The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt Erasmus (1466-1536) - Dutch scholar & cleric - most famous Christian Humanist
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt Erasmus (1466-1536) - Dutch scholar & cleric - most famous Christian Humanist - a councillor to kings and popes - his works spread rapidly due to printing press
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt Erasmus (1466-1536) - Dutch scholar & cleric - most famous Christian Humanist - a councillor to kings and popes - his works spread rapidly due to printing press - stressed that education was the only hope for a unified, peaceful Christian Europe
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt Erasmus (1466-1536) - Dutch scholar & cleric - most famous Christian Humanist - a councillor to kings and popes - his works spread rapidly due to printing press - stressed that education was the only hope for a unified, peaceful Christian Europe - Handbook of the Christian Militant - in it, Erasmus pleaded for a simple religion devoid of greed & power
The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt Erasmus (1466-1536) - Dutch scholar & cleric - most famous Christian Humanist - a councillor to kings and popes - his works spread rapidly due to printing press - stressed that education was the only hope for a unified, peaceful Christian Europe - Handbook of the Christian Militant - in it, Erasmus pleaded for a simple religion devoid of greed & power -Praise of Folly - he attacked the Church s pomposity, greed, lust for power
Thomas More - English scholar and Christian Humanist, friend of Erasmus Thomas More Desiderius Erasmus
Thomas More - English scholar and Christian Humanist, friend of Erasmus - lord chancellor of England - Henry VIII s chief political officer Thomas More Desiderius Erasmus
Thomas More - English scholar and Christian Humanist, friend of Erasmus - lord chancellor of England - Henry VIII s chief political officer - Author of Utopia (1516) - detailed an imaginary land of public schools, no private property, communal kitchens & hospitals, dedicated to pursuit of knowledge & natural religion Thomas More Desiderius Erasmus
Thomas More - English scholar and Christian Humanist, friend of Erasmus - lord chancellor of England - Henry VIII s chief political officer - Author of Utopia (1516) - detailed an imaginary land of public schools, no private property, communal kitchens & hospitals, dedicated to pursuit of knowledge & natural religion - executed for protest of Henry VIII s split w/ the Church over a divorce Thomas More Desiderius Erasmus
Albrecht Durer s 1513 engraving, an illustration for Erasmus s Handbook of the Christian Militant
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 3 Factors contributed to religious upheaval:
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 3 Factors contributed to religious upheaval: 1. The poor - saw Church as wealthy, oppressive ruling class
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 3 Factors contributed to religious upheaval: 1. The poor - saw Church as wealthy, oppressive ruling class 2. Middle classes - wanted same autonomy in Religion as they had in economics and politics
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 3 Factors contributed to religious upheaval: 1. The poor - saw Church as wealthy, oppressive ruling class 2. Middle classes - wanted same autonomy in Religion as they had in economics and politics 3. Kings & princes - fought Church over taxes, territories
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 3 Factors contributed to religious upheaval: 1. The poor - saw Church as wealthy, oppressive ruling class 2. Middle classes - wanted same autonomy in Religion as they had in economics and politics 3. Kings & princes - fought Church over taxes, territories Reformation = Revolution -Goal was change, not reform - Church itself was wrong in principle
Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire
Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - (1483-1546) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation
Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - (1483-1546) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$
Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - (1483-1546) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$ - He believed faith was a gift given by God alone
Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - (1483-1546) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$ - He believed faith was a gift given by God alone - Indulgences - Luther rejected the Church s practice of selling forgiveness for the living & deceased. He also rejected the sacrament of Penance, where a priest hears & forgives sins
Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - (1483-1546) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$ - He believed faith was a gift given by God alone - Indulgences - Luther rejected the Church s practice of selling forgiveness for the living & deceased. He also rejected the sacrament of Penance, where a priest hears & forgives sins 95 Theses - in 1517, Luther nailed his complaints on a church door - they were quickly printed & circulated throughout the Holy Roman Empire
Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - (1483-1546) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$ - He believed faith was a gift given by God alone - Indulgences - Luther rejected the Church s practice of selling forgiveness for the living & deceased. He also rejected the sacrament of Penance, where a priest hears & forgives sins 95 Theses - in 1517, Luther nailed his complaints on a church door - they were quickly printed & circulated throughout the Holy Roman Empire
Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - (1483-1546) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$ - He believed faith was a gift given by God alone - Indulgences - Luther rejected the Church s practice of selling forgiveness for the living & deceased. He also rejected the sacrament of Penance, where a priest hears & forgives sins 95 Theses - in 1517, Luther nailed his complaints on a church door - they were quickly printed & circulated throughout the Holy Roman Empire - He was supported by young Christian Humanists called Evangelicals- they represented social groups most likely to challenge the Church -merchants, artisans, educated lay people - they attacked Church corruption & called for reform, at first.
