Module 9: The Protestant Reformation Criticisms of the Catholic Church leaders extravagant Priest were poorly John & Jan o Denied the had the right to worldly power o Taught that the had more authority than church leaders Humanists like Desiderus and Thomas also criticized the church The atmosphere was ripe for Abuses in the Church The church was caught up in affairs o the Pope competed with Italian princes for power Popes maintained lifestyles - pardons for sins through good deeds or money Luther s Protest - a German monk and professor of theology who saw the corruption of the Church Attack on Indulgences o Johann Tetzel said indulgences could be purchased for o Luther posted his (list of arguments) on the door of the Church at Wittenberg October 31, 1517 The Church vs. Martin Luther 95 Theses and spread across Europe Luther refused to (give up his views) The Pope him Charles V summoned Luther to the at Worms Charles V made Luther an - no one could give him food or shelter Prince of Saxony supported Luther for a year Luther wrote his
Luther s Teachings Salvation could be obtained through alone The is the sole source of religious truth o not church councils or the All people with faith were and do not need priests to interpret the Bible. All Christians should have access to the translated the Bible into Rejected 5 of 7 o banned indulgences,, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints o abolished elaborate ritual of the Catholic and instead emphasized the sermon o permitted the clergy to Spread of Lutheran Ideas - Lutherans who protested papal authority o Non- Christians Widespread support o who wanted reform o German wanted to get rid of the rule of the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor The Peace of o allowed each to decide which religion would be followed in his lands The English Reformation Henry VIII o Defender of the stood firmly against the Protestant revolt o married to of Aragon for 18 years o no heir, only Mary Tudor o asked the Pope to his marriage o the Pope Act of (1534) o made Henry the earthly of the Church of England o executed for high treason Thomas appointed as archbishop o Book of Prayer
o Henry s marriage Anne (2nd wife) o mother of Henry married more times and had one son Queen Mary Edward VI took the throne at age Mary Tudor became the of England o Catholic o Burned at the stake o Mary Queen Elizabeth I Protestant & Became Queen when Mary Church of o Church Religious o replaced Latin in Church o kept some Catholic o England became a nation The Reformation Continues Huldrych Zwingli (Switzerland) Attacked Church Thought believers should have more over the church in a civil war against Swiss Catholics John Calvin (France) Wrote of the Christian Religion God chooses a very few people ( the elect ) to save government controlled by religious leaders o, Switzerland John Knox Set up each community church to be governed by Church
Anabaptists Baptized only those that were enough to decide to be Christians Separation of church and Mennonites,, Quakers, and The Catholic Reformation a.k.a. The Reformation Girolamo Savonarola o Wanted churches/people to silver & gold and buy bread for the poor bonfire of the o Excommunicated & Ignatius of o Wrote Spiritual daily study & prayer o founder of the Founded Convert to Catholicism (missionaries) the spread of Protestantism Pope Paul III Indulgence Approved the order Used the Inquisition to seek out in papal territory Called for a council of Church leader to meet in Council of Trent The Church s interpretation of the Bible was Anyone with a different interpretation was a Salvation requires Faith Good Works The Bible and Church tradition were authorities Selling of Indulgences was Pope Paul IV of Forbidden Books
Women Reformers of Avila (Spain) o Strict rules for the order Angela Merici (Italy) o Company of Saint teach girls of Holy Mary o Trained women to be Mary (England) o for girls Legacy of the Reformation Protestant churches Roman Catholic Church became more Both emphasized Status of remained the same became more powerful o Nation-states o Rulers & merchants wanted church involvement Questioning of & A Ended Christian of Europe o North o South - The Inquisition Purpose: impose religious /forced confessions Punish In Spain, & forced Jews & Muslims to convert or leave Damaged the Church s Witch Trials Fear of the o Explanation for, etc. Religious and poor people 1580-1660 thousands
Religious Wars and Unrest Italian Wars & France fought for control of Italy o V Spaniard/Holy Roman Emperor War in Germany (for social change) o Denounced by (French Calvinist) vs. Catholics o St. Bartholomew s Day (12,000 killed) o Edict of Nantes Religious for Huguenots Standard 4: Analyze the causes, events, and effects of the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Age of Exploration SS.912.W.4.7: Identify criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church by individuals such as Wycliffe, Hus and Erasmus and their impact on later reformers. SS.912.W.4.8: Summarize religious reforms associated with Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Henry VIII, and John of Leyden and the effects of the Reformation on Europe. SS.912.W.4.9: Analyze the Roman Catholic Church s response to the Protestant Reformation in the forms of the Counter and Catholic Reformation.