Two approaches to justice: by model theory vs. by natural history
|
|
- Owen Merritt
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Course description (Joseph Almog, Lund University, 4-8 February 2013) Two approaches to justice: by model theory vs. by natural history This project belongs ostensibly in a segregated academic box, political philosophy. But like the early enlightenment Universal Nature theorists we will consider Hobbes, Spinoza, (at one point: Kant) etc. the present proposal aims to remove the segregative boxes and regain a sense of human nature as part of cosmic nature. The project outlined below is no doubt very ambitious, with many ramifications in well developed and sophisticated sub domains of political philosophy. Aware of this variety of sophisticated modern tools, we still seek to submit a new picture that regains a place for man in Nature, and with it perhaps a deeper sense of man than the glories and shine promised by the segregative modern abstract-away-from-nature constructed autonomous rational self individualistic conceptions.. There is one direct way in which we may encapsulate the differences in the methodologies of studying man of Spinoza and Hobbes; the difference spills over to contemporary studies of man and his political modes of being (see our dissection of Rawls in a moment). We need to look at the contrastive approaches of Hobbes and Spinoza to the famous 1789 slogan Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite ( Liberty, Equality, Fraternity ). We trace below how this contrasts leads in modern times to two orthogonal approaches to the theory of justice-- the descendant of the individualist local-to-global Hobbesian-Kantian approach being Rawls's theory (in its many phases) contrasted with a global-to-local approach to justice we would like develop following Spinoza's universal anthropology blueprints. Implicit in the classical 1789 slogan is a view the primality of individual-self freedom submitted by Hobbes and stated very clearly by J.J. Rousseau. The view (as set out in Du contrat social ) primes each individual's innate and inherent freedom; He who dares to undertake the making of a people's institutions ought to feel himself capable, so to speak, of changing human nature, of transforming each individual, who is by himself a complete and solitary whole, into part of a greater whole from which he in a manner receives his life and being; of altering man's constitution for the purpose of strengthening it; and of substituting a partial and moral existence for the physical and independent existence nature
2 has conferred on us all. He must, in a word, take away from man his own resources and give him instead new ones alien to him, and incapable of being made use of without the help of other men. The more completely these natural resources are annihilated, the greater and the more lasting are those which he acquires, and the more stable and perfect the new institutions; so that if each citizen is nothing and can do nothing without the rest, and the resources acquired by the whole are equal or superior to the aggregate of the resources of all the individuals, it may be said that legislation is at the highest possible point of perfection. This then is the elementary particle the rational thinking unit operative in modern individualistic foundations of the chemistry of the state viz. from Hobbes' state of nature to Rawls, with his individuals in the original position Big-Bang moment. The elementary particle of human-communal existence is a disembodied-from-his human-bondage man if man it could still be called that is an abstract point of rationality, a man without natural history. And so is Hobbes' earlier hypothetical model, the state of Nature. This title is a misnomer, for it posits a state that, at least on a universal unfolding Nature cosmology, is not even a logically possible state of Nature for the species of humans (in the plural!). The state from which Hobbes artifactually stipulates the construction of his contract is impossible in the deepest sense for the universal Nature human anthropologist. The one approach kicks away the very human bondage that is necessary for an individual human to exist (and have any existence-preserving conatus) on the dual picture. The constructed humans (in the plural) of Hobbes are not possible humans for Spinoza. In the Hobbesian fictive set-up, and a setting-up of man this arrangement is, social equality comes only after liberty (readers familiar with Rawls' theory will recall the reflection of this point in the lexical priority given in his system to the liberty principle over the difference principle). There is no promise of equality-among-men in one's individual sheer intellectual and cognitive freedom to think-and-will. Some non humans who can reason well will be equal with the properly cognitively skilled humans; some humans who are only partially capable of such reasoning and willing may not be invited to the assembly. Surely humans of 100,000 years ago, with no language and rational gaming strategies would be kept out. As is well known, Kant had his ideas about red copper hair and black African races as not belonging in the assembly, in the midst of preparing a soi disant universal charter of human rights; universal for the equals by all means but some humans are more equal. The key is one's cognitive profile, this last understood to isolate the elixir in some idealized form of rationality.
