Today. Ch. 3 on Buddha s Middle Way in Hamilton s IP: VSI
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1 Wk 5 Wed, Feb 1 Today Intro to Buddhism Ch. 3 on Buddha s Middle Way in Hamilton s IP: VSI Asaf Federman, "What Kind of Free Will Did the Buddha Teach?" Karin Meyers on Free Persons, Empty Selves, Chapter 2, FWASIP, Dasti & Bryant, eds Optional: Luis O. Gómez, "Some Aspects of the Free-Will Question in the Nikāyas." 1
2 Monday, wk 06 Further developments in Buddhism Jay L. Garfield s Ch. 7, Just Another Word for Nothing Left to Lose in Dasti, Matthew and Edwin Bryant, eds FWASIP Ch. 6 on Things & No-things in Hamilton s IP: VSI The Buddha ~ BCE vs BCE Born in present-day Nepal Language: precursor to Magadhi Pali Other Names Siddhārtha Gautama Śākyamuni Tathāgata 2
3 Śramaṇa-s, mendicants Per Dīgha-Nikāya 2, reports of 6 heretic teachers, their doctrines: 1. Pūrāṇa Kāśyapa, amoralism / antinomianism 2. Maskarī Gośāliputra, fatalism - Ājivika 3. Sañjayī Vairaṭṭīputra, agnosticism / skepticism 4. Ajita Keśakambala, materialism 5. Nirgrantha Jñātiputra, restraint / Jainism 6. Kakuda Kātyāyana, eternalism / atomicism Four Noble Truths age 35 in Bodhgayā 1. Life is dukkha, dissatisfaction / sorrow / suffering 2. Dukkha is caused by tanhā /tṛṣṇā, thirst / craving 3. Cessation of dukkha is possible 4. Way to cessation = liberation, nirvāṇa is the Noble Eightfold Path 3
4 Noble Eightfold Path = Middle Way śila, ethical practices 1. Right Speech 2. Right Action 3. Right Living samādhi, stages of meditation 4. Right Effort 5. Right Mindfulness 6. Right Concentration prajñā, knowledge & wisdom 7. Right Views 8. Right Resolve Central Concepts Everything is impermanent, anitya Everything has no self, anattā / anātmā Personality = 5 aggregates, skandha-s These constitute dukkha 1. Material quality, rūpa 2. Feelings / sensations, vedanā 3. Perceptions, saṃjñā 4. Predispositions, saṃskāra 5. Consciousness, vijñāna Cessation of suffering = nirvāṇa 4
5 12-fold Dependent Origination, pratītya-samutpāda Pāli: paṭiccasamuppanna 1. ignorance (causes) 2. karma / saṃskāra 3. consciousness 4. name & form 5. 6 sense organs 6. contact (with objects) 7. sensation / feeling 8. desire / craving 9. attachment 10. existence 11. birth passive, resulting from past karma the cycle can be broken here 12. old age, death, sorrow, misery, lamentation [ ignorance] Textual Sources Theravāda Pali canon, tri-piṭaka (3 baskets) 1. Vinaya, monastic rules 2. Sūtra, discourses = Nikāyas / Āgamas 1. Dīgha, long 2. Majjhima, middle-length 3. Saṃyukta, connected 4. Aṇguttara / Ekottara, numerical lists 5. Kuddaka, 15 small texts including Dhammapada, Udāna, Sutta, Therigātha, Jātaka 3. Abhidharma, scholastic / philosophical 5
6 Some Early Schools Hīnayāna, Lesser Vehicle Theravāda, Elders Sri Lanka, SE Asia Mahāsaṅgika. Mahāyāna ~320 BCE ~100 years after Buddha s parinirvāṇa Sarvāstivāda, ~250 BCE Sautrāntika Yogācāra / Vijñānavāda ~100 CE Asaf Federman on the Buddha & Free Will 6
7 Federman Soteriology? anattā + anitya = no agent? Buddha s teachings = Free Will? choice, responsibility denial of Fatalism, Maskarī Gośāliputra Dependent Origination = Determinism? Free Will + Determinism = Compatibilism p. 19, Thomas Pink Free Will: A VSI. OUP. 7
8 Federman Two conflicting definitions of Free Will 1. FW1 = a power that: belongs in the soul, transcends the physical, has ultimate control over the body 2. FW2 = agent's ability to control action in conformity with will, when there are no constraints that limit performance (3). Compatibilist definition? Federman Freedom = psychological mind free from what binds awareness of one s desires & wishes (10) Causality governs physical, organic, psychological, karmic, and spiritual spheres (12) Karma not sole cause, hard determinism Determinism inevitability unavoidable (13) agent can be one of the causes 8
9 Karin Meyers on Free Persons, Empty Selves Two Truths - A 1. Conventional, saṃvṛti-satya Ordinary / relative Language-based 2. Ultimate, paramārtha-satya Nirvāṇa 9
10 Meyers cetanā = will, volition, intention Mental action, karma not always conscious / voluntary / deliberate needs other factors such as mindfulness, clear awareness conditioned by self-grasping autonomy necessary but not sufficient condition for moral responsibility Varieties of Free Will, review Causal Determinism: prior events exactly one metaphysically possible future (48) Can Determinism coexists with Free Will? If Yes, Compatibilism Agent has control over actions If No, Incompatibilism If no free will, Hard Determinism Fatalism Extreme response to Hard Determinism Our efforts don t affect the future If free will exists, Determinism impossible Libertarianism 10
11 Meyers Buddhism subscribes to Compatibilism Neutral on Determinism Presumes choice over action We have freedom to choose to work for liberation Cultivation of self-control prescribed through development of the five Spiritual Faculties, bala faith śraddhā, energy vīrya, mindfulness smṛti, concentration samādhi, discernment prajñā Greater freedom and self-control through recognition of non-self (51) Undermines sense of agency / autonomy / responsibility? Meyers: Two Truths, B 1. Conventional truth, saṃvṛti-satya Agents, agency, free will Mental construct, no independent reality Personal Autonomy is a necessary delusion, distortion (61) 2. Ultimate truth, paramārtha-satya Only dharma-s, factors Irreducible, independent Impersonal: no agent, no free will 11
12 Delusion of Autonomy From the Ultimate perspective, action afflicted by self-grasping are less than fully rational not self-controlled functionally insane Yet, shame hrī & apprehension apatrāpya basis for virtue foundation of path to liberation attract wholesome qualities that ultimately destroy the delusion (63) Ultimately No persons, no free will just a flow of dharmas 12
13 Luis O. Gómez on Free Will in the Nikāyas Gomez kriyāvāda / karmavāda present life is result of deeds in previous lives intention of the act is what matters Weak Determinism 1. Some aspects caused by non-karmic causes E.g., feelings arising from bile 2. Given act may cause different effect maturation of karma 3. Human effort in the present is effective 13
14 Gomez: Weak Determinism Dependent Origination Absolute Determinism Causal series can be stopped Middle Way between eternalism & annihilationism (86) Federman on Gomez: Unfortunately [weak determinism] not adequately developed. compromises the philosophical side (2) 14
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