S To Kaccā(ya)na,gotta

Transcription

1 Sa yutta Nik ya vol 2 S To Kaccā(ya)na,gotta Introduction Kaccā(ya)na.gotta Sutta The Discourse to Kaccā(ya)na,gotta [On what really is the middle way] (Sa yutta Nik ya 12.15/2:16-17) Translated & annotated by Piya Tan Related suttas The Kacc na,gotta Sutta (S 12.15/2:17), the Acela Kassapa Sutta (S 12.17/2:20), the Aññatara Br hma a Sutta (S 12.46/2:75 f), the (Sabba) J usso ī Sutta (S 12.47/ 2:76 f), and the Lokāyatika Sutta (S 12.48/2:77), all share the well known statement of the Buddha regarding the extremes of all exists (sabbam atthi) and nothing exists (sabba n atthi), and of eternalism (sassata) and annihilationism (uccheda), and not following either of these extremes, the Tathagata teaches the Dharma by the middle (ete te ubho ante anupagamma majjhena tath gato dhamma deseti). The middle here refers to dependent arising (pa icca samupp da). 1 This whole Sutta is quoted by nanda in the Channa Sutta (S 22.90/3:134 f) in his instruction of the arrogant elderly monk Channa who had become proud and domineering from his past role as the Bodhisatva s charioteer. As a posthumous skillful means to rehabilitate Channa, the Buddha imposes the supreme penalty (brahma,da a) (D 2:154), that is, the Sangha totally boycotting him, until he decides to reform himself. This teaching, given by nanda to Channa (Comy says soon after the Buddha s passing, SA 2:317), quotes the entire Kaccā(ya)na,gotta Sutta. At the end of nanda s teaching, Channa declares that he has attained to the Dharma (dhammo abhisameto). 2 For a balanced approach, the Kaccā(ya)na,gotta Sutta should be studied with the Puppha (or Vaddha) Sutta (S 22.94), 3 which opens with this paragraph: Monks, I do not quarrel with the world; rather, it is the world that quarrels with me. A proponent of the Dharma does not quarrel with anyone in the world. Of that which the wise in the world agree upon as not existing, I too say that it does not exist. And to that which the wise in the world agree upon as existing, I too say that it exists. (S /3:138) 4 The Buddha goes on to explain that what the wise in the world agree upon as not existing is that the five aggregates are permanent, stable, eternal, not subject to change (nicca dhuva sassata avipari- āma,dhamma ) and that what the wise in the world agree as existing is that the aggregates are impermanent, suffering, subject to change (anicca dukkha vipari āma,dhamma ). In his translation of the Puppha Sutta, Bhikkhu Bodhi makes this helpful note: This portion of the sutta [S /3:138 quoted] offers an important counterpoint to the message of the Kaccānagotta Sutta (12:15). Here the Buddha emphasizes that he does not reject 1 See Dependent Arising in SD 5.12 (2004). 2 The Vinaya however says that immediately after nanda had announced and explained the supreme penalty to Channa at Ghosit ārāma, near Kosambi, Channa collapsed in a faint. After his retreat he was awakened into arhathood and as such the penalty was automatically revoked (V 2:291). It is likely that Channa S (S 22.90) records the moments leading to his liberation. 3 Interestingly, Puppha S (S 22.94/3: ) is located (just 3 short suttas apart) in the same book as Channa S (S 22.90/3:134 f), the Khandha Sa yutta. 4 MA commenting on the Buddha s similar words in reply to the haughty brahmin Da apā in Madhu,pi ika S (M 18.4/1:108) alludes to Puppha S (S 22.94). In Po thapāda S (D 9), the Buddha declares to the layman Citta that these are merely names, expressions, turns of speech, designation in common use in the world, which the Tathāgata uses without misapprehending them. (D 9.53/1:202). 83

