INTERVIEW WITH SANSKRITISTS IN SRI LANKA Interview with Sanskrit Students (Monk School) :

Transcription

1 INTERVIEW WITH SANSKRITISTS IN SRI LANKA 5.1. Interview with Sanskrit Students (Monk School) : Herein I have employed a practical research methodology in order to acquire the assistance of students of Sanskrit language and literature and obtain their own views and perceptions on the two subjects of my research study. Accordingly, teachers of Sanskrit language and literature in the leading Pirivenas (monastic educational institutions) and a few students of Oriental languages and the academics of Sri Lankan universities 1 were interviewed and obtained their views. The following are chosen for the present study : a) Academics of universities b) A few teachers of Pirivenas too c) A few students of Oriental languages 2 and d) A few junior students of the primary Pirivenas. 3 A questionnaire with seven questions 4 was circulated them. I expected their honest personal feedback and also advised them to discuss the questions with their associates and teachers and provide me their feedback, associating them with the responses of those mentioned above. In my selection of the main institutes of teaching and study of the two subjects viz. Sanskrit Language & Literature of the main educational institutions of Sri Lanka s Kandy District, but island-wide. These institutions are Asgiriya Maha Pirivena and also Peredeniya, 5 Sri Gnanalankara

2 International Bhikkhu Training Institute, 6 which is the main institutional monastic Pirivena. 7 In these Pirivenas, I contacted the teachers and students who are engaged in teaching and studying of Sanskrit respectively, connected with the preparations for the primary and Oriental Pandit examinations and had their feedback on the teaching and study of Sanskrit language and literature. Among the main universities in Sri Lanka, the University of Peradeniya occupies a preeminent position. As it was discussed already it was not taken up here. In modern times this university renders a significant role in the field of study of Sanskrit language and literature and in order to collect information, I had recourse to the remarkable head of the Oriental Languages Faculty and some academics and students of this university. I highly appreciate the services extended to me readily by them. The questionnaire I had circulated is filed as an appendix (p.no. ) at the end of the Thesis. It is comprised of seven brief questions Q-A. They have provided me with their views briefly and they have used our mother tongue i.e. Sinhala, in answering the questions. Therefore, I humbly tried to submit an English translation and provide a detailed analysis of the answers. The questionnaire I circulated is reproduced first and after that the answers that were received in the same manner are included with no variations to them. Herein there is an examination of the responses received. The questions posed by me are indicated in their proper order and explanations are also rendered. First, the views of the students are indicated. Second, the views of the teachers and university academics are included. 10

3 1. Boleepe Kassapa Thero. (vide Appendix Questionnaire) Boleepe Kassapa Thero 11 has been a student of Sanskrit language and literature for about nine years at the Asgiriya Maha Pirivena, Kandy. Presently, he is reading for the Oriental Pandit examination. He adduces the following reasons as beneficial to him studying Sanskrit language and literature. 1. One who studies Sanskrit language and literature gains a perfect ability in pronunciation. In pronouncing Sanskrit words perfectly, one gathers an ability to pronounce words of any language. This is a very valuable view. This is also a fact endorsed by scholars of the world. Having studied Sanskrit Indians and Sri Lankans are in a position to pronounce and converse in any worldly language,. On the contrary, people of certain countries are not in a position to pronounce a foreign language fluently. 2. The other advantages he adduces are numerous. Namely, Sanskrit is one of the most remarkable language with a perfect grammatical order. Consequently, studying Sanskrit grammar facilitates grammatical comprehension of other Asian languages such as Pali (Prakrit, Ardha Magadhi), Hindi and Sinhala, which are derivatives of the supreme, millennia-old Sanskrit language of India. Sanskrit language and literature are of universally highly developed composition and hence the study of these creates in one a broad perspective of language and literature. It also helps to gain a broad knowledge of other such traditions of the world.

4 Further, the student recounts the facilities and difficulties in studying Sanskrit language and literature in Sri Lanka during modern times. 12 These conditions are enumerated by him as follows. As regards the study of Sanskrit language and literature in Sri Lanka at the present time, the facility according to him is that Sanskrit is a compulsory subject in the curricula of primary studies in Pirivenas and other educational institutions. Which providing education for bhikkus and a few laymen. Further texts required for studies are also available. With regards to the difficulties in the study of Sanskrit language and literature, he states that there is acute shortage of teachers at Pirivenas and other institutions. Further, another reason he adduces is the broad-based curricula of these institutions dealing with other subjects of studies. 13 The suggestions and proposals made by him in response to the last question, in order to upgrade the present and future standard of the study of Sanskrit language and literature, he suggests the following strategies. 1. Presently, the study of Sanskrit is exclusively in the Pirivena s curricula. Sanskrit should be included in the curricula of all schools as was done during the British period. It was expunged from school curricula in the 1960s by a Muslim Minister of Education. 2. In present times, annual competitions are conducted annually in respect to the study of languages in the Pirivenas and educational institutions. The successful students should be awarded scholarships to pursue the study of language. This encouragement would result in the upgrading of

