TRACKS OF SIDDHA MEDICINE IN ANDHRA PRADESH Ala Narayana*, T. Saketh Ram**

r Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009. Pp.81 to 102 TRACKS OF SIDDHA MEDICINE IN ANDHRA PRADESH Ala Narayana*, T. Saketh Ram** & R. Rajasekaran*** ABSTRACT There are various theories and postulates regarding the originating place of Siddha medical tradition. Invariably owing to its current spread and wide practice in Tamil Nadu, it is very natural to attribute the origins to Tamil land. In one way this concurrence has helped it to survive in its original form as it guaranteed credibility, state support even today. On the contrary it also has limited its scope to only Tamil Nadu which in reality reduces its status to only a regional variant of medical form which is not desirable. A review in the history of Dravida land down south of Vindhya Mountains, Eastern ghats covering Andhra Pradesh (across Orissa borders), Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala together paint a different picture. If this region is considered as a unit, to track the history, geography, cultural and religious links, the picture of Siddha sampradiiya is different & much wider geographical territory than the Tamilnadu. This study makes a humble attempt to trace such links of Siddha sampradiiya (tradition) from Andhra Pradesh. In the process it attempts to narrate the relationship of places like Mahendragiri (of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh) with sage Agastya (OI~e of the very important Siddhars of Siddha medicine) and possible origins of very old common religion (.5aiva Siddhiinfa) propagated by Dakshinamurti, through his four disciples from this place. An attempt is made to look into possible links from Jaina literature and relevant resources to substantiate the points. In Andhra Pradesh we find many Archeological sites which show the evidences to the presence of Shiva and Siddhanta worship. A small survey of names of villages of Andhra Pradesh, district wise has been attempted at the end of the article to demonstrate how closely many places are distributed through out the state bearing names like Siddha, Sangam, Nandi which are still used in the same sense as they were used from time immemorial. Like in the case of Bhakti movement, cultural traditions Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu share a common legacy to share with each other. The tracks of Siddha medicine, Siddha sampradiiya are very clear everywhere in Andhra Pradesh. This paper welcomes scholars working on the topics related to Siddha, to take up further studies in this direction and enrich the Siddha literature. *Director, **Senior Research Fellow / Ph.D. Scholar (Ay.) & ***Research Officer (Siddha), National Institute of Indian Medical Heritage, Osmania Medical College Building, Putlibowli, Hyderabad-500095, India.

82 Joumallnd.Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009 Unity in diversity is the inherent character of Indian civilization. Medical pluralism, co existence of different types of medical practices is a common feature in this country from by gone ages. One can find & experience this unity of spirit with all its regional diversities from aseluhimacala i.e. Adam's Bridge (RamaseluWalasetu) to Himalayas. As a culturally vibrant society, India excelled in all aspects of human excellence, out of which Medicine is one of the main branches and it is integral part of human race for the survival, health and longevity. Siddha system of medicine as is known today has its deep roots in the ancient belief systems, religion and philosophy. In principle and practice it has its uniqueness in terms of independent lineage, philosophy and practice. There are various theories and postulates regarding the originating place of this medical tradition. Invariably owing to its current spread and wide practice in Tamilnadu, it is very natural to attribute the origins to Tamil land. In one way this concurrence has helped it to survive in its original form as it guaranteed credibility, state support even today. On the contrary it also has limited its scope to only Tamilnadu which in reality reduces its status to only a regional variant of medical form which is not desirable. In the process it attempts to narrate the relationship of places like Mahendragiri (of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh) with sage Agastya (one of the very important Siddhars of Siddha medicine) and possible origins of very old common religion (&ziva Siddhanla) propagated by Dakshinamurti, through his four disciples from this place. The article also tries to look into possible links from Jaina literature and relevant resources to substantiate the points. In Andhra Pradesh we find many Archeological sites which show the evidences to the presence of Siva and Siddhanla worship. A small survey of names of villages of Andhra Pradesh, district wise has been attempted at the end of the article to demonstrate how closely many places are distributed through out the state bearing names like Siddha, Sangam, Nandi which are still used in the same sense as they were used from time immemorial. Andhra Pradesh - Native Medical Traditions an over view. The traditional medicine in Andhra Pradesh is known as Ayurveda (the knowledge of life). Major religions in Andhra Pradesh have claimed the origin of medicine from

