her own poverty, she helped the needy. Providence destined her to rescue from debt and ruin the hospital, founded by M. Charon, ad hitherto managed by a brotherhood bearing his name. When, in, the General Hospital was entrusted to her, she had already, with a few companions living under a provisional rule, begun practicing the spiritual and corporal works of mercy. She opened the hospital to disabled soldiers, the aged of either sex, the insane, the incurable, foundlings, and orphans. The intervention of the Sulpician superior, Cousturier, maintained her rights. Pontbriand confirmed the rule of the institute drawn up by Father Normant. During the Seven Years War so many English soldiers were treated at the hospital, that one of its wards was called "la salle des Anglais". Owing to the exorbitant cost of necessaries of life, due to unscrupulous corruption, the hospital was heavily indebted at the time of the conquest. A credit of, livres, due by the French Government, was redeemed with interest only under Louis XVIII, and the sum applied to the work begun by the foundress. When, in, the General Hospital was destroyed by fire, fully resigned to her loss, she knelt with her sisters and recited the "Te Deum". Her institute has spread throughout Canada and even to some of the neighbouring states. The Decree introducing the cause of her beatification, and entitling her to be called Venerable, was signed on 28 April, About this page APA citation. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company, This article was transcribed for New Advent by Michael T. Dedicated to the Sisters of Charity. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My address is webmaster at newadvent. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary. Page 8

9 Chapter 7 : Estelle Mitchell LibraryThing The Spiritual Portrait of Saint Marguerite d'youville Marguerite D'Youville's Spiritual Portrait OF SAINT MARGUERITE D'YOUVILLE. Mitchell. Two of these come with ornate decorative frames, and one with a full color holy card. The two with frames include Mother Marie Catherine de St. Augustin, founder of the Canonesses of St. This one comes with a full color holy card of the saint with prayer on the reverse. We are offering these as a collection of seven and would request that you do not ask that we divide the grouping and sell individual pieces at this time. Mailing for smaller articles and books under 1 kg in weight will be at standard rate for shipping Canada Post small Packet AIR MAIL-no tracking number, unless otherwise requested by the buyer. International customers please me for alternative shipping rates to your country. Thanks very much for visiting our ebay store, Veronicas Liturgical Art. Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing. Shipping and handling This item will ship to Germany, but the seller has not specified shipping options. Contact the seller- opens in a new window or tab and request a shipping method to your location. Shipping cost cannot be calculated. Please enter a valid ZIP Code. Killaloe, Ontario, Canada Shipping to: Americas, Europe, Asia, Australia No additional import charges at delivery! This item will be shipped through the Global Shipping Program and includes international tracking. Learn more- opens in a new window or tab Change country: There are 1 items available. Please enter a number less than or equal to 1. Select a valid country. Please enter 5 or 9 numbers for the ZIP Code. Handling time Will usually ship within 1 business day of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. Return policy After receiving the item, contact seller within Refund will be given as Return shipping Money back Seller pays for return shipping Refer to ebay Return policy for more details. You are covered by the ebay Money Back Guarantee if you receive an item that is not as described in the listing. Page 9

10 Chapter 8 : 7 Relic Collection Women Saints Kateri Dina Belanger 2 W/Frames & Holy Card NICE ebay Saint Marguerite d'youville () Mother of the Poor Feast day: October 16 Her Life Marie-Marguerite Dufrost de Lajemmerais was born in Varennes, Quebec, on October 15, Her father died when she was seven years old leaving this family of six in great poverty. It was only through the influence of her great grandfather, Pierre Boucher, that she was enabled to study for two years at the Ursulines in Quebec. Upon her return home, she became an invaluable support to her mother and undertook the education of her brothers and sisters. She soon came to realize that her husband had no interest in making a home life. His frequent absences and illegal liquor trading with the Indians caused her great suffering. She faithfully cared for him until his death in By age 29, she had experienced desperate poverty and suffered the loss of her father and husband. Four of her six children had died in infancy. She undertook many charitable works with complete trust in God, whom she loved as a Father. She provided for the education of her two sons, who later became priests, and she welcomed a blind woman into her home. Marguerite was soon joined by three young women who shared her love and concern for the poor. On December 31,, they consecrated themselves to God and promised to serve him in the person of the poor. Marguerite, without even realizing it, had become the foundress of the Sisters of Charity of Montreal, "Grey Nuns". She persevered in caring for the poor despite many obstacles. She was in weakened health and mourning the death of one of her companions when a fire destroyed their home. This only served to deepen her commitment to the poor. On February 2,, she and her two early companions pledged themselves to put everything in common in order to help a greater number of persons in need. Two years later, this "mother of the poor" as she was called, was asked to become director of the Charon Brothers Hospital in Montreal which was falling into ruin. She and her sisters rebuilt the hospital and cared for those in most desperate human misery. With the help of her sisters and their lay collaborators, Marguerite laid the foundation for service to the poor of a thousand faces. At the age of 64 she undertook the reconstruction of this shelter for those in need. Totally exhausted from a lifetime of self-giving, Marguerite died on December 23, and will always be remembered as a loving mother who served Jesus Christ in the poor. Chapter 9 : St. Marguerite d'youville Saint Marguerite d'youville's Story We learn compassion from allowing our lives to be influenced by compassionate people, by seeing life from their perspectives, and reconsidering our own values. Born in Varennes, Canada, Marie Marguerite Dufrost de Lajemmerais had to interrupt her schooling at the age of 12 to help her widowed mother. Page 10