5 the study of Sanskrit language and literature too In respect of those students among the bhikkus and the lay students, scholarship should be granted for their further studies in Sanskrit language and literature abroad, especially in Indian universities, where the standard of study of these two subjects is very high. 4. Sanskrit language and literature symposiums should be held annually or biannually and extracts of these highly literary addresses should be propagated among the general public. 2. Manju Sri of Bangladesh: (vide Appendix Questionnaire) Bhikku Manju Shri of Bangladesh is a student reading for his final year in Oriental languages. 15 He is a student of Sanskrit language and literature for the last ten years and being a national of Bangladesh, he is highly competent in Sanskrit language and literature and also keenly devoted to study the Sanskrit. Responding to the questionnaire, he adduces the following reasons as regards to the utility of the study of Sanskrit language and literature in the following manner. 3. The Sanskrit language being millennia-old and regarded of Daivi Vag (Language of the Gods) and gaining a fluency in Sanskrit enables the study of any language of any country. 4. Sanskrit being an Oriental language. In the study of this language it is possible for one to gain an insight into phonetics, astrology, Ayurveda, Kamasastra and architecture, and ancient renditions of Yogi Rishis of India. This is one of the most significant views. It is generally believed

6 and accepted by many that Sanskrit language and literature are archaic. Thus, among many, there is no clear perception as regards to its propagation and the extensive field of Sanskrit. The Brahamanic Chaturvedas (Rig, Atharva, Sama and Yajur as well as Puranas, Upanishads, Itihasa, etc.) and the study of them as well as other connected scriptures, even in modern times, helps the compilation of high scholarly prose and verse, as guidelines. In the stories narrated and the similes provide examples, along with the literary works, to gain an insight into the day-to-day lives of the poets. Further, works like Kavyadarsha Kavyaprakara assists one to produce literary works of high quality. With regard to the modern day facilities and disadvantages in the study of Sanskrit language and literature he adduces the following grounds. Regarding to facilities, he states that in Sri Lanka, more than in any other country, facilities provided for the study of Sanskrit language and literature are most commendable. This is a very significant view. In most countries of the world the study of Sanskrit is confined only to the higher studies. The motherland Sanskrit is India and as such the study of Sanskrit is compulsory for every student, from primary education to higher studies. In Sri Lankan monastic education too, from the primary stage to higher education, the study of Sanskrit is compulsory. In the early stages of education in Sri Lanka, Sanskrit was compulsory for bhikkus as well as lay students. However, this methodology is now absent in Sri Lanka. The presence of teachers highly competent to teach Sanskrit language and literature and their commitment to

7 further education in these two subjects are facilities available with us. The study of Sanskrit in Sri Lanka is of a high standard and the availability of adequate reading resources are advantages enjoyed by us. These are the advantages in India as well. Additionally, in the approved syllabi of all educational institutions, study of Sanskrit is compulsory. Disadvantages : He enumerates Disadvantages as follows : i. A language should be constantly used. However, Sanskrit language is being strictly restricted to texts only and this is an impediment for its growth and sustenance. ii.still another problem is that in the absence of a desire or preference to study other subjects is a problem that confronts this country. Even among those students engaged in the study of Sanskrit there is a certain degree of leniency. Further, the total absence of an acceptance and encouragement accorded to those who are skilled in the study of Sanskrit and a commitment to the study and the nonexistence of a system for their development are constraints faced by students at present times. Further, these students state that in the study of Sanskrit the greatest constraint is that some of the teachers exercise the closed-fist ideology in teaching, probably to avert the students from becoming a challenge to them in their particular field. 18 They utilize the traditional framework and make an effort to maintain the teacher hierarchy (Guruekadhikari).

8 Having propounded the facilities and disadvantages existing in this country in the study of Sanskrit, he proposed the following for the upgrading and stabilization of Sanskrit studies in this country. Sanskrit is deemed as a dead language and in order to make it a living language various development programs have to be organized. This language is now confined only to texts and examinations. An opportunity should be created for it as a language of public utility. Those who are ignorant of the importance and its utilitarian value should be enlightened. The study of Sanskrit should not be strictly confined to the study of ancient texts and there need is to create new literary works. Further, these students, both lay and monastic, desirous of the study and those already studying Sanskrit as far as possible should be encouraged and supported. 3. Kosgolle Nanda Thero: vide Appendix Questionnaire) Personal Details : Next, Kosgolle Nanda Thero 19 offered his views. He studied Sanskrit language for eleven years and is also reading for his General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level) examination, conducted by the Sri Lanka Department of Examinations. 20 He submits the following reasons for the advantage of studying Sanskrit language and literature. He says that the study of Sanskrit enables one to study Ayurveda, Astrology, Medical Sciences, etc. This is a very significant view. Texts in Astrology are in Sanskrit and in Devanagari script. By studying of this language one is able to gain an insight into the original texts. Similarly, in present times, those studying this