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 83 their Gods. vaishnavaites believe that Dhanvantari, the incarnation of Vishnu as the lord of Ayurveda. Shiava physicians believe that Shiva is the lord of medicine, Vaidyendra, and believe that all the Rasa Sastra (Chemistry) was revealed by Siva or his wife PiirvatJ: Riivana, famous devotee of lord Siva, learned the science from Parvati and wrote Arkaprakiisa. Jains followed a different school of medicine called Samantabhadra School. According to Jaina tradition all knowledge was revealed to Jaina sages by the 'the protector,' and this revealed knowledge was divided into 12 divisions. Medicine is one ofthese twelve divisions and is known as Prfinavaya. Another tradition is the Siddha School of Medicine or Agastya sampradaya, which was founded by sage Agastya in Tamilnadu and spread to Andhra.' Interestingly the observation with respect to sage Agastya reveal that he has moved from north to south i.e. from Andhra Pradesh to Tamilnadu, hinting that there is a possibility of prevalence of Siddha tradition in Andhra Pradesh well before Ayurveda took roots here. With the time it was completely driven out but still continued to show its presence in the form of Rasassstra. The Agastya (Siddha) samprsdays its salient features' This (Siddha) system of medicine is prevalent in the regions south of Vindhya Mountains. It said that this system was proposed (sampradaya pravartaka) by 44 Siddhars, 22 Siddhars and according to some 18 members. The last version is widely accepted today. The descent of this system is as follows: Isvara (Siva) taught to Parvati, Piirtvatitaught to Nandisvara and he taught A svini; from them Dhanvantari -Agastya- Pulastya- Terayyar-Uhamuni etc. Two types of Siddhats are identified amongst whom a. Sanskrit knowing - Agastya, Terayyar Bhogar, Pulippani etc., b. Dravida - Tamil known Siddhars as "ten". In both these systems we find predominant use is of Rasa (mercurial) preparations, which are different from the ones described in Rasasdstra texts viz., Nagarjuna rasatantra etc., for example Gurubhasma- a basma prepared from Mailatuttha, Sauvira which is mixed along with any other metal intended to be converted to Bhasma which

84 Journal Ind.Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009 is quite unique to this semprsaiiys: According to Pandita Divigopalacarya, this is more effective method than that is recommended in Rasasiistra texts. Siddha semprediiye describe many drugs-herbs which are indigenous to South India (South of Vindya Mountains). The description of the properties of the drugs does not follow the regular conventions like Rasa, GU(1a, VTrya, Vipaka as described in classic Ayurveda text books. Instead it restricts itself to Prabhava (specific activity), Rupa(description) and GU(1a(properties). Some drugs like Shivanarvembu, Kuppaimeni, Puvarasham etc., are not at all described in Ayurvedic classics like Carakasamhita and others 4. Dravidavagmaya: it is beyond dispute to acknowledge that surround areas of river Tamrapami and cities of Madurai there were many Dravida sangha which were brimming with cultural developments which contributed to a lot of literature in classic Tamil. The books belong to specializations viz., In JyiJti~a (Astrology), Vedanta (Philosophy), Vaidya (medicine), Sangita (Arts) etc., among those around 150 vaidya books are identified. Some of them are Agastyar perumtirattu, Agastyar Ayurvedabhashyam, Agastya bhasmamurai', Another distinguishing contribution is A~!asthana parik~a - first described by these physicians which can be considered as original contribution of Agastya sampradaya to Ayurveda. This is not mentioned as is in Carakasamhita, Susrutasamhita and A~!angah!daycl'. Siddha sampradaya-review 7 Who is the first yogi or Siddhar?, the corpus of Tamil declares him as yoga Dakshinamurti". He is known as prarama Siva, premesvere, siddhesvara, yogesvara, mahadeva, metiesvere, mahendra, maunamutrti, ga(1a milrti. Tirukku/ambha~a Jaina Tamil work equates the first Tirthankara Ruhan with Siva 8 The concept of this has been consolidated by a section of Hindus as Saiva Siddhanta, and by Jains as Siddhanta during 3 B.c. which aged by svetambara Jainas. Historian Nilakantha Sastri states that Saiva Siddhantam has similarities with Sankhya philosophy, and applications of yoga training as its components. Haribhadra a Jain scholar states that Ka(1ada (Vaise~ika darsana), Gautama (Nyaya darsana) are

I Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 85 Slvas 9 This discussion facilitates to state that Sar7khya and other philosophies have emerged from the teachings of yogi Dakshinamurti. Siddhanta has included additional Padarthas. Sar7khya has 24 Padarthas, yoga adds Adideva to the same list, where as Siddhantam identifies 36 Padarthas.lO. Served as mother for the religions hinduism, buddism and jainism. Dakshinamurti the first Siddhar/yogi is considered as the propounder of this thought, who is also known as Siva. According to Sir John Marshel Saivamatam is the eldest and living religion, four disciples of yoga Dakshinamurti such as I. Sanagar (sanaka), 2. Sanamdar (Sanamdana), 3. Sana tar (SanatsujA) and 4. Sanatkumarar (Sanatkumara] were taught by him on the hills of Mahendragiri on the borders of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa (other possible places) II). Mahendragiri- Agastya and relevance of remote relation ship of Siddha sampradaya with Andhra Pradesh", There are three places with Mahendragiri in Indian history. The first one is considered to have been drowned during the first Jalapralayam along with Limariya. Second one is in Srikakulam District on the Andhra-Orissa border, the third Mahendragiri near Nagarkoil. The points which substantiate the possibility of yoga Dakshinamurti propagating his thoughts from Mahendragiri of Andhra- Orissa border are as follows: 1. According to religious importance the Mahendragiri of Srikakulam has more importance than Mahendragiri of Nagarkoil. 2. There is a very old temple (Bhimuni gudi) on the hill top facing Bay of Bengal. The pattern of construction of this temple with very big stone blocks (20-30 tons each) to a height of 30 feet, with out any doors (indicating early style of construction) substantiate this point. At a rough estimate this temple can be as old as 10,OOOyears. 3. People specially the Tribal visit this temple every Sivaratri, traveling two to three days by walk every year even today

