PREAMBLE 1. Urgency of the topic Words of address are the system component ethnic and language has been characterized by language - thinking of the

Transcription

1 PREAMBLE 1. Urgency of the topic Words of address are the system component ethnic and language has been characterized by language - thinking of the nation. The selection and use of certain of address are revealing an attitude, a certain affection for the speaker's interlocutor. Until now there have been many studies on the evocative, but the words of address in Buddhism is not interested in studying. Meanwhile, the term of address classes in Buddhism in the address of the system from the Vietnamese. The study of Vietnamese words in Buddhist vocative will contribute to the study of address system in Vietnamese from more complete and rich, as well as contribute to the research, compilation and teaching sociolinguistics, language, religion teachers later. Moreover, currently Buddhism in Vietnam still remains no unity in the vocative communication between the three regions, and the number of young nuns tended to follow noun kinship of address. This is one of the urgent issues that need to be interested in studying the social context today. 2. Research Objectives The purpose of the research study was to elucidate the characteristics of vocabulary, grammar, semantics and usage of the term of address in Buddhist Vietnam. Contributing to demonstrate the richness and diversity of terms of address system in Buddhism in particular and communication of address of Vietnam in general. At the same time, preserve and promote the Vietnamese vocabulary to characterize this language and its culture. 3. Research Mission The thesis set out the following tasks: - Survey research historical topics and urgent issues raised by the subsequent research. Based on the theory outlined terms of address system in Buddhist Vietnam. - Surveys and statistics, described, categorized under the term of address system in Buddhism from various sources, in order to create a corpus for more diversity, to make to the process of analyzing language features. - Analyze the characteristics of the system language of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam. Specifically, some of the characteristics of vocabulary, grammar, semantics and usage of this class of terms of address. 4. Subject and scope of the research 4.1. Research subjects Terms of address classes in Buddhist Vietnam include 169 word (personal pronoun, the title in Buddhism noun kinship) is the object of 1

2 study of the thesis. Audience research is characters communication products and lay in Buddhism Research scope For the class they were the words of address. Vocabulary research thesis on the origins and characteristics of the scope of use. Grammar, study of structure characteristics and features of speech. Semantics, the study of a number of specific factors such as gender factors, hierarchical factors, factors that Buddhist name and definition of structural features in they were the words of address. On how to use, before the study thesis statistical survey using standard roles in social situations. Then, the dissertation analyzes the characteristics of the words of address in the past they were the cultural characteristics of human communication behavior Vietnam. 5. Research Methodology 5.1 Approach The thesis used the knowledge and research methods of modern linguistics, combining interdisciplinary knowledge about culture, social research into the characteristics of a class language words used in Vietnamese vocative. 5.2 Method of specific research The thesis mainly uses descriptive language approach, with players such as legal research: statistical player, classification; analysis manually composed; prime element analysis directly; definition player analysis means; scene manually discourse analysis; analytical situations player directly. In addition, the thesis also uses the method of historical comparison, with analysis from former players, who detect the characteristics of the origin and significance of Vietnamese words in Buddhist vocative. The thesis also used the method of sociological surveys, in order to discover the characteristics of using Vietnamese words in Buddhist vocative in the past they were the regions and the situation they were the specific communication of Buddhism in Vietnam. At the same time, the thesis also uses the synthetic method and the inductive method through each chapter. 6. Source corpus The thesis is based on the following evidence sources: Dictionary of Buddhism (1966) of Union Central Also, a dictionary of Buddhist Thich Minh Canh Quang Hue (editor), Dictionary Vietnamese Hoang Phe (2008). Along with that, we gathered from books, newspapers, Buddhist texts, Buddhist sites and through field surveys from the center of Buddhism. 2

3 7. The contributions of the thesis The thesis contributes to the research and enriches understanding of the term of address system Vietnamese; contribute to the study and conservation of Vietnamese vocabulary and general language vocabulary nature - characteristic Buddhist culture in particular. Help people understand and know how to use words to communicate vocative in Buddhism. Thereby, the thesis contributes to the research and compilation of address system from the Vietnamese language, sociolinguistics. And help for teaching in the Buddhist school with extra curriculum. 8. The layout of the thesis Besides the introduction, conclusion and appendices, the thesis has three chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of research and theoretical basis. Chapter 2: Features of the vocabulary and grammar of the term of address in Buddhist Vietnam. Chapter 3: Features of semantics and usage of the term of address in Buddhist Vietnam CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1. Research Overview Situation research of address words a. Situation studies abroad In the 19th century onwards, the new language researchers expanded the study guide as: The study of language culture and language have W.Von Humboldt anthropology, Sigmund Freud... and G.Murdock, F.Lounsbury, Needham..., has made research works related to kinship nouns and outlined the relationship of the DTTT. Also mentioned pronouns to explain the relationships in the family and society. The researchers of linguistic structures such as MBEmeneau, Thompson LC... going to call all "physical means" is used to perform acts of address pronouns of address and divided into two groups: pronoun vocative dedicated and interim vocative pronoun. The researchers of linguistic functions such as M.A.K.Halliday, Brown, Luong Van Hy... interest in grammar functions and communication functions, system reference the throne, the primary axis relative power and... to study the word of address for communication. 3

