SYLLOGISMS with examples and exercises
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1 SYLLOGISMS with examples and exercises Extracted from the presentation by Emily Hsu Mind and Cognition part1:awarenesses and Knowers for the Basic Programs at Tse Chen Ling and Gyalwa Gyatso Buddhist Center Emily Hsu and Tse Chen Ling, October 2006
2 Two forms of argument Two forms of argument are used to defeat wrong conceptions and generate clear understanding syllogisms consist of a thesis and a sign/reason stated together in a single sentence consequences an argument structurally similar to a syllogism but containing a word indicating a logical outflow of an opponent s own assertions
3 Syllogisms Thesis to be proven: Sound is impermanent Syllogism: Sound is impermanent because of being a product
4 Syllogism three parts Syllogism: Sound is impermanent because of being a product Subject (1) Predicate to be proven (2) Sign/reason (3) Thesis (subject + predicate) (that which is to be proven) Sign/reason (proof)
5 Correct sign In order to inferentially understand that sound is impermanent, for example, a perfect reason (correct sign) has to be found, stated to and established within the mind. Simply to state this reason is not sufficient for a comprehension to occur. The reason must first be established as being both applicable to the subject (property of the subject) and congruent with the predicate (forward and counter-pervasions). from Mind and Its Functions, Geshe Rabten
6 Correct sign three modes Definition of a correct sign: that which is the three modes* Three modes: Property of the subject establishing that the sign/reason applies to the subject Forward pervasion understanding that the sign/reason is pervaded by the predicate Counter pervasion understanding that the non-predicate is pervaded by the non-sign/reason. *from Perdue, Debate in Tibetan Buddhism
7 Correct sign three modes Sound is impermanent because of being a product Subject Predicate to be proven Sign/reason 1. Property of the subject establishing that the sign/reason applies to the subject sound is a product 2. Forward pervasion understanding that the sign/reason is pervaded by the predicate whatever is a product is necessarily impermanent 3. Counter pervasion understanding that the non-predicate is pervaded by the non-sign/reason whatever is not impermanent is necessarily not a product.
8 Another example Thesis to be proven: People change from moment to moment
9 Another example Syllogism: People change from moment to moment because of arising from causes and conditions.
10 Another example Syllogism: People (subject) change from moment to moment (predicate) because of arising from causes and conditions (sign) What are the three modes? 1. Property of the subject 2. Forward pervasion 3. Counter-pervasion
11 An incorrect sign Sound is impermanent because of being an existent Subject Predicate to be proven Sign/reason
12 An incorrect sign Sound is impermanent because of being an existent Subject Predicate to be proven Sign/reason 1. Property of the subject establishing that the sign/reason applies to the subject 2. Forward pervasion understanding that the sign/reason is pervaded by the predicate 3. Counter pervasion understanding that the non-predicate is pervaded by the non-sign/reason
13 An incorrect sign Sound is impermanent because of being an existent Subject Predicate to be proven Sign/reason 1. Property of the subject establishing that the sign/reason applies to the subject sound is an existent 2. Forward pervasion understanding that the sign/reason is pervaded by the predicate whatever is an existent is necessarily impermanent NO PERVASION 3. Counter pervasion understanding that the non-predicate is pervaded by the non-sign/reason whatever is not impermanent is necessarily not an existent NO PERVASION
14 Exercise syllogisms With regard to the syllogisms: a. Sound is impermanent because of being a product b. Sound is an existent because of being a product c. Sound is a product because of being an existent d. Sentient beings will suffer again and again in samsara because of being under the control of karma and afflictions e. Sentient beings are empty of inherent existence because of being dependent-arisings Identify the subject, the predicate, and the sign/reason. What is the property of the subject? What is the forward pervasion? What is the counter-pervasion?
15 Another example Thesis to be proven: Today is Friday.
16 Another example Syllogism: Today is Friday because the Awarenesses & Knowers class is meeting at Tse Chen Ling.
17 Another example Syllogism: Today (subject) is Friday (predicate) because the Awarenesses & Knowers class is meeting at Tse Chen Ling (sign) What are the three modes? Property of the subject Forward pervasion Counter-pervasion
18 An incorrect sign Today is Friday because of being a weekday Subject Predicate to be proven Sign/reason
19 An incorrect sign Today is Friday because of being a weekday Subject Predicate to be proven Sign/reason 1. Property of the subject establishing that the sign/reason applies to the subject 2. Forward pervasion understanding that the sign/reason is pervaded by the predicate 3. Counter pervasion understanding that the non-predicate is pervaded by the non-sign/reason
20 An incorrect sign Today is Friday because of being a weekday Subject Predicate to be proven Sign/reason 1. Property of the subject establishing that the sign/reason applies to the subject Today is a weekday 2. Forward pervasion understanding that the sign/reason is pervaded by the predicate if it is a weekday, it is necessarily Friday NO PERVASION 3. Counter pervasion understanding that the non-predicate is pervaded by the non-sign/reason if it is not Friday, it is necessarily not a weekday NO PERVASION
21 Another incorrect sign Today is Saturday because tomorrow is Sunday Subject Predicate to be proven Sign/reason What is the property of the subject? What is the forward pervasion? What is the counter-pervasion?
22 Exercise syllogisms With regard to the syllogisms: a. Today is Friday because tomorrow is Saturday. b. Today is Friday because it is a weekday. c. Today is a weekday because it is Friday. d. Sentient beings will suffer again and again in samsara because of being under the control of karma and afflictions e. Sentient beings are empty of inherent existence because of being dependent-arisings Identify the subject, the predicate, and the sign/reason. What is the property of the subject? What is the forward pervasion? What is the counter-pervasion?
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