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Reformation

8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 2 Background Information Prior to the Reformation there was only 2 sects of Christianity Many outside forces made it possible for an event like this to occur Famines, Economic Depressions, Science and Math, and findings reduced the strength of the Church

8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 3 Background Information The church was also becoming too political and also less religious in various ways There were accounts of religious leaders receiving bribes, gambling, alcoholism, sexual relations, and poor interpretations of the Bible

Sixtus IV (Pope: 1471-84)

Restoring Rome When he took over, the papacy had little prestige and Rome was a shambles because of the Avignon Captivity He rebuilt many of the dilapidated churches and buildings, improved the streets and built bridges over the Tiber He built the Sistine Chapel as a fortress against the Roman mob so that the cardinals could elect a new pope safely.

BAD things he did as pope: Spent lots of money on the papacy Enriched his family with favors, money, offices Interfered with the politics of other Italian city states

Good things he did Built the Sistine Chapel, the Sistine Bridge, and helped create the Vatican library Served as patron to many artists Tried to suppress the abuses of the Spanish Inquisition Established the first foundling hospital; built many churches

Innocent VIII (1482-92) Used the papacy to generate money Institutionalized simony: selling of offices; even the papacy was for sale. Set up board to market favors, such as absolution, even pardons for murder

He had numerous nephews and nieces with two acknowledged children. Ironically, he married one of his daughters to Lorenzo the Magnificent s sons. In return, he made another of Lorenzo s sons a cardinal at age 14 (and that Medici became Pope Leo X).

Alexander VI (1492-1503) During his pontificate the church was brought to its lowest level of degradation: he was criticized by for his excesses and immorality Real name is Rodrigo Borgia

Corruption, corruption, corruption Three main (married) mistresses: he acknowledged some of his children, including Juan, Cesare and Lucrezia He spent lavishly to enrich his family and buy lands and titles for them

8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 13 Corruption, corruption, corruption Created 12 new cardinalates, including one for Cesare (18 years old) and one for the brother of his then mistress Gambling, cheating, women from brothels brought for bawdy exhibitions at St Peter s Greedy: any cardinal, nobleman, official (even his secretary)known to be rich would be accused of some offense; imprisonment and perhaps murder followed at once, and then the pope confiscated his property.

Family Scandals: What Borgias were most noted for One of Alexander s sons was murdered (body found in the Tiber), probably by another son. Cesare had Lucrezia s third husband murdered so that the pope could marry her off to a third, even richer, more noble husband (she was only 22).

Julius II (1503-13) A Della Rovere, nephew of Sixtus IV Targeted by the Borgias, was for exiled 10 years before Alexander s death Greatest art patron of the popes One of the most powerful rulers of his age. led military efforts to prevent French domination of Italy.

Worldly Pope Inspired great artistic creations of Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo. Many Italian churches benefitted from his encouragement of the arts Around 1503 the Pope conceived the idea of building a new basilica of St. Peter, the first model of which Bramante created. Its foundation stone was laid on April 18, 1506.

Warrior Pope: Italy's saviour Julius II main task = the restoration of the Papal States, reduced to ruin by the Borgias, Drove the French from Italy

Pope Leo X (1513-21) Son of Lorenzo the Magnificent Carried out some of the building of St. Peter s Responsible for Luther s beginning the Reformation

Normal practice for Renaissance Popes: corruption and hedonism Though didn t father children as some of his predecessors, did live a life of pleasure God gave us the papacy. Let us enjoy it. Appointed 3 nephews and 2 first cousins to cardinalates During his tenure, so much corruption that Rome became a dangerous place: 4-5 murdered every night, including bishops and other prelates both as victims and murderers

Beginning of Indulgences Rebuilding St. Peter s: needed money to finish it and had already spent the Vatican s on own pleasures Plenary indulgences already declared for those on crusades: applying amassed virtue and good deeds and goodness of saints to purchasers. He declared that indulgences good not only for person purchasing them, but also for their dead relatives.

8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 21 The key point of the Reformation was forgiveness and salvation Indulgences were created during the time of the Crusades to entice men to fight for the Holy Land Enter Martin Luther..

8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 23 Martin Luther German priest Taught Theology at the University of Wittenburg (1512-1546) Studied the word of God and disagreed with the current interpretation of various policies

8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 27 October 31, 1517 95 Thesis are posted on the church doors of Wittenberg Castle s Church His intention was to debate, not rebel Invention of the printing press made it possible for many people to read and make an opinion on Martin Luther s posting

Issue Martin The Church Luther Salvation Faith Alone Faith and Deeds Church Authority What is the Church Higher form of Service to God Read the Bible, reader makes choice Entire Community All vocations equal Church explains the Bible and message The Clergy Religious Life 8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 29

8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 30 The Aftermath Martin Luther breaks away from the church and creates Lutheranism He took many of his ideas into his sect of Christianity Other men around Europe followed and broke away from the Roman Church

8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 32 Calvinism As much faith Martin Luther had in mankind is the total opposite of John Calvin Calvin believe man was inherently weak and needed guidance Calvin believed that our lives have already been predetermined

8/27/2013 Template copyright 2005 www.brainybetty.com 33 Calvinism Since we have already been predetermined where we are going to go, we spend our lives figuring out through our actions if it is Heaven or Hell Our deeds will be the determiner The Presbyterian Church and the Puritans followed this model to a point.