9 language are negligible, and if a person gains even a superficial knowledge of this language he is enabled to conduct his activities actively. Regarding the advantages, in the study of Sanskrit language and literature, he explains that one is able to accommodate to his lifestyle Artha, Dharma, Kama, the fourfold resultants (Chathurvarga Phala). Further, one could emerge as one with a wide scope of literary knowledge and an unequal status of a grammarian. Besides, he gives a most significant reason for the study of Sanskrit. There is a possibility to gain a knowledge of Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism. For Sanskrit is the Mahayana s Buddhist scriptural language. This is a very remarkable reason. The original Buddhism is in Pali (meaning line, originally called Ardha-Maghdhi) 21 and many of the stanzas therein are related to Sanskrit. In the meantime, the texts of Mahayana 22 and Vajrayana Buddhist philosophies are scripted in Sanskrit. 23 Consequently, by gaining a proficiency in Sanskrit, one could gain a perfect insight into these philosophies. In modern times the Buddhists of these China, Japan and other countries extend a social consideration to those engaged in Sanskrit literary works and they have obtained their services too. They are in the process of translating the original Sanskrit scripted Mahayana philosophies to their respective languages. It needs to be asserted that in broadening one s knowledge and proficiency in Sanskrit language and literature, one is able to engage oneself in literary works on an international basis. In case there is any religion that corresponds in its society and philosophical facts, the most relative and most important is Hinduism, for both

10 were born in India, Hinduism being older than Buddhism by nearly 2000 years or more. The language of Hinduism is Sanskrit and in order to gain an interreligious knowledge a proficiency in this language is most a prerequisite. Facilities and Difficulties : Kosgolle Nanda Thero recounts the facilities and difficulties in presentday Sri Lanka in the following manner. The absence of analytical primary grammar texts, the texts prescribed for Pirivenas being highly variable and nonsystematic are causes of a disadvantage. In fact, all the ancient Sanskrit literature and analytical texts are in the English medium. Enormous difficulties are encountered by those who study in the Sinhala medium. Still, another difficulty he traces is that the texts prescribed for examinations too are in a way constraints. Even if these texts exists, the absence of correct rendition of terms or commentaries are also constraints. Variant reading of the texts i.e. pathantara is also a big hurdle. This is the general opinion of those who study Sanskrit language and literature. Facilities : While explaining the present difficulties, he also deals with the facilities presently existing for the study of Sanskrit. In the study of these texts, it is easily possible to gain admission to universities. This opportunity is helpful to those studying Pali and other languages in terms of assistance rendered by universities and government. If a student studying other subjects fail to reach the cut-off points of marks gained even by one mark, he or she fails to gain admission to universities. On the other hand, a student studying

11 Sanskrit who has met the other requirements will gain the opportunity to enter the universities even if they earn ten marks below the cut-off. The reason for this is Sri Lankan universities are trying to keep departments connected with Sanskrit going without being closed down. This strategy has been in existence for many years and the number of graduates qualifying in Sanskrit are very large. The language being compulsory, the development of Sanskrit language thereby is given a great opportunity. Similarly, the government and universities conducting annual student recruiting is promoted to a very pleasant situation. Still another reason, he adduces, is those who qualify in Sanskrit could gain employment as a government service teacher. To gain this status it is not necessarily required to enter the university or acquire a BA or MA degree. 26 In the case of a student who passes the Sri Lanka Oriental Languages Society examination, the Prachina middle of final examination could secure employment as a teacher in a government recognized institution or college. Suggestions : The suggestions for promoting Sanskrit Language he makes in order to promote the study of Sanskrit language in Sri Lanka are as follows. Sanskrit, which is now confined only to Pirivena (monastic colleges), should be incorporated with the general schools education curricula. Although in the past since British times this subject was in the curricula of all schools, presently it is confined only to Pirivenas. From early times, those qualifying in various subjects in Sri Lanka as well as in other foreign countries survived as they

12 learned these subjects. Through this, with their high standard of proficiency, they embellished the entire world. Presently, Sanskrit scholars are only from among the Buddhist monks and the lay scholars are very few in number that could be counted on fingers. Promote : Suggestions for promote to suggestions for the study of Sanskrit among those studying the subject, programs need to be initiated so that the traditional classroom restricted study spectrum be broad based in order that the study of Sanskrit be beneficial to society at large and afford the very same status granted to the study of mathematics, English languages and such subjects also be provided to the study of Sanskrit. These are his views for the promotion and stabilization of Sanskrit studies in Sri Lanka. 4. Pusellawe Seelavisuddhi Thero : Pusellawe Seelavisuddhi Thero 27 studied Sanskrit for twelve years and is presently an undergraduate of the third year at Peradeniya University pursuing a Special Degree in Sanskrit. 28 He puts forward the following as the reasons for the utility of studying Sanskrit language and literature. It is important here to note that this monk responded to questionnaire in consultation with his fellow undergraduate Sanskrit students. As such, his responses are not of one person, but of a group studying the subject at the university level. In explaining the advantages of studying Sanskrit, he first deals with the Sanskrit literature that is built around Chatur Varga (Artha, Dharma, Kama and Moksha). He very cogently states that Sanskrit literature is