4 b. Study the situation in the country Vocative in class from Vietnamese researchers have been interested very early, from Alexandre de Rhodes (1651), Truong Vinh Ky (1884), Tran Trong Kim (1940), and followed later with the language school such as Nguyen Tai Can, Thien Nguyen Giap, Nguyen Phu Phong, Truong Thi Diem... the author has to follow the following directions: In general theoretical perspective, from our naming the Vietnamese language such as Tran Trong Kim, Bui Ky, Nguyen Lan, Nguyen Kim Than, Nguyen Tai, Le Bien.. watched from the pronouns of the address of address or kinship nouns, words of address with grammatical function of speech. As for Nguyen Phu Phong, Bui Minh Yen, Nguyen Van Chien, Nguyen Van Khang, Truong Thi Diem... talked about the grammar of address towards communication functions. Grade terms of address used for communication functions in the family and society. From vocative has been deepened analysis in the scope of use, effective communication and reference have been made in connection language Status word evocative study Buddhism in Vietnam a. Situation studies abroad Abroad no public works study of characteristics of languages in they were the words of address, only a few lectures on the Buddhist form of address such as: Lecture on "Buddhist Salutation" by Thich Chan Tue, a lecturer at temple Tu Quang - Montreal, Canada in 2005, and As Dictionary (2013) in Germany, on the site [134], presented in the form of address in Buddhism in the relationship between household products with the lay Buddhist. However, these lectures are not going to study the characteristics of the class language Buddhist terms of address. b. Study the situation in the country In the country, there have been some articles relating to the terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam, notably article Pham Hoai Phong "culture of address in southern Buddhist communication" in the journal Religion Buddhism today, No. 6 and in web mentioned communication relationships in the Southern Buddhism has yet to go into the study of the language features of the term of address in Buddhist Vietnam. Directly related to the thesis, may include works of our research in 2011, "From the Buddhist vocative" [44]. However, within the framework of a master's thesis, the problem has not been studied adequately in the language system Basis for argument 4

5 Some concepts of words related to the research problem Concept words in Vietnamese a. What is syllable? According to Do Huu Chau: "From the Vietnamese as a syllable or a fixed, immutable, there is a certain sense, in a way (or type structure) certain characteristics follow terms certain legal, the largest and the smallest vocabulary to create the sentence "[12, tr.201]. There are many concepts of words, in our opinion, from the Vietnamese can understand is the smallest unit consists of a morpheme or two or more meaningful vocabulary or grammar certain, there is completeness and capable of combining to create phrases and sentence structures. b. What are words? Nguyen Thien Giap again said: "Language is the phrase available in Vietnamese, worth the equivalent of the word, has many characteristics similar to the word" [42, tr.155]. So the words and language in general terms, the equivalent unit from, including fixed terms and phrases freely The concept of borrowing terms, people s words, local words and jargons a. About borrowed words As class from exposure between countries and thus needs to borrow to supplement their classes from lack to communicate. So, words are borrowed from the language classes are borrowed from other languages to enrich the vocabulary of the language received. b. On the people s words From the entire population is the whole population class vocabulary to understand and use. It is a common vocabulary for all those who spoke Vietnamese. c. Local words Local words are vocabulary used is limited in certain localities, but only that local people understand and use. And other local people are not used or rarely used. d. About lingo Jargon includes lexical units are only used in certain social strata for certain purposes. Buddhist jargon used only in certain Buddhist communities The concept of Vietnamese structure a. About composed of single, plural Nguyen Tai Can [9] defined: Singular is made up of from one word, only one syllable or one act, there is a compound of two syllables or more, 5

6 based on the meaning of its relationships. Therefore, based on the nature of the relationship between the elements of grammar structure, the Vietnamese language scholars has split combined Vietnamese words into two groups: classified compound words and the main compound words. b. The concept of language structure: freedom terms and fixed phrases Nguyen Thien Giap said: "Language is the phrase available in Vietnamese, worth the equivalent of the word, has many characteristics similar to the word" [42, tr.155]. So we can understand, "Language" is the phrase available in Vietnamese, it is evident in the words as the words. In Vietnamese, "Language": Language identifier, idiomatic language, and customs. However, the wording of address classes in Buddhist Vietnam, thesis research on language only as a means of identification of addressing. For example: most reverences, monks and nuns The concept of grammatical characteristics of the Vietnamese words For the class of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam, went on research thesis pronouns, nouns, and noun language as a means of address. a. About pronouns and personal pronouns According to Le Bien argued that: "The pronoun is pointing and replacement. To be inclusive, meaning of the pronoun is indicative of positioning relations (relations deictics) including cursor and alternative means "[5, tr.120]. Pronouns include personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, the pronoun used to ask, pronouns only crap... But the most important for the study of the word of address is a personal pronoun. Pronouns: As used evocative pronoun or replacement and point person. In Vietnamese with over 20 dedicated personal pronouns such as: I, me, we, people, people, him, her, them, them, us, us, them, people... Some participants of the directive, pronouns and pronouns only nonsense to ask also are used as a means of address. b. About nouns Nouns are divided into two main types, proper nouns, and common nouns. Common noun of address such as a means of kinship nouns, nouns only positions and career... proper noun as a means of address is the only names, proper nouns only separate things such as Da Nang, Quang Nam, Hue, Hanoi... combined with the proper noun refers to shout names such as Hey Vietnam! Hey Hue! 6