3 And there are more sharp contrasts on the potent theme of the 1789 trio of ideas. For the localist/individualist, Liberty precedes human fraternity. Fraternity does not have a clear meaning at the outset inside the atomized individualistic framework. Surely, the free thinkers are not a brotherhood in the biological sense (of the cosmic tree of human-life). Some who are our biological brothers may not be intellectually free; some who are not our biological brothers may be as intellectually free as we are. What is more, if the fraternity alluded to is the subsequent placing in a brotherly group, surely there is nothing in one's free thinking-and-willing that entails that one must accept one's membership in any brotherhood, human or otherwise (e.g. the brotherhood of the inter-species rational thinkers). On the methodology of individualistic rational selves, fraternity, even more than equality, is a late and optional add-on. For Spinoza, the metaphysically right order is rather the inverted Fraternity, Equality, Liberty. We begin with fraternity, because this is where we individually- each have to start with this branch of Nature, the human species and it attendant natural manner of staying in existence, by way its vital organs, or social sub-organizations, the states (tribe, polis, etc.) of men. We emerge in history necessarily by way of the human fraternity and one of its state (polis) sub-units, at a certain point in space and time to be is to be an unfolding of humanity and one of its sub-units (see sec 2 of Spinoza's Political Treatise and Ethics IVP37). It is only inside this species-ecology and its natural species-protective sub-units (e.g. a lions' pride, our human polis) that we can contemplate (ii) equality and (iii) liberty. Equality is now built into the humanfraternity--as the species' agents, this is how all of us with no exception come to be. And the message applies further down the cosmic tree--we are not alien to the animals and trees and lakes, etc. and that is something to remember as we live by them. This cosmic fraternity is not a matter of subsequent choice, contract-making or other imposed equal-izing procedures. Furthermore, as advised in the well known Jesus' (Spinoza's-hero) motif of brotherly love to all, the ground is not one of subsequent elective choices but a natural historical fact of common origin, as brother indicates. And finally, what of liberty, our quintessential primitive freedom? For the universal cosmologist turned universal anthropologist that Spinoza is, to be free is to act freely, to act from one's nature. Nothing acts freer or could act freer than Nature(-God), the locus of all action-power (see the natural power=natural right axiom immediately below). We humans are free only when we act, like Nature itself, from and through our nature (itself a development of Nature), and not, as urged by some, against our nature. The
4 more we act-by-nature and join forces inside our natural human fraternity the more powerful in the image of Nature/God itself-- we become. Turning to 'practical plans' on this unified political anthropology front, I will suggest that Rawls' very abstract and powerful account in TJ (and later amplifications) as a testing ground for contrasting (A) the methodology of abstract individualistic essence/conceptual analysis, conducted local to global, versus (B) the global to local universal anthropology methodology of Natureembedded mankind (and Man-kind embedded individual man). Five key questions are on the my blackboard: -1- In his 1974 critique of Rawls, Nozick's Anarchy, State, Utopia laments the abstraction from natural history, from the growth of justice mechanisms in history. As is well known, Nozick' picture leads to an extremely individualisticatomistic theory, way beyond Rawls'. The present approach, also calling for an onto- genesis of man's state, leads to the Nozick-orthogonal deeply communitarian and by necessity ecology of individual human existence. Is a natural historical account of justice by nature libertarian or community bound? -2- Spinoza proposes in his Tractatus Politicus the ground axiom: Natural Power=Natural right. As always, he starts with the ur case of Universal Nature(God), where this identity is axiomatic and then, by the global to local methodology, he shows this applies to each local being (be it a state, a city, a family, an individual). This has been said to support a bully-like Might is Right approach to justice. Yet in Spinoza and in our blueprints, it leads exactly to the opposite viz. a bully is power..less(!) anthropology. Thus, e.g. Hitler is not regarded as eminently naturally powerful; from a universal perspective, not just from a short snapshot, he presents a paradigm of disintegrating self destructive conatus, whereas Spinoza's hero, Jesus, even when plastered on the cross, is mightily naturally powerful. How so? -3- In Rawls' account, justice needs logically! an institution as its cementer; the cement of justice is the state. Without a super state or other kinds of Sovereign unifying all states, how is one to have global justice? On our account (which departs not only from Rawls but also from Nagel's 2005 insightful attenuation of Rawls to get global justice for the plurality of all humans predates any state administered justice. The primary notion of natural right is for the humans-as-such; it merely utilizes as causal enablers local counters states, but also sub-states (as in the USA, with the federal vs. local state) to carry out justice for the original subject of justice, mankind. Thus justice percolates on the Spinoza method, global to local (and not the
5 other way round, local to global, from local states by merely constructed laws (as in Rawls' laws of people ) to laws of a super-state or united nations). -4- In Rawls' own development, there are deep tensions between (i) the (famous) individualistic and thus merely constructivistic local to global principles (magnified in A Theory of Justice theoretical part I) and (ii) his rather global to local... religious sentiments, whereby all humans are united at the outset by being beings from and before God (this has been stressed very beautifully by Jorgen Habermas). We would like to argue that this less known universalist theistic or naturalized thread in Rawls leads to a human anthropology, sometimes hinted in the historically sensitive part III of A theory of Justice and distant from the model theoretic (models for axioms) abstractions of the a-historical original position of part I. -5- Rawls as well as Hobbes and Kant (if not necessarily Locke!) argue that their project is one of justification of principles (or practices or rules). Spinoza, on our understanding, suggests there is no such epistemology of justification to be had (let alone, to lead the charge) anymore that one can have a justificationtheory determine the gravitational principles of the motion of planets. The latter is part of a (as it were) descriptive anthropology of heavenly bodies, viz. how these natural bodies cluster and act on each other. In the same way, the former is again a universal anthropology of these other natural bodies, men, how they orbit each other and cluster together. On this Spinozistic account, a theory of natural historical justice is a human cosmology taken as a branch of universal cosmology. We plan to explain in what way a depiction of just lives (in the plural) in historically just states (again in the plural) is a descriptive anthropology, not a normative constructed ideal theory.