13 so enriched that it enables a person to comprehend the nature of a self biography. This study that promotes a virtuous life, incorporating an enormous contributions, through the Sanskrit instructive stories, that embellishes not only one s worldly life, but his future life too. 29 Similarly, in the examination of Buddhist Sanskrit literature, it is comprised of a large number of significant texts. Thus it leads one to a religious life as well as a promotion of lifestyles. Still another asset is that through Sanskrit language and literature one is equipped with an insight into political, economic, and historical facts. Sanskrit inscriptions have been discovered not only in India and Sri Lanka, but in other countries as well. These are of immense benefit to those dealing with epigraphy. These epigraphical records form, a literature by itself. National, religious, and political, recorded in versified forms as well as in literary style, these epigraphical records enable those engaged in such research of ancient times. In respect to those who study phonetics, there is no other language other than Sanskrit as a linguistic source of study. Sanskrit language is datable to the original Indo-European language and Sanskrit is reckoned as the mother tongue of the Sinhala language of Sri Lanka as well. Pali and Sinhala languages are regarded in Sri Lanka as their parents. These two languages represent the national and religious sectors. In order to gain a certain degree of these two languages, one should be proficient in Sanskrit to some extent. Finally, he states, in the study of Sanskrit language and literature one gains not only knowledge, but also enriched perceptions and erudition. A person is created and that person could harness these with any instance.

14 The facilities and constraints : As for the facilities and constraints existing in Sri Lanka for the study of Sanskrit language and literature he submitted the following. It is indeed a fortune that for the study of Sanskrit in Sri Lanka, this language being the main language of study at Pirivenas and providing facilities through the Oriental Language Society. This society and its management staff renders a service for the promotion of the study of languages. With regard to constraints, he recounts the non-availability of Sanskrit works of India and other countries, in Sri Lanka and also the absence of opportunities to meet with these scholars. Most of the ancient texts are not available in Sri Lanka. Even where there are such texts, they are few in number and are confined to educational institutions and libraries. He proposes that Sanskrit works should be continuously reprinted. Not all national universities of Sri Lanka have facilities for the study of Sanskrit. Even in the universities where Sanskrit is a subject of study, it is not given a proper place. They submit a large number of suggestions and proposals to promote and stabilize the study of Sanskrit language and literature in Sri Lanka. i. In providing financial allocations, the government should encourage these scholars of Sanskrit to produce new works in Sanskrit. ii.in every Pirivena and educational institution where Sanskrit is taught and studied, a Sanskrit Society should be established. iii. Further, he suggests that various workshops and conferences should be held in every national university and in other education institutions as well. iv. At every university a department of Sanskrit should be established.

15 v. Similarly, the study of Sanskrit now confined only to Pirivenas and other educational institutions should be re-introduced as an optional subject in school syllabi. vi. Under government patronage, in order to deal with the shortage of texts faced by the students, the required texts should be re-edited and published continuously Interview with Sanskrit Teachers : 1. Dinunnawe Upali Thero : The foregoing views were expressed by a few students studying Sanskrit. The questionnaire was distributed to some Sanskrit teachers also and received also and received their valuable opinions. Among them, Dinannew Upali Thero is teaching Sanskrit at a large Pirivena and Dedigama Nalaka Thero, who is on the tutorial staff of an educational institution as a teacher-incharge of Sanskrit teaching and studying. Dinunnawe Upali Thero is a Pracheena Pandita (Oriental Languages) degree holder and Honors Graduate in Sanskrit from Kelaniya University. 30 His observations are relevant for, he one who has studied Sanskrit language for several years and now is a teacher of Sanskrit language. Benefits of studying Sanskrit : The reasons he adduces as regard to the benefits of studying Sanskrit language are as follows. It is possible to comprehend numerous conditions

16 connected with humanity through the study of ancient Sanskrit language. Even for the study of Ayurveda, Astrology, History, Archaeology, and philosophy, the study of Sanskrit language is a prerequisite for all these treatises were in Sanskrit only. Among the people of Sri Lanka, the Buddhist Tripitaka 31 possesses a highly admirable faith and confidence. Even those of other religious cults honor it due to its sanctity and truthfulness. Presently, a Tripitaka scripted in Sanskrit similar to the pali Tripitaka was discovered. Therefore, a person proficient in Sanskrit language alone could properly comprehend this Sanskrit version 32 of Pali Tripitaka. Still another popular text among Buddhists as well as followers of other religious cults is the collection of Jataka stories. There is a Sinhala and a Pali version of the Jataka stories. In Sanskrit it is called as the Jataka Mala (Garland of Jatakas). This enables one gain proficiency to read the Sanskrit words and thus becomes useful to gain perfect knowledge of the Buddha Dharma. Sanskrit literature, is a storehouse of knowledge. Obliviously, the physical and mental well being o human beings is possible only through the knowledge of such a language. The Indian philosophy is not second to any philosophy in the world. In this country, through numerous works, we study Yoga, its philosophy and Hinduism. It is the same with reg to also. In case one is highly proficient in Sanskrit language, it becomes possible to comprehend these qualities by accessing the original works. It is possible to read and understand the Sanskrit text of (Varahamihira) if one is highly proficient in