7 c. Language nouns Noun language is set from one of stand-centered, also known as the short term may, or language nouns. Noun language must meet the following characteristics: (1) there is only one language center, but the center is the noun. (2) The role of language in question must nouns corresponding to the role of the center from its list. (3) Ability to separate from the survey and from the most important is the noun syntax can relate with it from outside Words of address in Vietnamese Concept of address and terms of address in Vietnamese a. The concept of vocative The vocative is a term used to refer to call themselves (confess) and call others (coral) in communication with each other. Understand the most common, such as defined by the Dictionary Vietnamese: vocative is "Claiming themselves and call others is something to say to each other to indicate the nature of the relationship with each other" [45, p.1163]. According to Nguyen Van Khang: "Referring claiming that his actions when speaking to others and what others call it in conversations (including those mentioned) to reveal the nature and emotional in relationship society together" [62, tr.210]. b. The concept of terms of address Truong Thi Diem said: "From evocative include words, speech, and language structure (in which the words are basic act) are used for communication of address" [35, tr.23]. Thus, according to our notions, terms of address in Vietnamese are words and terms (identifier) is used to identify himself with others and call others is something in the communication relationship, how including who is mentioned in the communication Terms of address system in Vietnamese From our naming system in Vietnamese are: a. Referring with words dedicated evocative as: The personal pronouns, nouns kinship. b. Referring by titles, including a call with one of these titles, call much or all of the titles. c. Referring by name, including Referring by name, of address with them, by the name of middle name + name + name of address with their... d. Referring familiar with the person's name as the name of the husband, wife, child e. By a combination of address (title + last name) f. By the absence of address with the vocative 7

8 Words of address in Buddhist Vietnam Outline of Buddhism in Vietnam Buddhism spread to Vietnam from the late first century and early second century with two ways are waterways and roads The concept of the term of address in Buddhism VN a. Vocative word in Buddhism From evocative in Buddhism is also the language of Vietnamese system is the speaker (write) used to justify himself before the speaker and call it something when conducting conversations in communication behavior Buddhist. b. About terms of address in Buddhism Words of address in largely Buddhist name is used for evocative between characters communicate with each other in Zen door Terms of address system in Buddhism VN Group 1. The dedicated personal pronouns The personal pronouns such as I, we, us, they, them they, you, you, it, they... are used for communication of address in Buddhism. Group 2. The kinship nouns From kinship nouns such great grandfather, grandfather, father, uncle, aunt, older sister, sister, brother, sister, grandfather, child, grandchild... Group 3. The name Buddhism a. The name of Mahayana Buddhism As the name of the ritual (Venerable demonstrated, all coordinates rooftop repentance, teacher, teacher dispatch, wizards, ghosts master list, master teacher). The name of the administration (Venerable, ven, great faith, Bhiksuni, nuns, sisters), the name of daily living (their masters, counselors, his professor, her professor, teacher, teacher...) and the name of every laypeople (fellow believers, Buddhists, good men, faithful women...) b. The name of Theravada Buddhism Includes the name of out-of-home (master / teacher, great faith, he, mages, monks, monk...) and the name of the lay (holy men, holy women, friendly kindness, Buddhists, devotees, benefactors, laymen) Cultural communication and communication behavior Communication concepts and factors affecting terms of address in communication a. Communication concept Communication is active in the language of communication is the contact between humans (a group of people) to humans (a group of people), 8

9 which takes place by the exchange of information and the interaction between people and the perception of human by human. b. Factors affecting the term of address in communication b 1. Communicators - The role of communication In the communication, the characters always take on the role of different communication, including spoke persons and listening persons, including mentioned - 3rd persons in communication. All communication plays have a certain influence on the form and content of the communication. - Interpersonal relations Personal relations are relations of social relations review, the understanding, and the feelings between the characters communicate with each other. Personal relations can be defined in two axes relations: Relations with power (vertical axis) and primary relations (horizontal axis). - Position communicate The main social positions of the characters in dialogue directly influence the selection and use of evocative. Often ahead of his higher standing, often using words of address with a polite tone, solemnly. For persons with equal status, the use of words full of address intimate nuances, polite or flippant. b 2. Communication situations - Language cultural scene In the communication that takes place in a specific place, at one time is determined by an operation called language interface communication scene. Language cultural scene here is the relationship of address communication Conduct place where temples. So often of address form and under the principle of "humble coral, respect expression". - Language situational Situational language is shown only for the specific circumstances of the communication, of the dialogue, the characters communicate; as well as the specific instance, in a particular moment of the very factors that make up the interface Conduct communication culture of the Vietnamese a. The attitude of the Vietnamese communication The nature of the Vietnamese are clearly reflected in the attitude of communication, it is just like to communicate but timid. The existence of two seemingly opposite personalities, but never contradict each other. Because they are two sides of the same nature, is the expression for the flexible behavior of the Vietnamese people, stems from the nature inherent 9