86 Journallnd.Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009 4. There are evidences of different kings erecting temples in the honor of this old temple en route to this place 10 5. There is a story of Agastya migrating from north to Mahendragiri of Nagarkoil; and it is possible that he might have named his new abode in the remembrance of the place from where he has come. 6. The author of Tirumantram (>3000 verses), Tirumular, in one of the verses describes him as lucky person to get an opportunity to compose verses in Tamil; the papers with "madurai adinam" it is written that the first Tirumular was knowing a language with 16 vowels and 35 consonants which is possible with only Telugu language. Apart from this for the literature to describe Tantric, yoga practices need 51 letters which are readily available in Telugu script. 7. There is also a version of thought available which states that the original Tirumamtram is written by Tirumular three thousand years back, which is translated into Tamil by Tirumular 2 during 6 th or T" c. A.D 8. Nandi of nanda, the direct disciple of Dakshinamurti finds a due recognition through out Andhra region. There are many prominent places which are named after him e.g. Mahanandi, Nandyal, Nandigama, Nandamuri etc., 9. Andhra Pradesh was known as Trilingadesha and most of the kings who ruled this region are famous Saivas viz., kharavela, Shivasvati, Shivamaka, Shivalakur, Shivasri, Shivaskanda, Shivaskandanaga, skamdastambi etc., 10. Many Tamil writers state that' Siddhantci' semprediiye is derived from north (kailasa semprediiye). The eight prakhyatas who are important to this tradition are four praktanas and Agastya, Tirumalar, Vyagracataru, Patanjali.!!III_or. NIp_ I.k.--..-..."..... on..

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 87 II. There is a place with the name Kailasakota, in the hills of Mahendragiri. in the Koratpur district of Orissa 12. There is another rage of hillocks with the name Kailasa parvata near bhimuni patnam, in Yishakhapatnam district of A.P. 13. As stated in Agastya gadha and Sangam literature the history of vellalars, ardent followers of this traditions were migrated from north (possibly from Andhra). 14. There are archeological evidences in Kumool district, Andhra Pradesh - Many Caves with the name of Siddhars across the old Tungabhadra terrain. Ketavaram., Gargheya puram, Kanvamatkal village; Cinna Siddalu, Pedda Siddhalu display very old cave paintings/ 15. Even today the survey of village, town names in Andhra Pradesh, provides us a very big list of names having the names Siddha, Sangam, Nandi either as suffix, prefix or some part of the name. This indicates the wide spread of Siddhanta / Siddha tradition in this part of the India, possibly a long time back. A list of such names is provided here: Names of Villages and Towns having I starting "Sangam" "Nandi" as suffix or prefix 2. with the word "Siddha" Village Name Vii. MandaI MandaI District Dist Code Code Name Code 1 CHINNASIDDAPUR 22 BEJJUR 47 ADILABAD 19 2 PEDDASIDDAPUR 21 BEJJUR 47 ADILABAD 19 3 SIDDUR 6 BHAINSA 16 ADILABAD 19 4 SIDDANKUNTA 30 DILAWARPUR 20 ADILABAD 19 5 SIDDANKUNTA 33 NIRMAL 21 ADILABAD 19 6 SIDDAPUR 26 NIRMAL 21 ADILABAD 19 7 SIDDARAMPURAM 2 BOMMANAHAL 2 ANANTAPUR 12 8 SIDDARAMPURAM 6 BUKKAPATNAM 50 ANANTAPUR 12