17 Sanskrit language. By the studying Sanskrit language, one is able to gain a wide knowledge of logic and ethics which can be harnessed to attain a truthful knowledge. The Veda scriptures are in Sanskrit, this knowledge is accessible only through the Sanskrit language. Though not agreed to by some, this knowledge endows a person with the capability to provide protection and safeguard the life of the community. In a discussion of world religions, the god-centered religions occupy a very high position. The divinity-based religions are wide spread in the world. In the matter of their origin, it commences from the Rig Veda and pre-vedic religions of India, too could be garnet, which are most beneficial. We are able to do through the spectrum of this language. There are no other texts other than Sanskrit texts to develop human existence, in that the acquiring of knowledge, intelligence, other than through Sataka and Upadesha texts of Sanskrit. sufficient. Therefore, Sanskrit language and literature is extensive self- A knowledge of this language and literature surely enables one to understand all the literature and languages of the world at large. The facilities and constraints existing in this country for the study of it are enumerated as follows. The teacher states that facilities are available in the following manner. The annual examinations are conducted by the Oriental Languages Society and the students are encouraged to study for the examinations conducted by this society and those who qualify at these

18 examinations were given due recognition to us. The existence of Sanskrit departments in a few national universities and the examinations conducted by them annually and seminars conducted for their benefit are of a very high standard. Difficulties : He also comments on the difficulties in this sphere of study. In Sri Lanka, unlike India, there are no publishers for Sanskrit texts. The paucity of Sanskrit scholars in this country is another constraint. In the existing institutions, Sanskrit publishers are very few in number compared to other subjects. Although Sanskrit texts are housed in information centers, libraries, publishing houses, newspapers, and magazines in other countries, along with subject- wise dailies, weeklies, and monthlies in circulation, we have no opportunity to reach them. Sri Lankan national universities and Pirivenas that do collect these texts in their libraries are not island-wide. This most valuable subject, being confined only to books dealing with this subject and their contents not being available through information technology too is a constraint faced by students in Srilanka when compared to their counter parts in other countries. Proposals and views for the Development of Sanskrit Language: Having traced the present structure of Sanskrit studies in Sri Lanka, the teacher Upali Thero submits certain proposals and views for the development of Sanskrit language studies in Sri Lanka. These include establishment of publication of Sanskrit Tests and establishing libraries

19 affiliated with them. This is a very valuable idea. Presently, there are no special publishing houses and libraries connected with Sanskrit language. Though there are no such publishing houses, in ancient temples there are collections of ancient Sanskrit works. However, there are no persons to make use of them. Although inquiries are made of these temples, their custodians are reluctant to move them from storage. Therefore, it is high time to collect such Sanskrit works and publishers should take initiative for their publication. Undoubtedly, such course of action would contribute to the development of Sanskrit language in Sri Lanka. It is indeed necessary to remove the concept in mind that Sanskrit is a dead language 35 and it should be taken beyond the structure of Pirivenas. These could be circulated among schools, educational institutions, and Dhamma schools functioning in Buddhist Viharas. Further competitive examinations on this subject should be commenced as development strategies. In this country, there are teachers competent to teach this subject. If such teachers and information technologies are combined, this subject will become more popular among people of the country. 2. Dadigama Nalaka Thero: Personal Details : Presently, any subject is transmitted among the people mainly through the medium of information technology, both audio and visual. Therefore, action should be taken to initiate inventive programs through technological media and attract people towards Sanskrit. It is a necessity of the times, the rare texts must be identified and republish them as per the requirements. This

20 republication should be continuous. The benefits of studying Sanskrit Language : Dedigama Nalaka Thero is a Piriven teacher and a university undergraduate who has been studying Sanskrit for the last ten years. According to his responses, the benefits of studying Sanskrit language are as follows. Sanskrit language, being a language of mediaeval times, has contributed immensely to the development of languages of the world and as a linguistic language it is of great benefit. Sanskrit language being the original language of Ayurveda, astrology, and various other spheres, for a person engaged in these spheres of study, Sanskrit language can be utilized as the medium. In the study of Sanskrit language, which is enriched with religious beliefs, philosophy, and social thought, through this language one could understand life and gain a perfect knowledge. Therefore, it is not possible to exult its values verbally. In the mastery of this language complete with benefits and in its studies one has to incur advantages as well as disadvantages. There are institutions in Kandy 36 and Colombo 37 providing a broad-based spectrum of study facilities. As such, it provides an allure for students of Sanskrit. It is an advantage. This subject is within one frame. In respect to other subjects, new additions are made annually. However, such additions do not come within the scope of Sanskrit studies and even if they do, they are very minute. Therefore, with the passage of time, this subject and its teaching methods should change. As the number of texts prescribed for the study of Sanskrit is limited, students may find the subject unattractive. In this situation,

21 the student is confronted with numerous constraints and become reluctant. Therefore, in this situation, i. The subject wise competitive examinations should be better organized. ii. The duration in which the examinations are held and the announcing of results should be made more effective. iii. The texts connected with Sanskrit need to be freshly re-edited or produced. As per the modern educational system, these texts should be supplied to the students. This steps would make the subject more attractive. In order to introduce this language and literature and direct public attention towards it a system needs to be developed and information should be made available. Sanskrit language development programs and training camps should be held annually.