10 in every human being has the village community lifestyle. b. The weighting of Vietnam Vietnam is a nation with a culture of agricultural origin with the emotional lifestyle. This feature clearly reveals how communication through emotional taken as the principle of conduct, taken gratitude to be first, so the Vietnamese have a saying: "A bunch of laws are not equal with a little emotion" or "Bringing together to front office; Outside the law, inside the love" c. Coral profess religious principles in communication humility of Vietnam Coral profess religious principles humility makes choosing the words of address, as appropriate for age, gender and social status between the roles of communication to express humility, mutual respect, and most importantly is to ensure peace, respectful, polite communication. d. The way people communicate Vietnam The way people communicate Vietnamese often express the subtle, discreet, polite and important reconciliation. In communications, the Vietnamese people are also very focused on communicating such rites: hi, sorry, thank you, please, goodbye...; this ritual always expressing politeness, delicacy and is accompanied by the appropriate words of address CHAPTER 2 FEATURES VOCABULARY, GRAMMAR OF WORDS IN BUDDHISM CONFESS VIETNAM 2.1. Looking at the issues In chapter 2, the thesis applies statistical methods, fieldwork to collect corpus. Then, we went into the study to clarify two main characteristics is the vocabulary and grammatical characteristics of words of address in Buddhist Vietnam Features a vocabulary of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam Statistics and classification of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam Statistically, classification of terms of address in Buddhism Thesis using statistical methods and collecting layer Buddhist terms of address through Buddhist texts, old books and through actual observation of religious life in the temple school. At the same time, we have established three types of questionnaire fact sheet from three Buddhist centers in Vietnam. 10

11 Statistical results and classification of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam With the above statistical methods, we have collected 169 units of address Buddhist terms and classified as follows: a. 16 words such as pronouns: we, us, they, you, yourself, he, him, his, gentlemen, me, myself. b. Kinship nouns contain 21 words like him, doctor, father, tries, in particular, uncle, aunt, sister, children, grandchildren, grandfather, ancestor... c. Buddhist name consists of 106 words as grace monk, the venerable, Monk, Romanian Minister, mage, monk, nun, her professor, his associate, Professor Tools, professor, teacher, associate end, junior, sisters, monks, guru, teacher, ven, monks,... d. Title includes 26 language identifier, such as the religious meditation merit increases, fellow Buddhists, students union leaders, monks and nuns, kind men and kind women, kind people Words of address in Buddhist Vietnam in terms of origin Words of address in Vietnam Buddhist language derived from Sanskrit language. When the survey in class they were the words of address in Buddhist Vietnam, we obtained approximately 15 words: Arya (Venerable), Bhadra (sage), Srasamna (monk), Bhikhu (monk), Bhikhuni (monk and nuns), Upasaka (her priority rule)... However, some words of dis-organized Words of address in Buddhist Vietnam derived from Chinese According to our survey, derived from the Chinese language has about 85 units from including parishioners, male assistant, female assistant, lay people, followers, believers, monks, nuns, ministers, Buddhists, homed monks, temple monks, abbot, chief himself, the prophet, kind men, kind women, Venerable... However, some words of address in Vietnam Buddhist by the loan arranger Chinese elements but orderly islands such as abbot monk, chief monk, venerable leader, venerable headmaster Words of address Vietnam Buddhist originated from Vietnam In terms of address classes Vietnam Buddhist language originating from Vietnam, there are about 55 units from, divided into 2 groups: - Vietnamization words of the address: monk, monks, administration master, guest master, abbot, oldest teacher, headmaster... - Pure Vietnamese words of address: son, littler monk, novice, sir, 11

12 temples, you, I, priest, head teacher, teacher, students, me, I Words of address in Vietnam Buddhist in terms of scope of use Local words in terms of address classes of Buddhism in Vietnam To integrate into the culture of the local call claiming, terms of address classes in Buddhism also has some of the following: - In the North: elder, elder monks, old monk, nun, priest, brother monk, master monk, monks, little monk, little nun, male elderly / female elderly. - In Central: elder, elder monk, master, aunt, brethren, Buddhist... - In the South: elder monk, sir, head monk, master monk, grandmaster monk, followers, female benefactor, male benefactors, donators, Buddhist Class of Vietnam Buddhist jargon In essence, the wording used for vocative in Buddhist ceremonies as administrative: Medicine man, lay man, Upasaka, upasikas, Mr yet-ma, dispatcher, nurse, teacher, Acharya, religious teacher, lawyers, manager, mediator... Class from this form only people in the organization in particular Buddhist monk who understand it Special words in the class of address of Buddhism in Vietnam This is the class of address keywords used in the communication of address of Buddhism in Vietnam such as the monk, the Venerable, nuns, monks, Buddhists, teacher, professors, nuns, monks, Venerable, monks, laymen and women, for all... It is also used in the class from the charter, ordinances, and beliefs and in the dictionary Grammatical characteristics of words they were the vocative in Buddhist Vietnam Features of the structure of terms of address in Buddhist Vietnam Singular word Singular word is a unit consisting of a morpheme or two or more with a sense of vocabulary or grammar certain to create phrases and sentence structures. From Buddhist vocative surveyed 48 from Statistics, 28.4% consists of the words: older brother, younger brother, sister, sir, master, grandfather, teacher, older sister Compound word Compound word is words that have two or more than two hours are put together based on meaningful relationships. In the class of Buddhist 12