POLI 342: MODERN WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
POLI 342: MODERN WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT THE POLITICS OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1685-1815) Lecturers: Dr. E. Aggrey-Darkoh, Department of Political Science Contact Information: eaggrey-darkoh@ug.edu.gh College
More informationQué es la filosofía? What is philosophy? Philosophy
Philosophy PHILOSOPHY AS A WAY OF THINKING WHAT IS IT? WHO HAS IT? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WAY OF THINKING AND A DISCIPLINE? It is the propensity to seek out answers to the questions that we ask
More information4 Liberty, Rationality, and Agency in Hobbes s Leviathan
1 Introduction Thomas Hobbes, at first glance, provides a coherent and easily identifiable concept of liberty. He seems to argue that agents are free to the extent that they are unimpeded in their actions
More informationBerlin: Two Concepts of Liberty
Berlin: Two Concepts of Liberty Isaiah Berlin (1909 97) Born in Riga, Latvia (then part of the Russian empire), experienced the beginnings of the Russian Revolution with his family in St. Petersburg (Petrograd)
More informationThe dangers of the sovereign being the judge of rationality
Thus no one can act against the sovereign s decisions without prejudicing his authority, but they can think and judge and consequently also speak without any restriction, provided they merely speak or
More informationEthical Theories. A (Very) Brief Introduction
Ethical Theories A (Very) Brief Introduction Last time, a definition Ethics: The discipline that deals with right and wrong, good and bad, especially with respect to human conduct. Well, for one thing,
More informationModern Deontological Theory: Rawlsian Deontology
Modern Deontological Theory: Rawlsian Deontology John Rawls A Theory of Justice Nathan Kellen University of Connecticut February 26th, 2015 Table of Contents Preliminary Notes Preliminaries Two Principles
More informationPRÉCIS THE ORDER OF PUBLIC REASON: A THEORY OF FREEDOM AND MORALITY IN A DIVERSE AND BOUNDED WORLD
EuJAP Vol. 9 No. 1 2013 PRÉCIS THE ORDER OF PUBLIC REASON: A THEORY OF FREEDOM AND MORALITY IN A DIVERSE AND BOUNDED WORLD GERALD GAUS University of Arizona This work advances a theory that forms a unified
More informationPHIL 155: Introduction. January 9, 2013
PHIL 155: Introduction January 9, 2013 Outline 1 What is the Philosophy of Science? 2 What s So Great About Science? What is the Philosophy of Science? General vs. Applied philosophy of science General
More informationRationalism. A. He, like others at the time, was obsessed with questions of truth and doubt
Rationalism I. Descartes (1596-1650) A. He, like others at the time, was obsessed with questions of truth and doubt 1. How could one be certain in the absence of religious guidance and trustworthy senses
More informationfactors in Bentham's hedonic calculus.
Answers to quiz 1. An autonomous person: a) is socially isolated from other people. b) directs his or her actions on the basis his or own basic values, beliefs, etc. c) is able to get by without the help
More information1 Hans Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 1-10.
Introduction This book seeks to provide a metaethical analysis of the responsibility ethics of two of its prominent defenders: H. Richard Niebuhr and Emmanuel Levinas. In any ethical writings, some use
More informationHello again. Today we re gonna continue our discussions of Kant s ethics.