22 5.3. Interview with University Lecturers : The two lecturers at the University of Peradeniya, Oriental Languages section. 1. Rohana Seniviratna : Lecturing on Sanskrit 2. Janit Rajapakse : Lecturing on Sanskrit 3. Madadeniye Punnaratana Thero : The teacher-in-charge of Sanskrit Studies Peradeniya Gnanalankara Pirivena 4. Parusselle Nanda Thero, Kandy Asgiriya Maha Pirivena teacher-in-charge of Sanskrit Studies. The latter two being the leading monastic educational institutes in Sri Lanka, gave their views on the subject. The responses given by them. One received with great honor and respect to these teachers. According to their opinions, benefits derived from the study of Sanskrit language and literature are manifold. Although there appears to be similarities in the view of both sections, there are differences between them. Only such

23 views are mentioned here : Sanskrit language and literature cover an extensive area and as such this language and literature could be gained by any person of any standing, thereby acquiring access to a vast spectrum of knowledge. The wide spectrum of Sanskrit literature cannot be expressed in words. In this subject and it contains the techniques of teaching all the other subject in this country. For the study of a religion like Buddhism and subjects such as astrology, Ayurveda, sociology, archeology, and history, knowledge of Sanskrit could be effectively utilized. Many opine that this is a very ancient language and it is confined only to Oriental studies. As a restricted subject, they mention economics. However, we have evidence that in the teaching of medical sciences of the West, this system of Ayurveda has been utilized. A necessity arose between the 19 th and 20 th centuries to compile a Sinhala dictionary for the use of medical students of Sri Lanka. As Sinhala language had become the national state language, all subjects had to be translated into Sinhala. The medical sciences were taught in this country exclusively in the English medium and an English teaching system was in force. Later, when Sinhala students desired to study in the Sinhala language medium, action was taken to compile a dictionary with new words to suit the subject of their studies. The late Education Minister Dr. E.W. Adhikaram gave, an outstanding scholar, historian, educator, and above all a supreme humanist, lead the dictionary compilation project. 38 Accordingly, under a committee of linguists and literati, a dictionary was composed for the benefit of

24 students studying medical sciences at the university in the Sinhala medium. It is worthy to mention that almost all the words in this Sinhala dictionary are derivatives of Sanskrit words and phrases only. The name even the title of the dictionary in Sinhala is in Sanskrit language. A combination of two words, Sabda Kosha, which are totally of Sanskrit origin. In English, the two terms could be translated as sound and receptacle of Compendium. In Sanskrit, Sabda means collection of words. In the light of this irrefutable evidence, the modern medical sciences and the ancient medical science of Ayurveda are totally covered by Sanskrit. Therefore, it could be shown that this subject is very extensive both and meets the ancient and modern times and it is Sarvakalika (i.e relevant all time.) The study of Sanskrit creates a person rich in both wisdom and morality. In modern times, many enter the field of study in a competitive manner and this is solely a competitive spirit confining them only to study the subject. This competitive spirit of learning does not endow a person with human values and such values are not identified and promoted in one s life. Therefore, in promoting the virtues of compassion, love kindness, and equanimity and in case these are promoted we are able to overcome all the constraints we have to face in life. Numerous folk tales, literature, and numerous ancient stories are composed in Sanskrit and the knowledge we could gather from them are quite large and extensive. The benefits of cultivating these virtues are not for any single individual

25 alone. But It could create a nation with a patriotic feelings. Perfect individual will thus emerge. Consequently, the person ceases to love the world and becomes environmental friendly. Finally, a conservationist emerges. Vedic scriptures and guide the humanity in reading this goal. These provide a great assistance. Similarly, in the study of this language and literature we are becoming competent to study the literature of the world and such a mindset is created in us. A person who desires to trace the origin of languages should necessarily possess a minimum knowledge of Sanskrit. In such a process, and languages of ancient times contemporaneous with Sanskrit and derived from it like Pali, Hindi, and present day languages of India too come to be desired. In Sanskrit prose and verse, terms and phrases, there is always mention of the importance of pursuing education. In this context, all the schools, universities, science institutions, Pirivenas, and Dhamma schools of Sri Lanka are connected with Buddhist Viharas and functioning in the Vihara halls and even in the private tuition classes as notes Sanskrit sayings are utilized. Vidya Dadati vinayam. 39 Vidya vindate amrutham. 40 In the use of such morals, it is abundantly clear a special honor is bestowed by these educational institutions. In the study of this language and literature, many scholars or literati could participate in such a gathering of intellectuals, this language and literature endow on him. In the case a person quotes a Sanskrit phrase or stanza in a conference or meeting, that person gains a position of honor even today. With this knowledge, he is able to function in any society with a creative