2 Living Word of the Buddha SD vol 6 no 13 S Kaccā(ya)na,gotta Sutta all ontological propositions, but only those that transcend the bounds of possible experience. While the Kaccānagotta Sutta shows that the middle teaching excludes static, substantialist conceptions of existence and nonexistence, the present text shows that the same middle teaching can accommodate definite pronouncements about these ontological issues. The affirmation of the existence of the five aggregates, as impermanent processes, serves as a rejoinder to illusionist theories, which hold that the world lack real being. (S:B 1085 n185) The full standard version of dependent arising (with 12 links) given here is also found in such texts as the (Pa icca,samuppāda) Desanā Sutta (S 12.1) and the (Pa icca,samuppāda) Vibha ga Sutta (S 12.2). 5 This Sutta should be studied with the Lokāyatika Sutta (S 12.48/2:77) where two pairs of extreme views are rejected: that all exist and that all do not exist, and that all is one and that all is plurality. The Buddha s teaching on the origin and ending of the world (in terms of the five aggregates) is found in the Loka Sutta (S 12.44/2:73 f). 2 Terminology Two important terms in this Sutta are the abstract nouns atthitā ( is-ness ) and n atthitā ( not-isness ), here rendered respectively as existence and non-existence. They are derived from the verbs atthi (it is, it exists) and n atthi (it is not, it does not exist) respectively. However, bhava is also rendered as existence. However both atthi and bhava, although they are verbs-to-be, come from different roots: the former from AS, to be, the latter from BHŪ, to be. However, atthitā is the abstract notion of existence while bhava is the concrete individual existence in any of the three realms (sense sphere, form sphere and formless sphere). In fact, Nāgārjuna uses them as synonyms in his famous statement in the M la,madhyamaka Kārikā (see MK 15,7 below). Bodhi notes that For the sake of marking the difference, bhava might have been rendered by being (as was done in [M: B, The Middle Length Sayings of the Buddha], but this English word, I feel, is too broad (suggestive of Being, the absolute object of philosophical speculation) and does not sufficiently convey the sense of concreteness intrinsic to bhava. (Bodhi, S:B 735 n29) Moreover, Mostly, yebhuyyena [4] below, refers to the ordinary being, except for the noble saints (ariya,puggala) who hold on to the extreme notions of either something exists (atthitā) (eternalism, sassata) or does not exist (natthitā) (annihilationism, uccheda) (SA 2:32). Bodhi says: In view of these explanations it would be misleading to translate these two terms, atthitā and natthitā, simply as existence and non-existence and then to maintain (as is sometimes done) that the Buddha rejects all ontological notions as inherently invalid. The Buddha s utterances at 22:94 [Puppha Sutta, see (1)], for example, show that he did not hesitate to make pronouncements with a clear ontological import when they were called for. In the present passage atthitā and natthitā are abstract nouns formed from the verbs atthi and natthi. It is thus the metaphysical assumptions implicit in such abstractions that are at fault, not the ascriptions of existence and nonexistence themselves. (S:B 734 n29) Here I have followed Bodhi in rendering atthitā as the notion of existence and natthitā as the notion of non-existence. 3 On nirodha The terms samudaya [5] and nirodha [5, 8] are commonly tr respectively as origin and ending, cessation. However, from the teachings of this Sutta, which underlies the Buddha s Teaching as a whole, they are better rendered as arising and non-arising. Payutto makes an important note: 5 On Vibha ga S (S 12.2) see SD 5.11 (2004). For a detailed study of dependent arising, see SD 5.12 (2004). 84

3 Sa yutta Nik ya vol 2 S To Kaccā(ya)na,gotta Generally speaking, the word cease [or end ] means to do away with something which has already arisen, or the stopping of something which has already begun. However, nirodha in the teaching of Dependent Origination (as also in dukkhanirodha, the third of the Noble Truths) means non-arising, or non-existence, of something because the cause of its arising is done away with. For example, the phrase when avijjā is nirodha, sa khārā are also nirodha, which is usually taken to mean, with the cessation of ignorance, volitional impulse cease, in fact means that when there is no ignorance, or no arising of ignorance, or when there is no longer any problem with ignorance, there is no volitional impulses, volitional impulses do not arise, or there is no longer