PHI 110 Lecture 29 1 Hello again. Today we re gonna continue our discussions of Kant s ethics. Last time we talked about the good will and Kant defined the good will as the free rational will which acts
More informationEnlightenment between Islam and the European West
REL 461/PHI 427: Enlightenment between Islam and the European West Dr. Ahmed Abdel Meguid Office Hours: Fr 11:00 am-1:00 pm & by appointment Office: 512 Hall of Languages E-maill: aelsayed@syr.edu Spring
More informationGod in Political Theory
Department of Religion Teaching Assistant: Daniel Joseph Moseson Syracuse University Office Hours: Wed 10:00 am-12:00 pm REL 300/PHI 300: God in Political Theory Dr. Ahmed Abdel Meguid Office: 512 Hall
More informationMULTICULTURALISM AND FUNDAMENTALISM. Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism Hoffman and Graham identify four key distinctions in defining multiculturalism. 1. Multiculturalism as an Attitude Does one have a positive and open attitude to different cultures? Here,
More informationThe Middle Path: A Case for the Philosophical Theologian. Leo Strauss roots the vitality of Western civilization in the ongoing conflict between
Lee Anne Detzel PHI 8338 Revised: November 1, 2004 The Middle Path: A Case for the Philosophical Theologian Leo Strauss roots the vitality of Western civilization in the ongoing conflict between philosophy
More informationHoong Juan Ru. St Joseph s Institution International. Candidate Number Date: April 25, Theory of Knowledge Essay
Hoong Juan Ru St Joseph s Institution International Candidate Number 003400-0001 Date: April 25, 2014 Theory of Knowledge Essay Word Count: 1,595 words (excluding references) In the production of knowledge,
More informationKANT, MORAL DUTY AND THE DEMANDS OF PURE PRACTICAL REASON. The law is reason unaffected by desire.
KANT, MORAL DUTY AND THE DEMANDS OF PURE PRACTICAL REASON The law is reason unaffected by desire. Aristotle, Politics Book III (1287a32) THE BIG IDEAS TO MASTER Kantian formalism Kantian constructivism
More informationAN OUTLINE OF CRITICAL THINKING
AN OUTLINE OF CRITICAL THINKING LEVELS OF INQUIRY 1. Information: correct understanding of basic information. 2. Understanding basic ideas: correct understanding of the basic meaning of key ideas. 3. Probing:
More informationGS SCORE ETHICS - A - Z. Notes
ETHICS - A - Z Absolutism Act-utilitarianism Agent-centred consideration Agent-neutral considerations : This is the view, with regard to a moral principle or claim, that it holds everywhere and is never
More informationMoral Argumentation from a Rhetorical Point of View
Chapter 98 Moral Argumentation from a Rhetorical Point of View Lars Leeten Universität Hildesheim Practical thinking is a tricky business. Its aim will never be fulfilled unless influence on practical
More informationLahore University of Management Sciences. POL 203 Introduction to Western Political Philosophy Fall
Instructor Taimur Rehman Room No. 123 Email taimur@lums.edu.pk Course Basics Credit Hours 4 POL 203 Introduction to Western Political Philosophy Fall 2015 16 COURSE DESCRIPTION/OBJECTIVES Introduction
More informationETHICS AND RELIGION. Prof. Dr. John Edmund Hare
Ethics and Religion 49 Prof. Dr. John Edmund Hare ETHICS AND RELIGION The topic for today is three ways in which we can establish the dependence of morality upon religion. I will give these three ways
More informationCourse Text. Course Description. Course Objectives. StraighterLine Introduction to Philosophy
Introduction to Philosophy Course Text Moore, Brooke Noel and Kenneth Bruder. Philosophy: The Power of Ideas, 7th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008. ISBN: 9780073535722 [This text is available as an etextbook
More informationWilliam Meehan Essay on Spinoza s psychology.
William Meehan wmeehan@wi.edu Essay on Spinoza s psychology. Baruch (Benedictus) Spinoza is best known in the history of psychology for his theory of the emotions and for being the first modern thinker
More informationThe Simplest Body in the Spinoza s Physics
The 3rd BESETO Conference of Philosophy Session 11 The Simplest Body in the Spinoza s Physics HYUN Young Jong Seoul National University Abstract In Spinoza s physics, there is a controversial concept,
More informationImportant dates. PSY 3360 / CGS 3325 Historical Perspectives on Psychology Minds and Machines since David Hume ( )
PSY 3360 / CGS 3325 Historical Perspectives on Psychology Minds and Machines since 1600 Dr. Peter Assmann Spring 2018 Important dates Feb 14 Term paper draft due Upload paper to E-Learning https://elearning.utdallas.edu
More informationRawls s veil of ignorance excludes all knowledge of likelihoods regarding the social
Rawls s veil of ignorance excludes all knowledge of likelihoods regarding the social position one ends up occupying, while John Harsanyi s version of the veil tells contractors that they are equally likely
More informationNeo-Confucianism: Metaphysics, Mind, and Morality
Neo-Confucianism: Metaphysics, Mind, and Morality BOOK PROSPECTUS JeeLoo Liu CONTENTS: SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS Since these selected Neo-Confucians had similar philosophical concerns and their various philosophical
More informationGestures in the Making
European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy VIII-1 2016 Dewey s Democracy and Education as a Source of and a Resource for European Educational Theory and Practice Gestures in the Making Mathias
More informationOn the Rawlsian Anthropology and the "Autonomous" Account
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Critical Reflections Essays of Significance & Critical Reflections 2017 Mar 31st, 10:30 AM - 11:00 AM On the Rawlsian Anthropology and the "Autonomous" Account
More informationPhilosophy of Ethics Philosophy of Aesthetics. Ross Arnold, Summer 2014 Lakeside institute of Theology
Philosophy of Ethics Philosophy of Aesthetics Ross Arnold, Summer 2014 Lakeside institute of Theology Philosophical Theology 1 (TH5) Aug. 15 Intro to Philosophical Theology; Logic Aug. 22 Truth & Epistemology
More informationRobert Kiely Office Hours: Tuesday 1-3, Wednesday 1-3, and by appointment
A History of Philosophy: Nature, Certainty, and the Self Fall, 2018 Robert Kiely oldstuff@imsa.edu Office Hours: Tuesday 1-3, Wednesday 1-3, and by appointment Description How do we know what we know?