26 knowledge and he thus functions with perspective and erudition and gains the honor and acceptance of every person. Observations : The observations made in the foregoing sections reflect the advantages in the study of Sanskrit. The views they have expressed in regard to the present facilities and difficulties in the study of Sanskrit in Sri Lanka will be examined in the following sections. According to their views, it is most welcome to create an environment that is conducive to the encouragement of the study of Sanskrit. In this situation, the degrees awarded by the Oriental Languages Society is a significant contribution. These degrees are now accepted in line with the first B.A. degree of national universities. Those qualifying are more acceptable and honored than the B.A. degree holders of national universities. This Oriental Languages Society syllabus for the examinations include Sanskrit language, grammar, Prosody, Appreciation, Literature, Prose, and Verse Creations. As the syllabus is highly enriched, the candidates face various difficulties. Those who qualify with Sanskrit as the main Oriental language possess an extensive knowledge. In order to promote and develop various societies and organizations in Sri Lankan national universities, there needs to be an appreciation for the effective continuation of them. For instance, the high quality Oriental language education sections in Peradeniya is the Bharatha Vidya Society. 41 In addition to the curricula, an annual series of Sanskrit conferences and workshops are held, which is a very laudable activity. The annual Surabharathi

27 Magazine of the Gampaha Ayurvedic Vidalaya is another useful resource. 42 This magazine enables the students to gain information about the activities of the institute. Still another endowment is the issue of commentaries to all the primary Sanskrit texts in simple language. These are produced in Sinhala to meet the needs of the modern student. From time to time, educational institutes, schools, and pirivenas as well as national universities host Sanskrit scholars. Both Sri Lankans and foreigners are invited and workshops are held. Presently, Sanskrit scholars are few in number in Sri Lanka. Those that exist are confined to the urban mix of institutions and universities. Since there is an increasing demand for the study of this subject, there are employment opportunities in this field of study. Even if one does not possess a university degree in Sanskrit, one who is qualified in the middle examination gains the opportunity to join the tutorial staff of a government educational institute as a Sanskrit teacher. How valuable is it for them to gain all the benefits and privileges of a government service employee! It is observed that under these conditions it is becoming possible to gain employment in government services easily. Those who qualify in this subject gain a special position of honor in society at large, day by day. In respect to this subject, there are presently numerous advantages and disadvantages in Sri Lanka. Those who use Sanskrit are provided several services in India and other countries. However, in Sri Lanka the subject is

28 confined only for study of books. At present it is a subject for examinations only. Therefore, the non-use of this glorious and significant language as a practical tool is a great disadvantage to those who love the language. Those who do not possess any knowledge or understanding of Sanskrit proliferate a wrong notion in this society that Sanskrit is a dead language. This results in the disenchantment of newcomers to the study. We cannot be pleased with the patronage extended by the government in regard to this language. In terms of marks reckoned at the General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level) for entry to the universities, there is a certain value attached to every subject. Among these subjects, the value attached to Oriental languages is low. Consequently, because of low evaluation marks in Sanskrit, students keep themselves away from the subject. Even today, the age old commentaries and resource texts are used. There is no re-edition of these source materials in keeping with modern day needs. There is no financial allocations for such re-editions. As such, there is a great degree of disenchantment among students. Still another serious setback facing this country is the existing supremacy of the teacher. At the most ancient educational institutions, pirivenas, and universities, the tutorial staff of Sanskrit language continue to exercise a teacher overlord ship and through this they do not afford an opportunity to the novices. This debars the novices to gain entry into higher education as well as teaching appointments. This overlord ship i.e dominating attitude of teacher is being continued under the gurukula system for other reasons.

29 Although there are texts to enter for education in Sri Lanka, these texts have no standard whatsoever. Although the government prescribes subjectwise syllabi, they are not prepared in view of students, demands. The composed texts are not to the tastes of the students. Those who make these recommendations have know subject-wide knowledge. In view of the observations recorded in the foregoing sections, we need to initiate some course of action to promote and develop Sanskrit studies in Sri Lanka. In my opinion, the following proposals would be of some advantage. For the development of Sanskrit studies in Srilanka, some proposals are suggested in the succeeding Ch. i.e. Conclusion. REFERENCES 1. In ancient times, the pirivena was the center of education in Sri Lanka. It was an educational intuition that produced scholars both of clergy and laity. Presently it is confined to Buddhist bhikkus. 2. Presently, the most prominent pirivenas in Sri Lanka have institutions exclusively for bhikkus to study Sinhala, Pali, and Sanskrit subjects. This educational system has three main examinations; the main objective is the methodology of directing studies. 3. Today, Sri Lanka s pirivenas provide education from the first class up to the final examination. As such, they are called Primary Pirivenas. Thus the trhee sections are Primary Pirivenas, Maha Pirivenas, and

30 educational institutions. 4. This is a questionnaire I prepared to be forwarded to Sanskrit students and teachers. It is annexed at the beginning of the thesis. 5. There are two chief primary pirivenas in Sri Lanka. Among the two, the Maha Pirivena conducted by the Asgiriya Chapter of the Sianese Sect of Sri Lanka is the Asgiri Maha Pirivena. This is functioning under the Mula Maha Vihara. This is the center of Oriental language studies in Sri Lanka. 6. The next Mula Maha Viharaya is the Malwatte Chapter of the Siamese Sect of Sri Lanka. It operates the Sangharja Maha Pirivena. 7. This is an Oriental Languages Education Institution, confined only to this subject following a traditional education system for bhikkus. 8. Presently, there are three examinations conducted by the Oriental Languages Society, namely Privary, Middle Level, and Final. Those qualifying at the Final Examination are awarded the Degree Prachina Pandit or Rajakeeya Pandit. 9. Peradeniya University was formerly named Sri Lanka University. This is the main university among Sri Lanka s national universities. 10. In the Arts Faculty of Peradeniya University, languages including Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin are included in the Classical Languages Education Section. 11. The person who provided me with the information is a Sanskrit student at the Kandy Asgiriya Maha Pirivena.