88 Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009 9 SIDDAMPETA 8 BUKKARAYA 26 ANANTAPUR 12 SAMUDRAM 10 SIDDARAMPURAM 14 BUKKARAYA 26 ANANTAPUR 12 SAMUDRAM 11 H.SIDDAPURAM 2 D.HIRCHAL I ANANTAPUR 12 12 SIDDARASCHERLA 8 NARPALA 27 ANANTAPUR 12 \3 SIDDAMPALLE 26 CHITTOOR 54 CHITTOOR 10 14 SIDDAVARAM 7 PEDDAMANDYAM 1 CHITTOOR 10 IS SIDDALINGAMAPALLE 7 PUTHALAPATTU 51 CHITTOOR 10 16 SIDDIGUNTA 4 THOTTAMBEDU 15 CHITTOOR 10 17 SIDDAMURTHYPALLE 22 KALASAPADU 9 CUDDAPAH II 18 SIDDAVARAM 9 PENAGALURU 41 CUDDAPAH II 19 SIDDAVARAM 21 PORUMAMILLA 10 CUDDAPAH II 20 SITHOUT @ 11 SIDHOUT 30 CUDDAPAH II SIDDAVATTAM 21 SIDDIVARIPALEM 13 SANKHAVARAM 9 EAST GODAVARI 4 22 SIDDINENIGUDEM II MADHIRA 45 KHAMMAM 22 23 SIDDARAM 15 SATHUPALLE 29 KHAMMAM 22 24 SIDDARAM 7 VELAIRPAD 13 KHAMMAM 22 25 SIDDAPURAM 6 ATMAKUR II KURNOOL 13 26 SIDDEPALLE 8 ATMAKUR II KURNOOL \3 27 SIDDAPURAM 2 HALAHARVI 54 KURNOOL 13 28 SIDDHESWARAM 2 KOTHAPALLE 10 KURNOOL 13 29 SIDDAPUR 19 ACHAMPETA 44 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 30 SIDDAPUR 16 KOTHUR 13 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 31 SIDDOTAM 24 NAWABPET 9 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 32 SIDDAPUR I JHARASANGAM 29 MEDAK 17 33 SIDDAPUR PAITIKOHIR 23 KOHIR 31 MEDAK 17 34 SIDDAPUR[R] 19 SADASIVPET 34 MEDAK 17

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 89 35 SIDDIPET 16 MEDAK 17 36 SIDDA SAMUDRAM 8 THIRUMALAGIRI 7 NALGONDA 23 37 SIDDAVARAPU II BOGOLE 6 NELLORE 9 VENKATESUPA 38 ATTALASIDDAVARAM 31 DAKKILI 34 NELLORE 9 39 SIDDANA KONDURU 15 KALIGIRI 7 NELLORE 9 40 SIDDAVARAM 7 KOTA 39 NELLORE 9 41 SIDDAVARAM 36 RAPUR 23 NELLORE 9 42 SIDDAVARAM 23 VENKATAGIRI 35 NELLORE 9 43 SIDDAPUR 5 BODHAN 14 NIZAMABAD 18 44 SIDDAPUR 27 JUKKAL 17 NIZAMABAD 18 45 SIDDAPUR 26 NANDIPET 3 NIZAMABAD 18 46 SIDDAPUR 11 PITLAM 28 NIZAMABAD 18 47 SIDDAPUR 24 TADWAI 33 NIZAMABAD 18 48 SIDDAPUR 27 VARNI 20 NIZAMABAD 18 49 SIDDAVARAM 21 KONAKANAMITLA 11 PRAKASAM 8 50 SIDDAVARAM 25 PAMUR 52 PRAKASAM 8 51 SIDDIGAM 30 MANDASA 33 SRIKAKULAM 1 52 SAVARASIDDHAMANUGU 1 PATHAPATNAM 25 SRIKAKULAM 1 53 SIDDANTHAM 45 SARUBUJJILI 17 SRIKAKULAM 1 54 SARVASIDDI 11 S RAYAVARAM 40 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 55 SIDDHAPUR 16 HASANPARTHY 10 WARANGAL 21 56 SIDDENKI 12 JANGAON 5 WARANGAL 21 57 SIDDAPURAM 7 AKIVEEDU 34 GODAVARI WEST 58 SIDDAPURAM 22 NIDAMARRU 25 WEST GODAVARI 5 1 SANGAMPET 10 LAXMANCHANDA 22 ADILABAD 19 2 SANGAMESWARAPALLE 12 PARIGI 58 ANANTAPUR 12 3 SANGAMJAGARLAMUDI 6 TENALI 32 GUNTUR 7