Luther Cont d
Luther Cont d - He believed that only the Bible contained the teachings necessary for salvation - you did not need the Pope/clergy s interpretations to help save your soul
Luther Cont d - He believed that only the Bible contained the teachings necessary for salvation - you did not need the Pope/clergy s interpretations to help save your soul - He supported the German nobility & called on them to support him against the Church - many nobles supported him as a way to resist the centralizing power of the HRE
Luther Cont d - He believed that only the Bible contained the teachings necessary for salvation - you did not need the Pope/clergy s interpretations to help save your soul - He supported the German nobility & called on them to support him against the Church - many nobles supported him as a way to resist the centralizing power of the HRE - illiterate lower class also backed him - shared his apocalyptic, end-of-days view
Luther Cont d - He believed that only the Bible contained the teachings necessary for salvation - you did not need the Pope/clergy s interpretations to help save your soul - He supported the German nobility & called on them to support him against the Church - many nobles supported him as a way to resist the centralizing power of the HRE - illiterate lower class also backed him - shared his apocalyptic, end-of-days view John Tetzel - a friar authorized by the Church to sell indulgences - he was a focal point of Luther s anger
Luther Cont d - He believed that only the Bible contained the teachings necessary for salvation - you did not need the Pope/clergy s interpretations to help save your soul - He supported the German nobility & called on them to support him against the Church - many nobles supported him as a way to resist the centralizing power of the HRE - illiterate lower class also backed him - shared his apocalyptic, end-of-days view John Tetzel - a friar authorized by the Church to sell indulgences - he was a focal point of Luther s anger
- Social, nationalist, religious protests fused w/ lower class resentment of the wealthy Church - reflected the Czech revolt that emerged w/ Jan Hus protest against the Church
- Social, nationalist, religious protests fused w/ lower class resentment of the wealthy Church - reflected the Czech revolt that emerged w/ Jan Hus protest against the Church - Diet of Worms, 1521 - meeting called by HRE Charles V to address Luther s issues
- Social, nationalist, religious protests fused w/ lower class resentment of the wealthy Church - reflected the Czech revolt that emerged w/ Jan Hus protest against the Church - Diet of Worms, 1521 - meeting called by HRE Charles V to address Luther s issues - Here I stand... - Luther professed his desire not to reform the Church, but to reject the Catholic hierarchy entirely - he was excommunicated as a result and became an outlaw in the HRE - avoided Hus s fate due to the protection of a German noble Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony
- Social, nationalist, religious protests fused w/ lower class resentment of the wealthy Church - reflected the Czech revolt that emerged w/ Jan Hus protest against the Church - Diet of Worms, 1521 - meeting called by HRE Charles V to address Luther s issues - Here I stand... - Luther professed his desire not to reform the Church, but to reject the Catholic hierarchy entirely - he was excommunicated as a result and became an outlaw in the HRE - avoided Hus s fate due to the protection of a German noble Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony
Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin Huldyrch Zwingli
Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin -Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) - Swiss preacher from Zurich who attacked Church corruption & other Church dogma Huldyrch Zwingli
Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin -Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) - Swiss preacher from Zurich who attacked Church corruption & other Church dogma - differed with Luther on concept of Transubstantiation- idea that Christ is literally present in the bread (Eurcharist) and wine - that it is miraculously transformed through the mass into the actual body and blood of Christ: Huldyrch Zwingli
Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin -Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) - Swiss preacher from Zurich who attacked Church corruption & other Church dogma - differed with Luther on concept of Transubstantiation- idea that Christ is literally present in the bread (Eurcharist) and wine - that it is miraculously transformed through the mass into the actual body and blood of Christ: - Luther believed it, Zwingli believed the bread & wine were SYMBOLS of Christ s union w/ believers Huldyrch Zwingli
Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin -Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) - Swiss preacher from Zurich who attacked Church corruption & other Church dogma - differed with Luther on concept of Transubstantiation- idea that Christ is literally present in the bread (Eurcharist) and wine - that it is miraculously transformed through the mass into the actual body and blood of Christ: - Luther believed it, Zwingli believed the bread & wine were SYMBOLS of Christ s union w/ believers - attempts to reconcile their opposing views failed - other rifts formed that split the Reform movement into several different sects Huldyrch Zwingli
Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin -Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) - Swiss preacher from Zurich who attacked Church corruption & other Church dogma - differed with Luther on concept of Transubstantiation- idea that Christ is literally present in the bread (Eurcharist) and wine - that it is miraculously transformed through the mass into the actual body and blood of Christ: - Luther believed it, Zwingli believed the bread & wine were SYMBOLS of Christ s union w/ believers - attempts to reconcile their opposing views failed - other rifts formed that split the Reform movement into several different sects Colloquy of Marburg - meeting of major reformers organized by German princes to settle doctrine disputes - it failed to unify Protestant reformers Huldyrch Zwingli
CALVINISM JOHN CALVIN - French clergyman, humanist, lawyer - a generation younger than Luther *Agreed with most Lutheran thought Institutes of the Christian Religion - his most famous work - denounced Church, professed his views
PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation.
PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation. LUTHER VS. CALVIN
PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation. LUTHER VS. CALVIN 1. Calvin more obsessed w/ predestination - believed very few were saved - piety was a sign that you were saved.
PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation. LUTHER VS. CALVIN 1. Calvin more obsessed w/ predestination - believed very few were saved - piety was a sign that you were saved. 2. Role of the state - Luther revered civil authority, Calvin rejected it outright.
PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation. LUTHER VS. CALVIN 1. Calvin more obsessed w/ predestination - believed very few were saved - piety was a sign that you were saved. 2. Role of the state - Luther revered civil authority, Calvin rejected it outright. 3. Lutheran & Anglicans had bishops, Calvinists did not
PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation. LUTHER VS. CALVIN 1. Calvin more obsessed w/ predestination - believed very few were saved - piety was a sign that you were saved. 2. Role of the state - Luther revered civil authority, Calvin rejected it outright. 3. Lutheran & Anglicans had bishops, Calvinists did not 4. Calvinists - militant, uncompromising - called Puritans in Britain and America
The Anglican Church in England
The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith
The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith - Wanted a male heir to ensure stable succession of the Tudor line
The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith - Wanted a male heir to ensure stable succession of the Tudor line - Wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferd. & Isab. of Spain, to marry Anne Boleyn
The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith - Wanted a male heir to ensure stable succession of the Tudor line - Wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferd. & Isab. of Spain, to marry Anne Boleyn -C of A s nephew was Charles V, HRE - Pope could not afford to offend him, refused annulment
The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith - Wanted a male heir to ensure stable succession of the Tudor line - Wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferd. & Isab. of Spain, to marry Anne Boleyn -C of A s nephew was Charles V, HRE - Pope could not afford to offend him, refused annulment
The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith - Wanted a male heir to ensure stable succession of the Tudor line - Wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferd. & Isab. of Spain, to marry Anne Boleyn -C of A s nephew was Charles V, HRE - Pope could not afford to offend him, refused annulment ACTS OF SUPREMACY - HVIII established the Anglican Church with himself as its spiritual head - still mainly Catholic in doctrine