HALLOWE EN! What is ideology? Explain using examples from last week s cartoon and song.

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1 What is ideology? Explain using examples from last week s cartoon and song. How does the notion of the panopticon illustrate the complexity of power issues? Explain the two key issues of gender studies using examples from specific religions. In terms of gender what do universities, symphony orchestras, and the Dalai Lama have in common? 1 HALLOWE EN! 1. Celtic (Irish) festival Oct 31 Harvest, end of Autumn Physical and spiritual worlds come close Light bonfires to stay safe Pagan 3

2 HALLOWE EN! 2. All Saints Day (or All Hallows Day ) Catholic ritual (5th C?); originally in May Honour saints, pray for souls in purgatory Move to Nov 1 (8th C?) to replace the Celtic harvest festival All Hallows Even = Oct 31 (replace Celtic ritual) HALLOWE EN! 3. Souling (ca. 1400s?) Medieval Catholic ritual (England, Ireland) All Hallows Eve / All Saints Day Turnip lanterns! (=souls) Asking neighbours for prayers Asking for soul cakes, bread, charity HALLOWE EN! Connections to course: Rituals (symbolism, society, etc., etc.) Power / colonialism Gender? Hybridity Religions change over time and place No direct link to sacred texts

3 Today 8. Power Finish: Power! Marx Gramsci Althusser Foucault No break? (finish 6:50pm) 9 10 Office Hours All TAs: next Tuesday, 3-5pm Oscar Peterson Hall (dining area) Ian: next Wednesday, 12-2pm Erindale Hall room 208 Me: regular (Tues + Thurs) December

4 Power Power Not so useful theories for assignment: Althusser: interpellation (66-67) Weber: economics (69-70) Power Possibly useful theories for assignment: Marx: religion as ideology (58-60) Gramsci: hegemony and counter-hegemony (60-65) Althusser: repressive and ideological state apparatuses (65-66) Foucault: panopticon (71-73) and power, knowledge, discourse (74-76) Marx What is ideology? Ideology: makes the rule by one group over another appear natural and unquestionable (p. 59) Theories of ideology: critique/ expose it 15 16

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6 21 22 Song! Everything is Everything by Lauryn Hill (1998) Everything is Everything I wrote these words for everyone Who struggles in their youth Who won t accept deception Instead of what is truth It seems we lose the game, Before we even start to play Who made these rules? We re so confused Easily led astray

7 Everything is Everything And the ones on top, won t make it stop So convinced that they might fall Now hear this mixture Where hip hop meets scripture Develop a negative into a positive picture 27 28

8 Human Introverted Anxieties Instructors Instructors What to call them? Professor may tell you Ken or Prof. Derry or Dr. Derry If not: default = formal Marx Marx and Engels, On Religion Religion CAN be an ideology (p. 59) Leads us to accept (unjust) system: 1. Comfort / illusion 2. Teachings Need to critique / remove religion before we can change the unjust system 1. Comfort / Illusion Religion as opium / imaginary flowers Comforts us, masks suffering Reward after death (vs. conditions of life) 31 32

9 Religion as opiate of the people 2. Teachings Support the (unjust) system New Testament (Christianity): Turn the other cheek (Matthew 5:39) Let every person be subject to the governing authorities; for there is no authority except from God and those authorities that exist have been instituted by God. (Romans 13:1) Not Marx Religion: may oppose the (unjust) system (not Marx s view!) Christianity: Martin Luther King (USA) Desmond Tutu (South Africa) Stan McKay (Canada) 35 36

10 Gramsci ( gram-shee ) Hegemony Hegemony (p ) Those who are ruled over feel they have a stake in powers that control/exploit them Aware of being controlled and/or exploited Examples? Counter-hegemony Counter-Hegemony 39 40

11 Mean Girls (2004) Hegemony + Counter-Hegemony 41 Althusser ( altu-sair ) 1. Repressive state apparatus (p ) Force, violence, or threat of violence Police, army, etc. 2. Ideological state apparatus (p ) Education, media, religion, etc. Make existing power structure appear natural / obvious 42 Althusser ( altu-sair ) Interpellation Interpellation: unknowingly participate in own exploitation (p ) Trick or brainwash Illusion of choice Critique by Nye: cannot know someone s state of mind 43 44

12 45 46 Foucault ( foo-coe ) Power, knowledge, discourse (p ) (all three terms are interconnected) Who talks? Who appears knowledgeable? Who seems to be in charge? 47 48

13 Foucault ( foo-coe ) Panopticon (p. 71-3) Know you are being watched (but can t see watcher) Internalize surveillance + modify behaviour Examples? Link to ideology? RLG101? Futurama clip? 51 52

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