31 12. This is an educational institution that provides studies for both monastic and lay students, with more emphasis on normal school curricula rather than Oriental languages. 13. In Sri Lanka, there is a special syllabus for pirivenas. The main subjects are Pali, Sanskrit, Sinhala, and Theravada Tripitaka Dhamma. Additional subjects include history, science, mathematics, and English. 14. There are several examinations conducted for students of pirivenas and other educational institutes, on provincial and district levels. The objective is to promote the student activities and their ability in lecturing. 15. This is a group of students of the Asgiriya Maha Pirivena who answered my questionnaire. He is a bhikku of Bangladesh who came to Sri Lanka and now studies at this Pirivena. 16. Rig, Yajur, Saman, and Atharvan Hindu Vedic Vedas. 17. Forty years ago, Pali and Sanskrit studies were in the leading schools curricula and the teachers had qualified for Sanskrit at these schools themselves. This included Colombo, Ananda College, Nalanda Vidyalaya, Kandy Dharmaraja, Galle Mahinda College, and almost all of the 18. The Pirivena education depends on the centuries-old system of learning and memorizing the meaning of words. The time has arrived to deviate from this system. 19. A bhikku student of Kandy Sangharaja Pirivena studying the subject

32 provided me with his views. 20. The General Certificate of Education is an examination for entry to universities. This is a highly competitive examination. 22. The medium language of Theravada Buddhism. This is a compulsory students for bhikku students of this country. There are world recognized institutions in Sri Lanka to pursue Pali studies. 23. One of the numerous sub-divisions of Buddhism. 24. Although grammar, literature, appreciations, prosody, etc. are included in the syllabus of Piriven examinations, it is difficult to find the prescribed sexts of the subjects. 25. Those students who study in Pali or Sanskrit who score a few marks less than the cut off marks to enter the university lose the chance to study Pali and Sanskrit as compulsory subjects. 26. An authority connected with the Sri Lanka Government Examination Department conducting annual examination for the development of Oriental languages. 27. Peradeniya University undergraduate. 28. There are two degrees in the universities, namely General and Honors. The General degree is tenable for three years and Honors degree for four years. 29. Sanskrit literature is one of the ancient and significant and its history has propagated through Mahayana Buddhism.

33 30. Presently in Sri Lanka, including Sanskrit, the main languages as subjects and the majority of students who follow these subjects, the national universities. 31. Buddhism is sub-divided into three main divisions: Sutra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma. 32. The Tripitaka of the Theravada tradition is written in Pali, while Mahayana is recorded in Sanskrit. A few years ago, a few sections of a Sanskrit Tripitaka was discovered, but they are not complete. 33. This is a work that educated and uneducated sit together and appreciated one. Both Buddhists and non-buddhists adore this work. The previous lives of both are narrated in story form 34. This is a very popular text on Sanskrit Buddhism, authored by one Aryasura. The stories here are similar to some of the Pali Jataka stories. 35. This is an institutions for students who fail to gain admission to national universities. Here they are trained and appointed to schools as teachers. 36. This is the city of the last ancient kingdom. It has archeological and religious values with a very pleasant environment. 37. The capital of Sri Lanka. 38. A remarkable scholar who rendered services to develop Oriental languages in Sri Lankia. He also formulated the Pirivena Act. In the case that there is any development in Pirivena education, his services are in the lead.

34 39. Education endows discipline. This is the eight heading of the stories, title, in the Hitopsdesa (Book of Good Counsels), of Indian origin. 40. Means Through education nectar could be enjoyed. Hitopades Story 12 th saying. 41. This is the society of Peradeniya University connected with the classical studies students society. This society conducts annual seminars for students of the final year, General Certificate of Education (Ordinary Level), General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level), and Oriental language students. 42. Here, affiliated with Kelaniya University, courses are provided for students reading for the degree in Ayurveda. This institution issues a Sanskrit journal. 43. A channel that broadcasts news in Sanskrit. 44. The Oriental Language Society annually publishes a journal titled Sastriya Sangrahaya. Here there are many features connected with Sanskrit. 45. The Education Department of the government publishes some journals titled Nuvana, Sahitya, etc. 46. The historical sources report that the author of Janakiharana was Kumaradasa, a Sri Lankan king. 47. It is recorded that King Kumaradasa sought refuge in India in fear of his brother. While there he studied Sanskrit and several other subjects. According to Sri Lankan oral tradition, he befriended the most well-