Group 2: Elena, Karen, Adouke, Connor, Quentin, Louise, Lucy, Seriy

Group 2: Elena, Karen, Adouke, Connor, Quentin, Louise, Lucy, Seriy

1. Periodical History (500 BEC~1885) 2. Colonial Period (1885~1948) 3. Independence (1948~1962) 4. Military Rule (1962~2010) 5. Republic of Myanmar (2010~ now)

Religion Social Structure Political Philosophy Language Economic Philosophy Education

1. Periodical History (500 BEC~1885) Time BC3000~2000 BC900~300 AD100~900 AD 1044 1 st United ~1285~1531 ~1531 2 nd United~1752AD AD1752 3 rd United~1885 Imperial era Dictatorship- Monarchy Malay people Mon (Thaton) Pyu (Sri Ketra) Shan (Tagaung) Shan-move to Pagan together with Bamar Pagan Kindom- (Bamar) Taungoo Dynasty (Burma)-Arakan, Mon- (Pegu), Shan-(Ava), Alaungpaya-Konbaung Dynasty (Bamar) World power Defeated by Nanzhau-Dan dynasty Defeated by Yuan Dynasty Defeated by Alaungpaya British empire

1. Periodical History (500 BEC~1885)

1. Periodical History (500 BEC~1885)

1. Periodical History (500 BEC~1885)

2. Colonial Period (1885~1948) British Indian Empire 1909

2. Colonial Period (1885~1948) Time AC1824~1886 AC1886~1942 AC1942~1945 British Monarchy- Colonial One Province of British India. Use Other tribal people to control Burma people. Anglo-Burma have special status. One province direct under British control- British Burma Japan colony-bhamo government World power BK Burma is a tributary to British India. Independently administrated colony by BK. Defeated by Chinese/US/UK/AungS an AC1945~1948 Back to British control Aung-San fight for the independence.

3. Independence (1948~1962) Time AC1948~1961 Socialism Democracy communist state Union of Burmar.U Nu was the premier. Bicameral parliament not commonwealth World power US

4. Military Rule (1962~2010) Time AC1962~1988 Communist state Totalitarian military control Ne Win military dictatorship. Burmese Way to socialism. Central planning government control. 1988~1997 Saw Maung of Union of Myanmar. Stale Law and Order restoration Council (SLORC) 1997~2011 State peace and development council (SPDC) Military government World power US/Russia US/China US/China

5. Republic of Myanmar (2010~now) Time Constitutional democracy World power 2010 Republic of union of Myanmar President:Thein Sein Primier:Aung Kyi 25% of seats in both houses of parliament would be guaranteed for the military. 2011~2012 Government Cease-fire with ethnic armies(shan, Kachin, Karen, Karenni,Chin. US China EU /US dismiss some economic regulation with Myanmar.

1. Periodical History (500 BEC~1885) 1500 BCE : copper and bronze works, rice growing, domesticating chickens and pigs. 500 BCE : Iron Age arrived around 500 BCE Evidence also shows rice growing settlements of large villages and small cities that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BCE and 200 CE. Bronze-decorated coffins and burial sites filled with the earthenware remains of feasting and drinking provide a glimpse of the lifestyle of their affluent. 200 BCE : Pyu people enter the Irrawaddy valley from Yunnan. The prehistory period came to a close circa 200 BCE when the Pyu people began to move into the upper Irrawaddy valley from present-day Yunnan.This era marks the beginning of urbanization.

2. Colonial Period (1885~1948) During British occupation, Burma was the wealthiest country in Southeast Asia. Largest exporter of rice. Oil supplier. Wealth of natural and labor resources. Highly literate population.

3. Independence (1948~1962) Parliamentary government was formed in 1948. Prime Minister U Nu attempted to make Burma a welfare state and adopted central planning. Rice exports fell by two thirds and mineral exports by over 96%. Plans were partly financed by printing money, which led to inflation. The 1962 revolution was followed by an economic plan to nationalize all industries, with the exception of agriculture. The catastrophic program turned Burma into one of the world's most impoverished countries. Burma's admittance to Least Developed Country status by the UN (United Nations) in 1987 highlighted its economic bankruptcy.

4. Military Rule (1962~2010) After 1988, the regime retreated from totalitarian socialism. It permitted modest expansion of the private sector. Most corrupt country in the world, tied with Somalia. The national currency is the kyat. Burma currently has a dual exchange rate system. Inflation is a serious problem for the economy Many nations, including the United States and Canada, and the European Union, have imposed investment and trade sanctions on Burma.

5. Republic of Myanmar (2010~now) In 2012, the Asian Development Bank formally began re-engaging with the country, to finance infrastructure and development projects in the country.? In March 2012, a draft foreign investment law emerged, the first in more than 2 decades. This law would oversee unprecedented liberalization of the economy. Foreigners will no longer require a local partner to start a business in the country.

Periodical History (500 BEC~1885) Education is for religion-theravada Buddhism. The first English middle school (lower secondary) was founded in 1835. Colonial Period (1885~1948) The first Government high school was founded by the British colonial administration. Military Rule (1962~2010) nearly 30% never even start primary school, 60% drop out of school before the fifth grade, ethnic minority students are even less As for higher education it became viewed as a threat to political stability after the student-led protests in 1988, and nearly all of Myanmar s universities were shut down.