13 vocative 95 compound words, accounting for 56.2%, including the words: monk, the Venerable, monks, pagodas, bhiksuni, nuns, sisters, brothers, abbot, chief the old, venerable... is divided into two sub-types of the main compound and compound class establishment. a. The depended-compound words As the compound words which the elements of this structure depends on other structural components, there are 87 depended-compound words, accounting for 91.6%, includes the words: grace professor, rubella, parishioners, teachers, brethren, great faith, monk, nun, her professor, brother, venerable... b. Class-compound words The words that the constituents have equal relations in terms of meaning. Terms of address class has 8 class-compound words, accounting for 8.4%, includes the words: male teachers and students, female teachers and students teachers, brothers, sisters Language identifiers In addition to the established class compound, the compound side, we also see there is some combination of the anonymous identifier, ie language identifiers, including 26 language identifier, such as increasing the venerable monks, buddhist brethren, elder monks, buddhist monks, kind men, and kind women Characteristics of the types of terms of address in VN Buddhism Pronouns a 1. Vocative pronoun Vocative pronouns are I, me, you, it, she, him/her, ladies & gentlemen, they... a 2. The list of pronouns used vocative Include a list of pronouns like his, him, man, I... and provisional pronouns such as old man, grandfather, grandmother, uncle, aunt, older brother, sister, brother Nouns and pronoun a. Nouns Nouns are words meant only entity (ie, the sense of things and what are the reification). The term includes kinship nouns (To, try, moderate, he, in particular, physician, father, uncle, aunt, billions, parents, practitioners, me, you, black, sister...). Noun only identity (in the name of religion such as Buddhism only: Thich Van Hanh, Thich Quang Duc...). List of titles only, occupation (venerable chief, venerable, venerable chancellor...). Specific noun (he, the brethren, compounded...) and from the list of. 13

14 b. Pronouns Pronoun is a language noun with nouns as the central task and the component parts to create an expression language called nouns. Noun structure of language includes: the center section, sub-section before and following subsections. For a list of subsections following terms have the ability to combine with any word, any word for word as the language center and rewards associated with pronouns such as this, there, there, that, this... CHAPTER 3 SEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS AND THE TERMS OF USE IN VIETNAM BUDDHISM 3.1. Looking at the issues Chapter 3, dissertation research on the semantic characteristics and usage of the terms of address classes in Vietnam Buddhism. However, to do this, we went to investigate and collect corpus, collected the results of usage between roles in social situations 3.2. Semantic characteristics of words they were the vocative in VN Buddhism Some elements of the semantic features of terms of address in VN Buddhism Factors that hierarchy Dharma cannot leave the earth to where there is enlightenment. Therefore, elements of the Buddhist hierarchy partly reflect the cultural characteristics of ethnic Vietnamese. On the other hand, the hierarchy is one of the basic elements of Buddhist virtues. In Buddhist hierarchy factor not only applies to the lower shoulder to shoulder on, but also to apply to both when communicate. For example, concrete ties Class from the only goal: grandmaster, uncle master, older brother master, younger brother master... Chart 3.2.b. Indicates hierarchy of subjects cardboard Buddhism 14

15 Head monk Grandmaster monk Elder monk Uncle monk Master monk Elder uncle monk Young brother monk/ego older brother master Disciple/ Child Disciple monk/ child monk Buddhist disciple Gender factor In the Buddhism of address, class of bringing gender factor also quite rich and unique. But in Buddhism this factor is to have the purpose depending on the base, object classification to take the teachings and precepts suited taught them to achieve Truth - Compassion Inner-Beauty, but no sense regardless of frontiers, such as the language and other religions mentioned and specialized load. - Men: monk, venerable, great faith, monks,... - Women: palmo, nun, master nun, sister nun, faith women Fundamental meaning of that name in Buddhism a. Buddhist name on the level of review that Buddhism In the name of Buddhism, we divided into 3 sub-systems to explore: the first is the name under sect (associate organizations, counselors, his professor, teacher, student, religious practitioners, the cessation) the second is the name under the title of Buddhist hierarchy as (style, novice, monk / nun, venerable, Ven / nun, monk / header chief...), the third is the name Buddhist ritual (demonstrator, Master of ceremony, documents, professors...). 15