90 Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009 4 SANGAM (HANMAJIPALLE) 6 BEJJANKI 46 KARIM NAGAR 20 5 SANGAM 10 DUMMUGUDEM 8 KHAMMAM 22 6 SANGAM 18 PALAWANCHA 16 KHAMMAM 22 7 SANGAMESWARAM 3 KOTHAPALLE 10 KURNOOL 13 8 SANGAM 2 KESHAMPETA 14 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 9 SANGAMBANDA 14 MAKTHAL 32 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 10 JHARASANGAM 29 MEDAK 17 II SANGAM [KHURDj 9 JHARASANGAM 29 MEDAK 17 12 SANGAM 33 KANGTI 2 MEDAK 17 13 SANGAM 14 VALIGONDA IS NALGONDA 23 14 N.SANGAMESWARA 8 GUDUR 32 NELLORE 9 SWAMY KHA IS SANGAM 19 NELLORE 9 16 SANGAM 12 SANGAM 19 NELLORE 9 17 SANGAM 13 BALKONDA 5 NIZAMABAD 18 18 SANGAM IS BIRKOOR 19 NIZAMABAD 18 19 SANGAM 36 BODHAN 14 NIZAMABAD 18 20 SANGAMESHWAR 7 DOMAKONDA 36 NIZAMABAD 18 21 MATHSANGAM 35 GANDHARI 26 NIZAMABAD 18 22 PETASANGAM 34 GANDHARI 26 NIZAMABAD 18 23 SANGAM KALAN 2 TANDUR 23 RANGA REDDY IS 24 SANGAM 20 VANGARA 2 SRIKAKULAM I 25 SANGAMVALASA 80 DUMBRIGUDA 4 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 26 SANGAM 109 GANGARAJU 11 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 MADUGULA 27 SANGAMBANDA 207 GANGARAJU 11 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 MADUGULA 28 SANGAMBANDA 261 GANGARAJU 11 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 MADUGULA

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 91 29 SANGAMVALASA 69 MUNCHINGIPUTTU VISAKHAPATNAM 3 1 NANDIGAON 45 ADILABAD 19 BEJJUR 47 2 BEERNANDI 16 ADILABAD 19 KHAN PUR 24 3 NANDIGAON 27 ADILABAD 19 TALAMADUGU 1 4 NANDIMANGALAM 12 CHITTOOR 10 PUTTUR 44 5 MAHANANDIPALLE 17 CUDDAPAH 11 KALASAPADU 9 6 NANDIMANDALAM 24 CUDDAPAH 11 PENDLIMARRI 33 7 NANDIVAMPU 10 EAST GODAVARI 4 TUN I 6 8 GUNTUR 7 PEDANANDIPADU 46 9 NANDIGAMA 14 GUNTUR 7 SATTENAPALLE 15 10 NANDIVELUGU 3 GUNTUR 7 TENAL! 32 II NANDIPADU 3 KHAMMAM 22 ASWARAOPETA 27 12 NANDIGAMA 68 KHAMMAM 22 BHADRACHALAM 9 13 NANDIGAMA 14 KRISHNA 6 G KONDURU 9 14 NANDIGAMALANKA 9 KRISHNA 6 MANDAVALLI 47 15 KRISHNA 6 NANDIGAMA 4 16 NANDIGAMA(U)(P) 5 KRISHNA 6 NANDIGAMA 4 17 KRISHNA 6 NANDIVADA 41 18 NANDIGAMA 17 KRISHNA 6 PEDANA 44 19 NANDIVARGAM 9 KURNOOL 13 BANAGANAPALLE 44 20 NANDIPADU 6 KURNOOL 13 KOLlMIGUNDLA 46 21 NANDIKUNTA 10 KURNOOL 13 KOTHAPALLE 10 22 KURNOOL 13 MAHANANDI 35 23 NANDIPALLE 5 KURNOOL 13 MAHANANDI 35 24 ALLUR 7 KURNOOL 13 NANDI KOTKUR 8 25 NANDIPETA 1 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 ADDAKAL 26 26 NANDIMALLA I MAHABUBNAGAR 14 ATMAKUR 35 27 CHINNA NANDIGAM 12 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 KODANGAL I

92 Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009 28 PEDDANANDIGAM 10 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 KODANGAL 1 29 NANDIGAMA 10 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 KOTHUR 13 30 NANDIGAM 22 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 MADDUR 6 31 NANDIPAHAD 2 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 MADDUR 6 32 MITTANANDIMALLA 28 MAHABUBNAGAR 14 NARVA 33 33 NANDIGAON 17 MEDAK 17 PATANCHERU 37 34 NANDIGAON 13 MEDAK 17 RAMAYAMPET 13 35 NANDIKANDI 18 MEDAK 17 SADASIVPET 34 36 NANDI PAHAD 5 NALGONDA 23 MIRYALAGUDA 42 37 NANDIKONDA 20 NALGONDA 23 PEDDAVURA 52 38 NANDIPADU 15 NELLORE 9 DUTTALUR 9 39 NANDIMALA 25 NELLORE 9 PELLAKUR 43 40 NANDIVAYA 16 NELLORE 9 PODLAKUR 24 41 NANDIGUNTA 7 NELLORE 9 VINJAMUR 8 42 NIZAMABAD 18 NANDIPET 3 43 NANDIGAON 3 NIZAMABAD 18 NAVIPET 2 44 NYAVANANDI 5 NIZAMABAD 18 SIRKONDA 23 45 NANDIWADA 16 NIZAMABAD 18 TADWAI 33 46 NANDI PADU 15 PRAKASAM 8 MADDIPADU 28 47 NANDI PALEM 18 PRAKASAM 8 PODILI 12 48 NANDIPALLE 3 RANG A REDDY 15 MAHESWARAM 33 49 NANDIWANAPARTHY 7 RANGA REDDY 15 YACHARAM 36 50 NANDIGAM 20 SRIKAKULAM I ETCHERLA 8 51 SRIKAKULAM I NANDIGAM 30 52 NANDIGAM 78 SRIKAKULAM I NANDIGAM 30 53 NANDIGAM 32 SRIKAKULAM I POLAKI 21 54 NANDIVADA 34 SRIKAKULAM I PONDURU 9 55 NANDIKOTA 66 SRIKAKULAM I SARUBUJJJLI 17 56 PANASANANDIVADA 39 SRIKAKULAM 1 VEERAGHATTAM I