The Basic education sub-sector Basic Education System: under the supervision of the Ministry of Education Level No. of years age Grade Primary Secondary Lower 3 5+ to 7+ 1 to 3 Upper 2 8+ to 9+ 4 to 5 Lower(middle) 4 10+ to 13+ 6 to 9 Upper(high) 2 14+ to 15+ 10 to 11 The higher education sub-sector 156 higher education institutions in 2005. ministry numbers Education 64 Science & Technology 56 Health 14

Myanmar s education system is considered to be the least effective in Southeast Asia. Sadly, Myanmar is a home to a lost generation. the generation of people who didn t have access to higher education and cannot offer the necessary skilled labor to help the economy (missing human capital).

1. Periodical History (500 BEC~1885) Royalty Buddhist clergy Upper Officialdom Lower officialdom Artisans & crown service groups Commoners : Athi royal servicemen Private bondsmen Religious bondsmen

2. Colonial Period (1885~1948) The monarchy was abolished, King Thibaw sent into exile, and church and state separated. At the same time, the monarchy was given legitimacy by the Buddhist organization, Implementation of a secular education system church gave the public the opportunity to understand national politics to a greater degree Strategic hamlet - Control the country on the village level British s strategy burned villages and uprooted families headmen, replaced them with strangers they approved. If Burmese suspected to be criminals, no chance to a fair trial.

2. Colonial Period (1885~1948) The monarchy was abolished, King Thibaw sent into exile, and church and state separated. At the same time, the monarchy was given legitimacy by the Buddhist organization, Implementation of a secular education system church gave the public the opportunity to understand national politics to a greater degree Strategic hamlet - Control the country on the village level British s strategy burned villages and uprooted families headmen, replaced them with strangers they approved. If Burmese suspected to be criminals, no chance to a fair trial.

3. Independence (1948~1962) Red Flag Communists led by Thakin Soe, White Flag Communists led by Thakin Than Tun, TheYèbaw Hpyu (White-band PVO) led by Bo La Yaung, a member of the Thirty Comrades, Army rebels led by Communist officers Bo Zeya, Bo Yan Aung and Bo Yè Htut - all three of them members of the Thirty Comrades, Arakanese Muslims, and the Karen National Union

4. Military Rule (1962~2010) Burmese Way to Socialism (1962-1988) - In 1962, General Ne Win led a coup d'état and established a nominally socialist military government that sought to follow the -Almost all aspects of society (business, media, production) were nationalized or brought under government control under the Burmese Way to Socialism State Peace and Development Council (1988-2011) - military based State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) suspended the 1974 constitution. The SLORC called a constitutional convention in 1993 - in 1996 when the National League for Democracy boycotted it, calling it undemocratic - Burma remained without a constitution until 2008

5. Republic of Myanmar (2010~now) Burma's democratic reformation - reforms toward liberal democracy, mixed economy, and reconciliation roadmap to democracy. - reserves 25% of the Hluttaw legislature's seats for military, - referendum was held in 2008 amid of the Cyclone Nargis An election was held in 2010. The military backed Union Solidarity and Development Party declared victory. The United Nations and Western countries have condemned the elections as fraudulent.

1. Periodical History (500 BEC~1885) The Mon -The Mon were responsible for the spread of Theravada Buddhism in Burma and Thailand The Pyu -closely related to the modern Myanmar Buddhism 89.20% Christianity 5.05% Muslims 3.78% Hindus 0.55% Theravada Buddhism

Theravada Buddhism flourishes in Myanmar and Buddhism arrived in Myanmar not once but many times. The first arrival - associated with the legend of the Shwe Dagon Pagoda (The Gold Plating of the Pagoda). The second arrival - Maha Sakarit year 111 (the 20th Vasa of Buddha). The third arrival - Maha Sakarit year 123 (the 20th Vasa of the Buddha). The fourth arrival - during the regime of Emperor Asoka in Buddhist Era 235. The fifth arrival - In the Buddhist Era 930 or A.D.386(circa) during the reign of King Mahanama of Sri Lanka.

The Kyaukhtatgyi Buddha in Yangon the largest reclining Buddha statue in the world (70 meters long) The original image was built in 1907 by Sir Hpo Thar but it suffered damage due to the elements over the years. In 1957 the original statue was demolished and a new one built in its place.

The Shwethalyaung Buddha in Bago is the most revered reclining Buddha in Myanmar (55 meters). depicts the Buddha on the eve of entering nibbana 涅槃 (nirvana). not as big as the colossal Kyaukhtatgyi Buddha but is older.

There are approximately one hundred languages spoken in Myanmar. Burmese is the most widely spoken language approximatively 32 million native speakers Ethnic groups have retained their own identities and languages. Shan; Karenni and Chin languages; Arakanese; Kachin; Mon; Palaung; Parauk; Wa; and Yangbye. English is spoken in many areas frequented by tourists. Indian and Chinese residents speak various languages and dialects of their homelands: Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Bengali, Mandarin, Fujian, and Cantonese.

Language 108 ethnolinguish tic Sino- Tibetan Tai-Kadai Austro- Asiatic Indo- European Burmese, Karen, Kachin, Chin, Chinese Shan, Mon, Palaung Wa Pai, English 135 group s 68% 11%