any problem from volitional impulses. It does not mean that ignorance already arisen must be done away with before the volitional impulses which have already arisen will also be done away. Where nirodha should be rendered as cessation is when it is used in reference to the natural way of things, or the nature of compounded things. In this sense it is a synonym for the words bha ga (breaking up), anicca (transient), khaya (cessation) or vaya (decay). For example, in the Pali it is given: ima kho bhikkhave tisso vedanā anicccā sa khatā pa iccasamuppannā khayadhammā vayadhammā virāgadhammā nirodhadhammā Monks, these three kinds of feelings are naturally impermanent, compounded, dependently arisen, transient, subject to decay, dissolution, fading and cessation [S 4:214]. (All factors occurring in the Dependent Origination cycle have the same nature.) In this instance, the meaning is all conditioned things (sa khāra), having arisen, must inevitably decay and fade according to supporting factors. There is no need [here] to try to stop them, they cease of themselves. As for nirodha in the third Noble Truth (or the Dependent Origination cycle in cessation mode), although it also describes a natural process, its emphais in on practical considerations. It is translated in two ways in thevisuddhimagga [Vism 16.18/495]. One way traces the etymology to ni (without) + rodha (prison, confine[s], obstacle, wall, impediment), thus rendering the meaning as without impediment, free from confinement. This is explained as free of impediments, that is, the confinement of sa sāra. Another definition traces the origin to anuppāda, meaning not arising, [and goes on to say nirodha here does not mean bha ga, breaking up and dissolution. ] 6 Therefore, translating nirodha as cessation, although not entirely wrong, is nevertheless entirely accurate. On the other hand, there is no other word which comes so close to the essential meaning as cessation. However, we should understand what is meant by the term. (Payutto 1994: ; slightly edited. See also 8b n below) 4 Nāgārjuna In chapter 15 of the M la,madhyamaka Kārikā, Nāgārjuna (late 2 nd century CE) alludes to the early canon (here quoted in the Sanskrit with translation): k ty yan vav de c st ti n st ti c bhya pratisiddha bhagavat bh v bh va,vibh vin In the Admonition to K ty yana, the Blessed One, Free from existence and non-existence, refuted both it is and it is not. (MK 15,7) AK Warder points out that the use of the expression middle way is best exemplified in N g rjuna s Mūla,madhyamaka K rik, where dependent arising appears to represent the middle way par excellence. 7 In fact, the most frequently quoted and important canonical text for N g rjuna is apparently the 6 I have been unable to trace this bracketed reading in the Visuddhi,magga. 7 AK Warder, Is N g rjuna a Mah y nist? in The Problem of Two Truths in Buddhism and Ved nta, ed M Sprung, Dordrecht, 1973:79, 81. See also Gethin, The Buddhist Path to Awakening, 2001:201 & Huntington, The Emptiness of Emptiness, 1989:

4 Living Word of the Buddha SD vol 6 no 13 S Kaccā(ya)na,gotta Sutta Nid na Sa yutta (book 12 of the Sa yutta Nik ya), especially the Kacc (ya)na,gotta Sutta (S 12.15/ 2:17 quoted at S 22.90/3:134 f). 8 The Discourse to Kaccā(ya)na,gotta (S 12.15/2:16-17) 1 [The Buddha was] residing near Sāvatth. [17] 2 Then the venerable Kaccā(ya)na,gotta approached the Blessed One, saluted him, sat down at one side. Duality 3 Seated thus at one side, he said this to the Blessed One: Venerable sir, it is said, Right view, right view. In what way, venerable sir, is there right view? 4 This world, Kaccāna, mostly 9 depends upon a duality: upon (the notion of) existence and (the notion of) non-existence But for one who sees the arising of the world 11 as it really is with right wisdom, there is no notion of non-existence regarding the world. And for one who sees the ending of the world as it really is with right wisdom, there is no notion of existence regarding the world. 12 6a This world, Kaccāna, is mostly bound by fixation [attachment], clinging and inclination. 