More informationFundamentals of Metaphysics
Fundamentals of Metaphysics Objective and Subjective One important component of the Common Western Metaphysic is the thesis that there is such a thing as objective truth. each of our beliefs and assertions
More informationChoosing Rationally and Choosing Correctly *
Choosing Rationally and Choosing Correctly * Ralph Wedgwood 1 Two views of practical reason Suppose that you are faced with several different options (that is, several ways in which you might act in a
More informationSidgwick on Practical Reason
Sidgwick on Practical Reason ONORA O NEILL 1. How many methods? IN THE METHODS OF ETHICS Henry Sidgwick distinguishes three methods of ethics but (he claims) only two conceptions of practical reason. This
More informationHonours Programme in Philosophy
Honours Programme in Philosophy Honours Programme in Philosophy The Honours Programme in Philosophy is a special track of the Honours Bachelor s programme. It offers students a broad and in-depth introduction
More informationxiv Truth Without Objectivity
Introduction There is a certain approach to theorizing about language that is called truthconditional semantics. The underlying idea of truth-conditional semantics is often summarized as the idea that
More informationUniversity of York, UK
Justice and the Public Sphere: A Critique of John Rawls Political Liberalism Wanpat Youngmevittaya University of York, UK Abstract This article criticizes John Rawls conception of political liberalism,
More informationSummary of Locke's Second Treatise [T2]
Summary of Locke's Second Treatise [T2] I. Introduction "Political power" is defined as the right to make laws and to enforce them with penalties of increasing severity including death. The purpose of
More informationFreedom as Morality. UWM Digital Commons. University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. Hao Liang University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Theses and Dissertations
University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2014 Freedom as Morality Hao Liang University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.uwm.edu/etd
More informationA Social Practice View of Natural Rights. Word Count: 2998
A Social Practice View of Natural Rights Word Count: 2998 Hume observes in the Treatise that the rules, by which properties, rights, and obligations are determin d, have in them no marks of a natural origin,
More informationHISTORY OF SOCIAL THEORY I: Community & Religion
SOC 201H1F HISTORY OF SOCIAL THEORY I: Community & Religion Instructor: Matt Patterson Session: Summer 2012 Time: Location: Course Website: Mondays and Wednesdays from 6-8pm SS 2118 (Sidney Smith Hall),
More informationTuukka Kaidesoja Précis of Naturalizing Critical Realist Social Ontology
Journal of Social Ontology 2015; 1(2): 321 326 Book Symposium Open Access Tuukka Kaidesoja Précis of Naturalizing Critical Realist Social Ontology DOI 10.1515/jso-2015-0016 Abstract: This paper introduces
More informationSaving the Substratum: Interpreting Kant s First Analogy
Res Cogitans Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 20 6-4-2014 Saving the Substratum: Interpreting Kant s First Analogy Kevin Harriman Lewis & Clark College Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.pacificu.edu/rescogitans
More informationHindu Paradigm of Evolution
lefkz Hkkjr Hindu Paradigm of Evolution Author Anil Chawla Creation of the universe by God is supposed to be the foundation of all Abrahmic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam). As per the theory
More informationPhilosophy Conference University of Patras, Philosophy Department 4-5 June, 2015
Philosophy Conference University of Patras, Philosophy Department 4-5 June, 2015 Ethical and Political Intentionality; The Individual and the Collective from Plato to Hobbes and onwards Abstracts Hans
More informationIntroduction to Cognitivism; Motivational Externalism; Naturalist Cognitivism
Introduction to Cognitivism; Motivational Externalism; Naturalist Cognitivism Felix Pinkert 103 Ethics: Metaethics, University of Oxford, Hilary Term 2015 Cognitivism, Non-cognitivism, and the Humean Argument
More informationTwo Approaches to Natural Law;Note
Notre Dame Law School NDLScholarship Natural Law Forum 1-1-1956 Two Approaches to Natural Law;Note Vernon J. Bourke Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/nd_naturallaw_forum
More informationRobert Kiely Office Hours: Monday 4:15 6:00; Wednesday 1-3; Thursday 2-3