16 b. Naming in Buddhism In Buddhism, in addition to the name of life, there are often used religion as name: the Buddhist name (5 types), Buddhist self-titles (after 10 rankings) and Buddhist granded-title (ordained). Placing under the verse of the lines of Zen patriarch (natural mind, generous, profit, virtue, duty, kindness, attitude...), then combine elements name definition means life with Dharma. For example Nguyen Thi Lien Buddhist nam: Quang Hoa ("Quang" means the second life verse, "Hoa" is a factor associated with the word "Union" and features the Dharma means "Flower" into sharp means "lotus flower" in Buddhism The structure definition of the term means the name of address in VN Buddhism Hierarchy definition means When examined factors that name in Buddhist traditions, we deem it to be classified and divided according to hierarchical semantic field of words in a group as follows: Factor 1: members of the Buddhist community Catholic (CDPG); factor 2: Opposition: renunciation / home; factor 3: gender; factors 4: Generation hierarchy in relation teacher - (if taken Ego-centric (generation 0) may be divided into 8 generations: generations above (-1), (-2), (-3), (-4) and lower generation (+1), (+2), (+3). Gather the significance of that factor in mutual correlation assumptions, explanations for each. They order hierarchical relations within the organization means certain. For example, the master: (a member of BC) 1, (ordained) 2, (male or female) 3, (generation (-1)) That gender definition As well as analysis of the factors described hierarchy, we selected a set of logical signs and sorted by gender Buddhist order as follows: - Venerable: (a member of BC) 1, (ordained) 2, (male) 3, (level 5) 4. - Palmo: (a member of BC) 1, (ordained) 2, (female) 3, (grade 6) 4. In terms of definition means the opposite sex male - female in the name of the Buddhist system of titles plane was fairly steady, balanced, made in pairs: male Buddhist - Buddhist female, female benefactors - male benefactors, novices - novices and nuns, monks - nuns, virtue - virtue nuns / sisters, ven - nuns, monk - romanian minister, professor him - her professor Means per regions In theory the concept of meaning, we can examine, sort and divide the definition means that only specific regions of the class they were the words of address in the concept structure as follows: 1 = member element 16

17 means Buddhist community (BC); ie factor 2: Opposition: renunciation / home; ie 3 factors: clergy / the world food; ie 4 factors: gender assumptions, explanations for each other, meaning they can focus identifiable regions. a. Definition of terms of address that Buddhism in the North - Master instruments: (a member of BC) 1, (ordained) 2, (of the clergy) 3, (male / female) 4. - Master Teacher: (a member of BC) 1, (ordained) 2, (belonging to the clergy / the world) 3, (male / female) 4. - Elderly: (a member of BC) 1, (in part) 2, (the laity) 3, (male / female) 4. b. Definition of terms of address that Buddhism in Central - Wen: (a member of BC) 1, (ordained) 2, (clergy) 3, (male) 4, (noun kinship). - Layman: (a member of BC) 1, (in part) 2, (5 sex life / 10 world) 3, (male & female) 4. c. Definition of terms of address that Buddhism in the South - Him: (a member of BC) 1, (ordained) 2, (clergy)3, (male) 4, (list of). - Master teacher: (a member of BC) 1, (ordained) 2, (clergy / the world) 3, (male) 4 (Theravada sects) Usage of the term of address in VN Buddhism Surveys and statistics, the quantitative extent of use of standard communication situations The survey results, statistics, and analysis, describing the usage between the role of communication situations Commented the survey results and statistics on they were the words of address Through the survey results, the actual quantitative statistics from monks and nuns in the academy, in 3 regions of Vietnam, including 170 monks and 130 nuns joined, we have obtained the on the extent of use of terms of address between the role of communication as follows: - In terms of gender: nuns (sisters) use standard terms of address and hierarchical levels rise higher. When surveyed 130 women religious (nuns) have to 115 users. Also surveyed 170 men religious (lay man) only 105 users. - In terms of age: When using the difference of address. For example, at ages 18 to 25 years old, they use the word of address standards and guidelines as above, but the lack of standards in between. At the ages of years old, they do not use the standards of address as on the shoulder that even applies the principle of consuming coral profess humility. Especially in age from 35 to 50, they use more words of address standards 17

18 and apply the principles in our naming and including vocative as well as principled and polite The term of address in the past they were the communication situations Referring to communicate between each disciple to disciple. a. Referring teacher student relationship Master himself as teacher, master, guru known as a child, or the name of religion followers. Student self-pronounced disciples and called the teacher by master, teacher, guru b. Referring relationship ranking and seniority For the older you claim to be the master director, I, monks, temperate... and called the younger you are the director, teacher, junior, teacher, great faith, religion or by calling the name combines teacher / her religion + name. For your younger children claiming religion, junior, disciples (confess cum) and called the elders directed by your teacher, teacher, temperate, venerable, monks... if vocative in the third person, it must call by combining hierarchy + temple name or combination of temperate and titles. c. Referring age between the same seniorities. Peer or peers with similar age called each other by name, junior (profess humility) and call the monk /little monk or the name of religion or dignitaries + temple name, but always denote religious nuances important in the profession call Referring in communication between processing products with the lay and religious outsiders a. Referring the student-teacher relationship Claiming to be the master teacher, guru, master, I (if older, they may profess moderate, monks) and called games (at home) is a disciple, child, or the name. Student (at home) claiming to be children, students, pupils, and teachers are called master, teacher, temperate / monk (for the older religion-age). b. Referring to the relationship between home and temple row for laypeople Temple laypeople are always claiming to be master, master, I or nun (by nuns) and the laity are called disciples, I, brethren, buddhists or call direct combining organic / Buddhists + the name. Home laypeople claiming to be children, games, disciple and called 18