13 6b But this person (with right view) does not engage in, cling to, incline towards that fixation and clinging, the latent tendency of mindset and inclination he does not take a stand (that anything is) my self For a discussion, see Dhamma,cakka-p,pavattana S (S 56.11) in SD 1.1 Intro (5). 9 Mostly, yebhuyyena, here refers to the ordinary being, except for the noble saints (ariya,puggala) who hold on to the extreme notions of either something exists (atthitā) (eternalism, sassata) or does not exist (natthitā) (annihilationism, uccheda) (SA 2:32). See foll n. 10 Here, following Bodhi, I have rendered atthitā as the notion of existence and n atthitā as the notion of non-existence. See Intro (2). 11 On the tr of the terms samudaya and nirodha see Intro (3). 12 The 2 sentences of this verse are the two extremes rejected by the Buddha in Lokāyatika S (S 12.48/2:77), including 2 more: that all is unity and that all is plurality. Comy: In terms of dependent arising, the origin of the world is the direct conditionality (anuloma paccay ākāra), the ending of the world is the reverse conditionality (pa iloma paccayākāra). Here the world refers to formations (sa khāra). In reflecting on the direct-order dependent arising, (seeing the rise of phenomena) one does not fall into the notion of annihilationism; reflecting on the reverse dependent origination, (seeing the ending of phenomena) one does not fall into the notion of eternalism. (SA 2:33). The Buddha s teaching on the origin and ending of the world (in terms of the five aggregates) is found in Loka S (S 12.44/2:73 f). 13 bound adherence, PTS upāy upādānâbhinivesa,vinibandha, but preferred reading is Be Ce up y upādānâbhinivesa,vinibaddha = up ya (attachment, fixation) + upādāna (clinging) + abhinivesa (inclination, mindset, adherence) + vinibaddha (bound, shackled) [alt reading vinibandha, bondage]. Comy: Each of the three fixation, clinging, inclination [mindset] arise by way of craving (ta hā) and views (di hi), for it is through these that one fixates to, clings to, inclines to the phenomena of the three spheres as I and mine. (SA 2:33). These three words appear to be syns or near-syns of latent tendencies, but I have rendered them in order of their subtlety (fixation, clinging, inclination [mindset]). See S:B 736 n

5 Sa yutta Nik ya vol 2 S To Kaccā(ya)na,gotta He has neither uncertainty nor doubt that what arises is only suffering arising, what ceases is only suffering ceasing. 15 His knowledge about this is independent of others. 16 It is in this way, Kaccāna, that there is right view. 7 Everything is [all exists] (sabbam atthi), 17 Kaccāna, this is one extreme. Everything is not [all does not exist] (sabba n atthi), this is the second extreme. The middle way: dependent arising Without resorting to either of these extremes, the Tathāgata teaches the Teaching by the middle: 8a Avijjā,paccayā sa khārā With ignorance as condition, there are volitional formations; 18 sa khāra,paccayā vi ā a with volitional formations as condition, there is consciousness; vi ā a,paccayā nāma,r pa with consciousness as condition, there is name-and-form; nāma,r pa,paccayā sa āyatana with name-and-form as condition, there is the sixfold sense-base; sa āyatana,paccayā phasso with the sixfold sense-base as condition, there is contact; phassa,paccayā vedanā with contact as condition, there is feeling; vedanā,paccayā ta hā with feeling as condition, there is craving; ta hā,paccayā upādāna with craving as condition, there is clinging; upādāna,paccayā bhavo with clinging as condition, there is existence; bhava,paccayā jāti with existence as condition, there is birth; jāti,paccayā jarā,mara a with birth as condition there arise decay and death, soka,parideva,dukkha, domanass - sorrow, lamentation, physical pain, mental pain and despair. upāyasā sambhavanti evam-etassa kevalassa dukkha-k,- Such is the origin of this whole mass of suffering. khandhassa samudayo hoti 8b Avijjāya tv-eva asesa,virāga,nirodhā But with the remainderless fading away and ending of ignorance, sa khāra,nirodho volitional formations end, But this My self, ta câya up y upādāna cetaso adhi hāna abhinivesânusaya na upeti