A History of Philosophy: Nature, Certainty, and the Self Fall, 2014 Robert Kiely oldstuff@imsa.edu Office Hours: Monday 4:15 6:00; Wednesday 1-3; Thursday 2-3 Description How do we know what we know? Epistemology,
More informationIntro. The need for a philosophical vocabulary
Critical Realism & Philosophy Webinar Ruth Groff August 5, 2015 Intro. The need for a philosophical vocabulary You don t have to become a philosopher, but just as philosophers should know their way around
More information1/8. The Schematism. schema of empirical concepts, the schema of sensible concepts and the
1/8 The Schematism I am going to distinguish between three types of schematism: the schema of empirical concepts, the schema of sensible concepts and the schema of pure concepts. Kant opens the discussion
More informationKant and his Successors
Kant and his Successors G. J. Mattey Winter, 2011 / Philosophy 151 The Sorry State of Metaphysics Kant s Critique of Pure Reason (1781) was an attempt to put metaphysics on a scientific basis. Metaphysics
More informationCritique of Cosmological Argument
David Hume: Critique of Cosmological Argument Critique of Cosmological Argument DAVID HUME (1711-1776) David Hume is one of the most important philosophers in the history of philosophy. Born in Edinburgh,
More informationFrom the Categorical Imperative to the Moral Law
From the Categorical Imperative to the Moral Law Marianne Vahl Master Thesis in Philosophy Supervisor Olav Gjelsvik Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Arts and Ideas UNIVERSITY OF OSLO May
More informationSummary of "The restless ambition of power. Thucydides' look
Summary of "The restless ambition of power. Thucydides' look This thesis aims at the investigation of power in the work of Thucydides. I want to show the lessons learned from his work in the field of International
More informationChapter 2: Reasoning about ethics
Chapter 2: Reasoning about ethics 2012 Cengage Learning All Rights reserved Learning Outcomes LO 1 Explain how important moral reasoning is and how to apply it. LO 2 Explain the difference between facts
More informationCHAPTER ONE What is Philosophy? What s In It For Me?
CHAPTER ONE What is Philosophy? What s In It For Me? General Overview Welcome to the world of philosophy. Whether we like to acknowledge it or not, an inevitable fact of classroom life after the introductions
More informationPhil 114, Wednesday, April 11, 2012 Hegel, The Philosophy of Right 1 7, 10 12, 14 16, 22 23, 27 33, 135, 141
Phil 114, Wednesday, April 11, 2012 Hegel, The Philosophy of Right 1 7, 10 12, 14 16, 22 23, 27 33, 135, 141 Dialectic: For Hegel, dialectic is a process governed by a principle of development, i.e., Reason
More informationRawls, rationality, and responsibility: Why we should not treat our endowments as morally arbitrary
Rawls, rationality, and responsibility: Why we should not treat our endowments as morally arbitrary OLIVER DUROSE Abstract John Rawls is primarily known for providing his own argument for how political
More informationPL 406 HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY Fall 2009
PL 406 HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY Fall 2009 DAY / TIME: T & TH 10:30 11:45 A.M. INSTRUCTOR: PROF. JEAN-LUC SOLÈRE OFFICE: DEP. OF PHILOSOPHY, # 390 21 Campanella Way, 3 rd Floor TEL: 2-4670 OFFICE HOURS:
More informationIn Search of a Political Ethics of Intersubjectivity: Between Hannah Arendt, Emmanuel Levinas and the Judaic
Ausgabe 1, Band 4 Mai 2008 In Search of a Political Ethics of Intersubjectivity: Between Hannah Arendt, Emmanuel Levinas and the Judaic Anna Topolski My dissertation explores the possibility of an approach
More informationThe British Empiricism
The British Empiricism Locke, Berkeley and Hume copyleft: nicolazuin.2018 nowxhere.wordpress.com The terrible heritage of Descartes: Skepticism, Empiricism, Rationalism The problem originates from the
More informationEthics (ETHC) JHU-CTY Course Syllabus
(ETHC) JHU-CTY Course Syllabus Required Items: Ethical Theory: An Anthology 5 th ed. Russ Shafer-Landau. Wiley-Blackwell. 2013 The Fundamentals of 2 nd ed. Russ Shafer-Landau. Oxford University Press.
More informationPhilosophy 101: Introduction to Philosophy Section 4152 Online Course El Camino College Spring, 2017
Philosophy 101: Introduction to Philosophy Section 4152 Online Course El Camino College Spring, 2017 Instructor: Dr. Felipe Leon Phone: (310) 660-3593 ext.5742 Email: fleon@elcamino.edu Office: SOCS 108
More informationHume is a strict empiricist, i.e. he holds that knowledge of the world and ourselves ultimately comes from (inner and outer) experience.