19 every ordained by teachers, teacher, great faith, Venerable, monks... and every house always respectful attitude indicated. Do not use the word love and admiration from such calls: Oh, hey, okay... to call the teacher. c. Referring to the relationship between home laypeople and temple laypeople outside of religion Temple laypeople in addition to communicating with religious people claiming to be him, I, we, the temple... and call them by benefactors, credit men women or use of kinship such as uncle, aunt, brother Home laypeople claiming to be me, our children and household goods called by teachers, monks, temperate, venerable, moderate, or her instrument, nuns according to age and gender. But religious outsiders always denote respect Referring in communication among the home laypeople. a. Referring to the relationship between older people and younger people Age adults claiming to be me, grandmother, uncle, grandfather, uncle, aunt, depending on their age and the youngest known by children, children, grandchildren, Buddhist, religion or name names ever. In contrast, young people claiming to be leading you, children, grandchildren and their children, Buddhists... and call us by age: grandparents, uncle, uncle, aunt, aunt, brothers and sisters... b. Referring to the relationship between same-age peers Claiming to be me, you, us, the name of the name, birth name or calling friends and other people that you, the name / name of religion, brother, sister (profess humility). c. Referring to relations between union leaders and students Prefects claiming to be your brother, sister and call me or our members who are you, the children, or a combination of direct sister/brother + name. In contrast, members who are claiming to be brother and sister called prefects and he always respected his attitude The term of address in VN Buddhism through communication behavior culture of the Vietnamese Words of address in Buddhist Vietnam represent the key principles in communication. In the spirit of selfless compassion of Buddhism was easily integrated into the culture of the Vietnamese people in the province. When studied in class from our naming Buddhism, we found this was expressed through kinship nouns like him, uncle, brother, sister, child... Also some names of Buddhism, such as monk, venerable, great faith, bhiksuni, nuns, sisters... to have some words with a clever combination of 19

20 the elements "associated" with the noun itself minorities such as their masters, counselors, his professor, teacher, associate end, brother, Professor soot, vocative junior... to set the tone and intimacy as a family or clan Words of address in Vietnam Buddhist express religious principles in communication Cultural life of agriculture, villages gave the Vietnamese a psychological compromise, hierarchy, hierarchical and coral profess religious humility Therefore, evocative in Buddhist practice also complies with the principle of the rule everyday language polite and humble coral religious principles. At the same time, light and elegant behave politely is minimal decency of cultivators. Principles professed humility coral / religion in Buddhism is not only expressed in the communication of address intergenerational vertically hierarchy that even with the same level in the same generation Words of address in Vietnam Buddhist interactive review in particular a. The subject of communication * The object can communicate by religious name: During Buddhist communication, all claiming to be able to communicate with host names in case of possible direct contact ranking a few years old or younger, and have fairly intimate relationship, or young subjects communicate often profess in combination: "name + the religion" * The object can communicate with words of claiming kinship When subjects used by the kinship that wants to entice people in society about the kinship clans, while claiming to be called mister, he, temperate, grandmother, uncle, aunt, uncle... is the expression friendly proximity marketing, no strange way. And the older the subject, claiming to be "brothers and sisters" indicate the intimacy, but to a certain extent, how this claim to clear the patronizing, or flippant, but friendly. b. Communicate objects When objects communicate by the ranking, to denote the usual friendly self-proclaimed name of religion or in pairs students / teachers (same sex). Objects belonging to communicate on the ranking, with high age-old religion to denote respect should not be committed taboo not to name names direct and direct life that call by combining factors leading clergy and name as: Ven Nhu Tho, Ven Tu Nghiem... or a combination of factors Wen /Ven + temple name: Wen Thien Sieu,Ven Thanh Tu. 20

21 Words of address in Vietnam Buddhist culture at the Temple door Words of address in Buddhist attitude shown by communication With incarnate spirit of Buddhism mixed with the essential culture of the Vietnamese people formed attitude, where communication is typical of Zen, which is interested in communication, likes, but timid and humble, be expressed through the words of address, such as his or associate professor or instrument called monk or nun Venerable chief, nuns (the nuns), called the "master" / "master" is used for all sites religious. With hospitality, love to communicate but are afraid. They always apply the principles professed religious humility and chanting some words of address used in legal concrete seconded subject (his associate, her professor, marketing professor, professor end, brothers, sisters) to indicate a friendly and close together closely as a team teacher Words of address in Buddhism represented by communication technique Whether temple layperson but still is Vietnam, so subtle lifestyle, considerate in the way of communication, and love to be interested in inviting over a cup of tea, to learn about subjects such as understanding communication common-age, holy-age, ministry, title... to adjust the appropriate word called for. Vietnamese people have the habit of spineless, hospitality or too respectful to communication objects, it sometimes exceeds the role of address. But in a unpleased communication they will lower their ranking title suddenly Words of address in Buddhist rituals expressed through words - How to say hello: In Buddhist communicate, meet everyone must bow to each other and clasped hands, "Amitabha Buddha" is a symbol of the wish for a long life span each other, are full of merit and wisdom to overcome all hardships. - Acts of thanks: The implementing acts thanks (sp1) is always in the first person take on the subject in question functions pronouns with singular or plural, such as I, me, you, us; kinship nouns such as mr., mrs., ms., uncle, brother or sister.. or from just the name, such as teachers, monks, nuns, monks... to express courtesy and politeness when to address. - Acts sorry / penance: When doing something wrong people often apologized, buddhism would repent, because people when come late they apologize. In buddhism the lower ranking repent to te higher ranking. The 21