na upādiyati nâdhi hati attā me ti. Comy: Craving and views are called mental standpoint (cetaso adhi hana) because they are the foundation for the (unwholesome) mind, and the latent tendency of inclination [mindset], or perhaps inclination [mindset] and latent tendency (abhinivesânusaya) because they stay to the mind and lie latent there (SA 2:33). This is a difficult sentence, and I am guided by the Sutta spirit than the letter. See S:B 736 n32. Cf H liddak ni S 1 (S /3:10) = SD Comy: Suffering (dukkha) here refers to the 5 aggregates of clinging. What the noble disciple sees, when he reflects on his own existence, is not a self or a substantially existent person but only the arising and passing away of causal conditions (paccay uppanna,nirodha) (of dependent arising). (SA 2:33). Cf Selā s verses (S /1:134) & Vajirā s verses (S /1:135). 16 Independent of others, apara-p,paccayā. From stream-entry on, the noble disciple sees the truth of the Dharma by himself, and as such is not dependent on anyone else, not even the Buddha, for his insight into the Dharma. However, he may still approach the Buddha or an enlightened teacher for instructions and guidance in meditation until he attains liberation. 17 On the two notions in this sentence, see Intro (2). 18 Comy: When it is said, With ignorance as condition, there are volitional formations, the meaning should be understood thus: It is ignorance and it is a condition; hence ignorance-as-condition (avijjā ca sā pacayā cā ti avijjā,paccayā). Through that ignorance-as-condition, volitional formations come to be (tasmā avijjā,paccayā sa khārā sambhavanti) (SA 2:9 f). Bodhi: This explanation suggests that the verb sambhavanti, which in the text occurs only at the end of the whole formula, should be connected to each proposition, thus establishing that each conditioned state arises through its condition. The twelve terms of the formula are treated analytically in [Vibha ga S]. (S:B 725 n1) 19 Payutto, in the context of the quote in Intro (3) above, suggests that the reverse (cessation) cycle of dependent arising might be better rendered as: being free of ignorance, there is freedom from volitional impulses, or 87

6 Living Word of the Buddha SD vol 6 no 13 S Kaccā(ya)na,gotta Sutta sa khāra,nirodhā vi ā a,nirodho with the ending of volitional formations, consciousness ends, vi ā a,nirodhā nāma,r pa,nirodho with the ending of consciousness, name-and-form ends, nāma,r pa,nirodhā sa āyatana,nirodho with the ending of name-and-form, the sixfold sense-base ends, sa āyatana,nirodhā phassa,nirodho with the ending of the sixfold sense-base, contact ends, phassa,nirodhā vedanā,nirodho with the ending of contact, feeling ends, vedanā,nirodhā ta hā,nirodho with the ending of feeling, craving ends, ta hā,nirodhā upādāna,nirodho with the ending of craving, clinging ends, upādāna,nirodhā bhava,nirodho with the ending of clinging, existence ends, bhava,nirodhā jāti,nirodho with the ending of existence, birth ends, jāti,nirodhā jarā,mara a with the ending of birth, there end decay-and-death, soka parideva,dukkha,- sorrow, lamentation, physical pain, domanass upāyasā nirujjhanti mental pain and despair. evam-etassa kevalassa dukkha-k,- khandhassa nirodho hoti Such is the ending of this whole mass of suffering. 20 [18] eva Bibliography Payutto, P[rayudh] Ar[yankura] 1994 Dependent Origination: The Buddhist law of conditionality. [Thai] Tr Bruce Evans. Bangkok: Buddhadhamma Foundation, Warder, AK 1973 Is N g rjuna a Mah y nist? in The Problem of Two Truths in Buddhism and Ved nta, ed M Sprung, Dordrecht, 1973:79, ; ; ; ; when ignorance is gone, volitional impulses are gone, or when ignorance is no longer a problem, volitional impulses are no longer a problem. (1994:107). See Intro (3) above. 20 Comy: By ending (nirodha) in all these phrases Nirvana is meant. For all those phenomena end in dependence on Nirvana, and therefore the latter is spoken of as their ending. Thus in this sutta, the Blessed One teaches the round of existence (va a) and the ending of the round (viva a) by 12 phrases and brought the discourse to a climax in Arhathood (SA 2:18). 88