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 93 57 NANDIGUMMI 285 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 ANANTHAGIRI 6 58 NANDIKOTA 49 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 ANANTHAGIRI 6 59 NANDIGUDA 80 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 ARAKU VALLEY 5 60 CHINANANDIPALLE 22 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 DEVARAPALLE 7 61 PEDA NANDIPALLE 26 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 DEVARAPALLE 7 62 NANDIGUDA 73 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 DUMBRIGUDA 4 63 NANDIPUTTU 157 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 HUKUMPETA 3 64 NANDIMETTA 231 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 MUNCHINGIPUTTU 1 65 NANDIGARUVU 195 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 PADERU 10 66 NANDIMETTA 269 VISAKHAPATNAM 3 PEDABAYALU 2 67 NANDIGAM 4 VISAKHAPATNAM 2 BHOGHAPURAM 26 68 GOTNANDI 5 VIZIANAGARAM 2 GARIVIDI 22 69 MASANANDI 32 VIZIANAGARAM 2 KOMARADA I 70 PUSANANDI 24 VIZIANAGARAM 2 KOMAR ADA I 71 NANDIGAMA 32 VIZIANAGARAM 2 NELLIMARLA 24 ALTIPALEM 72 NANDIGAM 4 VIZIANAGARAM 2 THERLAM 15 73 NANDIGAMA 16 WARANGAL 21 BHUPALPALLE 43 74 NANDIWADA 13 WARANGAL 21 MAHABUBABAD 24 75 NANDIGAMA I WARANGAL 21 NALLABELLY 34 76 NANDIGAMPADU 5 WEST GODAVARI 5 CHAGALLU 15 77 NANDIGUDEM 9 WEST GODAVARI 5 GOPALAPURAM 5 78 NANDIKESWARAPURAM 15 WEST GODAVARI 5 PEDAPADU 22 79 NANDIGAON 45 ADILABAD 19 BEJJUR 47 80 BEERNANDI 16 ADILABAD 19 KHANPUR 24 List of Worship places related to Siddha (Shiva) Sampradaya Name of the monument / site Location District Mallikarjuna (Siva) temple Kambaduru Anantapur

94 Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009 Virabhadra temple Basavannah temple Chintalarayaswami temple Rameswaraswami temple Sitatirtham steeped well with entrance in the from of a bull-nandi Palliswara Mudaiya Madeya temple Parasuramesvara temple Bhimeshwara swamy temple Indranadheshwara swamy temple Kamalasambnashwara swamy temple Raghaveswara swamy temple Sivakesavaswamy temple Trikoteswara swamy temple Vaidhyanadha swamy temple Vigneswara swamy temple Visvanatha swamy temple Saumyanatha temple Agatheswar Swami Temple Inscribed rock to the west of Dharanikota Ancient siva temple with inscription Lepakshi Lepakshi Tadpatri Tadpatri Penukonda KaIakada Gudimallam Pushpagiri, (hamlet of kotluru) Pushpagiri, (hamlet of kotluru) Pushpagiri, (hamlet of kotluru) Pushpagiri, (hamlet of kotluru) Pushpagiri, (hamlet of kotluru) Pushpagiri, (hamlet of kotluru) Pushpagiri, (hamlet of kotluru) Chilamakuru SivaIpallu Nandalur Chilamkur Amaravati Ayyangaripalam Anantapur Anantapur Anantapur Anantapur Anantapur Chittoor Chittoor Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Cuddapah Guntur Guntur

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 95 Kapoteswara temple with the Chejeda Guntur inscriptional monuments within the temple site(slabs in the temple site) Fort-storeyed rock-cut Hindu temple Undavalli Guntur The Sculptures, carvings, images or Buddam Guntur other like objects discovered within the revenue limit Hill of Nagarjunakonda with the Pullareddigudem Guntur ancient remains (Agarharam) Bhimeswara temple Samalkot, East Godavari Bhimavaram Bhimeswara temple Draksharamam East Godavari Gollingeswara group of temples Biccavolu East Godavari Monolithic Ganesh Image -do- East Godavari Four pillars in the ruined mandapam Vijayawada Krishna in Jamrnidoddi Two rock-cut cave temples on the Vijayawada Krishna Indrakila hill known as Akkanna caves Kiratarjuna pillar and slab the Indrakila hil Inscribed pillar and slab in Malleswaraswami temple Rock-cut cave temples on the Hill Mogalrajapuram Krishna Sculptures, carvings, images other Gudur Krishna like objects found in the vicinity of the old Mosque Inscribed Pillar and slab in Vijayawada Krishna Mallesvarasvami temple Kiratharjuna Pillar on the Vijayawada Krishna Indrakilla Hill