HUME To influence the will, morality must be based on the passions extended by sympathy, corrected for bias, and applied to traits that promote utility. Hume s empiricism Hume is a strict empiricist, i.e.
More informationLecture Notes on Liberalism
Lecture Notes on Liberalism 1. Defining Liberalism Most Americans distinguish Liberals from Conservatives by policy differences. Liberals favor Choice; Conservatives oppose it. Liberals support Motor Voter
More informationIt doesn t take long in reading the Critique before we are faced with interpretive challenges. Consider the very first sentence in the A edition:
The Preface(s) to the Critique of Pure Reason It doesn t take long in reading the Critique before we are faced with interpretive challenges. Consider the very first sentence in the A edition: Human reason
More informationFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS. by Immanuel Kant
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS SECOND SECTION by Immanuel Kant TRANSITION FROM POPULAR MORAL PHILOSOPHY TO THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS... This principle, that humanity and generally every
More informationFrom Transcendental Logic to Transcendental Deduction
From Transcendental Logic to Transcendental Deduction Let me see if I can say a few things to re-cap our first discussion of the Transcendental Logic, and help you get a foothold for what follows. Kant
More informationHenry of Ghent on Divine Illumination
MP_C12.qxd 11/23/06 2:29 AM Page 103 12 Henry of Ghent on Divine Illumination [II.] Reply [A. Knowledge in a broad sense] Consider all the objects of cognition, standing in an ordered relation to each
More informationTools Andrew Black CS 305 1
Tools Andrew Black CS 305 1 Critical Thinking Everyone thinks, all the time Why Critical Thinking? Much of our thinking is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed, or down-right prejudiced. This costs us
More informationA Graphical Representation of the Reconstructionist World-View (with a Mixture of Science Thrown in for Good Measure) by Ronald W. Satz, Ph.D.
A Graphical Representation of the Reconstructionist World-View (with a Mixture of Science Thrown in for Good Measure) by Ronald W. Satz, Ph.D. Introduction Compared with books or papers in science and
More informationON CAUSAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE MODELLING OF BELIEF CHANGE
ON CAUSAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE MODELLING OF BELIEF CHANGE A. V. RAVISHANKAR SARMA Our life in various phases can be construed as involving continuous belief revision activity with a bundle of accepted beliefs,
More informationWhat one needs to know to prepare for'spinoza's method is to be found in the treatise, On the Improvement
SPINOZA'S METHOD Donald Mangum The primary aim of this paper will be to provide the reader of Spinoza with a certain approach to the Ethics. The approach is designed to prevent what I believe to be certain
More informationPublished in Analysis 61:1, January Rea on Universalism. Matthew McGrath
Published in Analysis 61:1, January 2001 Rea on Universalism Matthew McGrath Universalism is the thesis that, for any (material) things at any time, there is something they compose at that time. In McGrath
More informationWhat intellectual developments led to the emergence of the Enlightenment? In what type of social environment did the philosophes thrive, and what
The Enlightenment Focus Questions: What intellectual developments led to the emergence of the Enlightenment? In what type of social environment did the philosophes thrive, and what role did women play
More informationTake Home Exam #2. PHI 1700: Global Ethics Prof. Lauren R. Alpert
PHI 1700: Global Ethics Prof. Lauren R. Alpert Name: Date: Take Home Exam #2 Instructions (Read Before Proceeding!) Material for this exam is from class sessions 8-15. Matching and fill-in-the-blank questions
More informationJohns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth Introduction to Philosophy
Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth Introduction to Philosophy Course Objectives and Student Learning Outcomes: The primary goal of this course is to give students the opportunity to think about philosophical
More informationDr. Evan Butts. Academic Building 419 College Drive Barnesville, GA United States (Home) (Mobile)
Dr. Evan Butts ebutts@gordonstate.edu Gordon State College Academic Building 419 College Drive Barnesville, GA 30204 United States +1 7703580217 (Home) +1 6785459335 (Mobile) Academic Positions Mercer
More informationFall 2016 Department of Philosophy Graduate Course Descriptions
Fall 2016 Department of Philosophy Graduate Course Descriptions http://www.buffalo.edu/cas/philosophy/grad-study/grad_courses/fallcourses_grad.html PHI 548 Biomedical Ontology Professor Barry Smith Monday
More informationIs Adventist Theology Compatible With Evolutionary Theory?
Andrews University From the SelectedWorks of Fernando L. Canale Fall 2005 Is Adventist Theology Compatible With Evolutionary Theory? Fernando L. Canale, Andrews University Available at: https://works.bepress.com/fernando_canale/11/
More informationPractical Wisdom and Politics
Practical Wisdom and Politics In discussing Book I in subunit 1.6, you learned that the Ethics specifically addresses the close relationship between ethical inquiry and politics. At the outset, Aristotle
More informationIs Rawls Really a Kantian Contractarian?