22 rest of the case by anyone help or who passed by say "sorry" does not use the word "repent". CONCLUDE In this thesis, we have surveys, statistics, analyses and points out the characteristics of the magnetic layer of address in Buddhism on the following aspects: 1. Based on the understanding of the system of communication of address in Vietnamese, the study class of terms of address in Buddhism, we have raised the concept of Buddhist terms of address and the system of terms evocative Buddhist communication helps everyone see the whole picture of the class of terms of address in Vietnam Buddhist. At the same time proved to be the most affected and the blend of the words of address classes in Buddhist terms of address class Vietnamese. Besides, we also studied and collected quantitative terms of address 169 in Buddhism, of which there are 16 personal pronouns, nouns and kinship with 21 words, the Buddhist names have 106 words (ordained 84 words, homed ordained 22 words). This has contributed to enriching the Vietnamese vocabulary 2. We use the collected statistical methods, survey fieldwork has yielded very interesting results were: gender factor (monks and nuns), age and duration of the study were the impact of the terms of address used in communication and how Buddhist communication behavior in Buddhism. It is worth noting that in terms of address classes Buddhism has some words of address regional nature such as Old man, Monk, Master Monk, incense. Buddhist religion in the North, Central includes words like temperate, temperate + temple name, "o" instead of her, lay, devout Buddhists. In the south there: he, benefactors, monk, faithful... This also speaks to the spirit world and entered depending but respect cultural communication behavior of address areas of Buddhism. 3. Characteristics of vocabulary, the thesis went into the study of the origin and scope of the words they were the vocative in. When going into the survey, statistics and research in 169 words they were the vocative, we obtained 15 from the source language of Sanskrit, 87 units derived from Chinese language and about 55 units of belonging net Vietnamese origin language or Vietnamized. This shows that they were the problem not only influenced by Chinese Buddhism but also influenced by the direct missionary monks from India. As research on the scope of use of the class they were the words of address in, we see the richness and flexibility is shown by the different 22

23 shades of local, some of the jargon and terms of address in they were the language has become all the people, this was evidence of the swirled between Buddhism and Vietnamese peoples. At the same time enriching the vocative class from Vietnamese, conservation bearing layers from religious and cultural nuances and shades of ethnic Vietnamese. 4. In terms of grammar, word of address classes in Buddhism which are composed of fewer shares, approximately 48 words which is 28,4% from 169 units Vietnamese words in Buddhist vocative. But this form of words, such as his Man, brother, younger brother, sisters,... are words that are referred by the compound: Faith-man, faith-brother, faith-younger brother, faith-sisters... and the rest is to use personal pronouns and nouns kinship in Vietnamese, but word of address in Buddhist Vietnam has relatively large number of compound words, which accounted for 56.2% 95 of the total of vocative in Buddhism. While 8 class compounds accounted for 8.4% and up 87 from the sub-account for 91.6% graft. Also, there are some key combinations as additives anonymous identifier: Abbot, layman, Buddhist monks, and nuns, monks, students, union leaders... we only select those from dedicated and ratings them to examine language identifier. Specifically, there are 26 dedicated words Vietnamese Words in Buddhist vocative 15.4%. The key word of this has created an abundance of the grammatical structure of the word of address in Buddhism VN. About the genre, from the Buddhist vocative mainly pronouns, nouns, word-nouns, and language have a few pronouns language. The term includes kinship nouns, nouns identity, noun titles only from specific since the list is used as a personalized noun... from vocative. For nouns term scalability, in the end, more determinants identified early and easily. As for language, the ability pronouns combination of sub-elements are few and not systematic. 5. In terms of semantics, terms of address in Buddhism as well as in Vietnamese vocative carries that gender factors, factors that hierarchy and always obey the rules "humble coral profess religion" in communication next. But in Buddhism this gender factor and depending on the base and sex that transform suffering for them, not to outline the boundaries of gender segregation as in the other religion. Buddhism, hierarchical elements not only reflected in different generations (shoulder under as above) on the bottom of the hierarchy which is also reflected in a generation. Because Buddhism is that humility and respect are important virtues to practice, to navigate to "truth virtue - beauty." In semantics, the thesis also mentions factors that Buddhism, the 23