96 Joumallnd.Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009 Inscribed stone lying to the east of siva temple Nandavaram Temple including the sculpture of Subrahamanya Old Cave Temple Uma-Mahesvaraswami Temple Ancient Mounds A group of eight rock-cut temples in Bhairavakonda hill Chola Temple Ancient Mound Pitikeswara group of temples including Approach road Ancient Site Remalingesvara group of temples Sri Somesvara temple Bhimesvara temple, Mukhalingesvara temple (Durga Bhairavakonda) having an ancient monument called Durga The old, Dibbesvarasvamipur temple Thousand Pillared temple Ramappa temple Warangal Fort, Defences and gateways Mounds locally known as Bhimalingadibba The caves and structural stupa of Archaeological interest on Rayachoti Nandavaram Yaganti Yaganti Kanuparti Kottapalli Motupalle Pedaganjam Pittikayagulla Pusalapadu Satiavel Mukhalingam Mukhalingesvara Nilavati Sarapalli (Sarapalle) Hanarnkonda Palampet Warangal Denduluru Jilakarragudem (Hamlet of Kurnool Kurnool Kurnool Kurnool Prakasam Prakasam Prakasam Prakasam Prakasam Prakasam Prakasam Srikakulam Srikakulam Vizianagaram Vizianagaram Warangal Warangal Warangal West Godavari West Godavari

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 97 Dharmalingesvarasvami hill Guntupalle) Source http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphajiscandhra.asp; Alphabetical List of Monuments - Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad Circle (Andhra Pradesh) The Bhakti Movement - Relation ship between Siddha tradition, Jainism, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu II The Bhakti movement was one of the finest products of Siddha Tradition and it was born in Andhra Pradesh. Kunda Kundacharya, otherwise known as Padmanandi was a contemporary of Thiruvalluvar born in Konakandla village, about five kilometers from Guntakal in Andhra Pradesh. His work- "Dasabhakti Mulacaram" is the fountainhead of the Bhakti movement. Even to-day, it is customary in Andhra Pradesh to initiate a child into formal education by making him to trace the letters "Om Namah S;vaya, Siddham namah" (Salutations to Shiva and salutations to Siddha.). Kundakundacharya's philosophy of "Anektanta Vada' was his lasting contribution to Jainism. It was in his native village that the map of Jambudivu or Navalandivu, the original land of the Siddha Tradition has been carved out on a rock and may be seen even to-day. Kundakundacharya's contribution to Jain thought was as rich as Nagarjuna's contribution to Buddhism at a later date. As there was a Buddhist University at Nagarjunakomda, there was also a Jain University near Kalyandurg in Anantapur District. In fact, according to Jain tradition, Bodhan in Nizamabad (A.P) district was the capital from where Mahabali ruled the entire south, including Kerala. According to the Jain tradition, Bodahan was then known as Bodanapur and there was a monolithic statue of Mahabali and it was worshipped as Kukkateshwara, which was demolished during Satavahana period. But the folklore believes that it was eaten away by snakes. The present statue of Gomateshwara in Kamataka was erected in honor of the Mahabali tradition. The most noteworthy among the Jain scholar-teachers was Kundakunda acarya (Ist Century B.C.) who wrote, among other texts Dasa bhakti Mulacaram considered an authoritative one. He trained a number of scholar-propagators like Balaka Pincha, Kunda Kriti, and Samata Bhadra. Jainism which continued its sway until the Kakatiya