Public Reason 8 (1-2): 31-49 Is Rawls Really a Kantian Contractarian? Baldwin Wong Chinese University, Hong Kong 2017 by Public Reason Abstract: In most of the introductions to Rawls and contemporary contractarianism,
More informationChapter Summaries: A Christian View of Men and Things by Clark, Chapter 1
Chapter Summaries: A Christian View of Men and Things by Clark, Chapter 1 Chapter 1 is an introduction to the book. Clark intends to accomplish three things in this book: In the first place, although a
More informationETHICS (IE MODULE) 1. COURSE DESCRIPTION
ETHICS (IE MODULE) DEGREE COURSE YEAR: 1 ST 1º SEMESTER 2º SEMESTER CATEGORY: BASIC COMPULSORY OPTIONAL NO. OF CREDITS (ECTS): 3 LANGUAGE: English TUTORIALS: To be announced the first day of class. FORMAT:
More informationThe Self and Other Minds
170 Great Problems in Philosophy and Physics - Solved? 15 The Self and Other Minds This chapter on the web informationphilosopher.com/mind/ego The Self 171 The Self and Other Minds Celebrating René Descartes,
More informationScientific Method and Research Ethics
Different ways of knowing the world? Scientific Method and Research Ethics Value of Science 1. Greg Bognar Stockholm University September 28, 2018 We know where we came from. We are the descendants of
More informationUC Davis Philosophy Department Expanded Course Descriptions Fall, 2009
UC Davis Philosophy Department Expanded Course Descriptions Fall, 2009 PHILOSOPHY 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Adam Sennet MWF 12:10-1:00 P.M. Social Science and Humanities 1100 CRNs: 35738-35749 Reason
More informationNietzsche and Aristotle in contemporary virtue ethics
Ethical Theory and Practice - Final Paper 3 February 2005 Tibor Goossens - 0439940 CS Ethics 1A - WBMA3014 Faculty of Philosophy - Utrecht University Table of contents 1. Introduction and research question...
More informationSYLLABUS. Department Syllabus. Philosophy of Religion
SYLLABUS DATE OF LAST REVIEW: 02/2013 CIP CODE: 24.0101 SEMESTER: COURSE TITLE: Department Syllabus Philosophy of Religion COURSE NUMBER: PHIL 200 CREDIT HOURS: 3 INSTRUCTOR: OFFICE LOCATION: OFFICE HOURS:
More informationPractical Rationality and Ethics. Basic Terms and Positions
Practical Rationality and Ethics Basic Terms and Positions Practical reasons and moral ought Reasons are given in answer to the sorts of questions ethics seeks to answer: What should I do? How should I
More informationDepartment of Philosophy
The University of Alabama at Birmingham 1 Department of Philosophy Chair: Dr. Gregory Pence The Department of Philosophy offers the Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in philosophy, as well as a minor
More informationMichał Heller, Podglądanie Wszechświata, Znak, Kraków 2008, ss. 212.
Forum Philosophicum. 2009; 14(2):391-395. Michał Heller, Podglądanie Wszechświata, Znak, Kraków 2008, ss. 212. Permanent regularity of the development of science must be acknowledged as a fact, that scientific
More informationRationality in Action. By John Searle. Cambridge: MIT Press, pages, ISBN Hardback $35.00.
106 AUSLEGUNG Rationality in Action. By John Searle. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001. 303 pages, ISBN 0-262-19463-5. Hardback $35.00. Curran F. Douglass University of Kansas John Searle's Rationality in Action
More informationSoc 1 Lecture 1. Winter 2009
Soc 1 Lecture 1 Winter 2009 1 The Institutional Construction of the Self A. Announcements: http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/mohr/classes/soc1/ Readings available tomorrow PM for next week First writing
More information1/8. Introduction to Kant: The Project of Critique
1/8 Introduction to Kant: The Project of Critique This course is focused on the interpretation of one book: The Critique of Pure Reason and we will, during the course, read the majority of the key sections
More informationDEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FALL 2013 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY FALL 2013 COURSE DESCRIPTIONS PHIL 2300-004 Beginning Philosophy 11:00-12:20 TR MCOM 00075 Dr. Francesca DiPoppa This class will offer an overview of important questions and topics
More informationReading Questions for Phil , Fall 2016 (Daniel)
Reading Questions for Phil 251.501, Fall 2016 (Daniel) Class One (Aug. 30): Philosophy Up to Plato (SW 3-78) 1. What does it mean to say that philosophy replaces myth as an explanatory device starting
More information