98 Journal Ind. Med. Heritage Vol. XXXIX - 2009 period functioned through a number of Sang hams spread over the land. Arhabali (lst century AD) was said to be the most influential acharyas of such sanghams. Out of the 24 Tirthankars revered in Jainism, See tala Nadha is said to be an Andhra. The Jain scholars were well- versed not only in their religious lore but also in such subjects like astrology and medicine 12 The Bhakti movement in Tamil Nadu started with Thirumular s Thirumanthiram consisting of 3047 verses D. Since Thirumular was reportedly found in Sathanur village for the first time and later moved to Thiruvavaduthurai in the south and since he himself declares that God ordained him to be born to make his work in Tamil, it is open to doubt whether he hailed from Andhra, as Ponna and Pampa hailing from Andhra became famous Kannada poets. He liberally uses Telugu terms like "Tarkai" meaning star (verse 860) or -varu meaning they (verse 905) etc. Another interpretation is that Thirumular belong to the Mulasangha established by Kundakundacharya and either translated or elaborated on the work..bhakti Millacaram" written by Kundakundacharya. It is pertinent to note here that the Sangha established by Kundakundacharya was Mulasangha. "He was the founder of the Mulasangha which became famous throughout South!'. It is a fact that there was close interaction between Andhra and Tamil lands in those especially amongst the Siddhas. Konkana Siddha who was a friend of Tiruvalluvar of Mylapore, Madras belonged to Thirumala and it was near his Samadhi in Thirumala that the present Venkateshvara temple is located. Most of the famous temples in South including Chidambaram were constructed near the Samadhis of Siddhas. Bhoga Siddhar who was a Chinese origin wrote works in Tamil but his Samadhi is in Bogeshwaram near Nandyal in Kurnool district and the Chota Kings have constructed a temple there. Rajamundry city was developed by Rajamahendra chola and named after him as Rajamahendravaram. Tikkanna was a Telugu poet, minister of the Chola King Manumasiddhi of Nellore and the Tamil poet Manickavasagar was a minister of Pandya King of Madurai. Manickavasagar himself in his Thiruvasagam acknowledges that Yoga Dakshinamurty or SIva gave him teachings to his four disciples in Mahendragiri"

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 99 It is after Thirumular's Tirumantiram that the eighteen Siddhars, sixty three Nayanmars and several Alwars composed the monumental Bhakti literature in Tamil over a period of several centuries". Rasasamprad ya in Andhrapradesh, traces of Siddha practices in folklore medicine. Unlike Kerala's classical A~.ta vaidya samprad ya, and Northern Ayurvedic traditions, Andhra Pradesh we find a distinct way of Ayurvedic practice which predominantly uses Herbo mineral medicines for treating illness. This is probably due to the influence of Siddha tradition. In Andhra Pradesh we find special practice known as " vente Mandu/u", which is prepared using mercury (rasa), and gandhakam. There used to be families who used to go from village to village prepare these medicines and distribute among the local vaidyas. Rasakarp[Jram, Rasasindh[Jram etc., are the common preparations which were prepared regularly. Another interesting point to be noted is unlike Classical Ayurveda, in folklore we find use of mostly local herbs, minerals and animal products for treating many conditions". There are many drugs which do not find mention in classical Ayurvedic texts. Such collections are compiled later date in the form of "Vastugu(1adipika' which describe their properties and usage. We find many common herbs, minerals and metals which are regularly used in Siddha medicine. Conclusion Like in the case of Bhakti movement, cultural traditions Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu share a common legacy to share with each other. The author of this paper opines that limiting Siddha lineage only Tamilnadu is very unjust. The wide spread of this philosophy, and its influence on the lives of people from all over south India and other parts has to be studied rigorously. This will ensure to probably help reconstruct the actual territory in which Siddha medicine was in practice from bygone ages. The advantage of doing so will be to fill in the missing links in establishing the interactions between Siddha and Other streams viz., Ayurveda, folk traditions from time to time. The division (linguistic, geographical) are made for convenience, and never to be viewed in the context of interpreting them as is when it comes to understand bigger topics

..., I I 100 Joumallnd.Med. Heritage Vol.XXXIX - 2009 such as the History of Medicine. Such applied sciences are beyond borders hence a systematic study; holistic interpretation will be healthy model to review the context. The tracks of Siddha medicine, Siddha samprad ya are very clear everywhere in Andhra Pradesh. This paper welcomes scholars working on the Topics related to Siddha, to take up further studies in this direction and enrich the Siddha literature. REFERENCFS Anonymous 2000 Andhra Medicine, http:// www.vepachedu.org/ andhramedicine.htm 8/5/2000 2 Anonymous 2000 http://apland.ap.nic.inlcclaweb/ APVillageLisc Type l.pdf 8/512000 3 Divi Gopalacharya 1918 Dakshinabharatamu- Ayurvedapracaramu, Ayurvedashramam, Chennapuri, Chennai, India. Pp. 8 4 Ibid 1918 Pp. 9 5 Ibid 1918 Pp.1O 6 Ibid 1918 Pp. 11 7 Pandian, S.K. & 1989 Marugunapadda Varasatvam, Venkateshwar Reddy, Original Book - The S.K. Pandian, A. (Translator) Hidden Heritage, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Telugu 8 Ibid 1989 Pp.154 9 Ibid 1989 pp.44 10 Ibid 1989 Pp. 234-135 Academy, Hyderabad, India. Pp. 5

Tracks of Siddha Medicine - Ala Narayana et al. 101 11 Pandian, P.S.K. 1997 India that is Sidd, Allied Publishers Limited, Kachiguda, Hyderabad- 500027, Andhra Pradesh, India. Pp. 30,31 12 Ibid 1997 Pp. 30, 31...ref.17 13 Ibid 1997 pp. 30, 31...ref 19 14 Ibid 1997 pp. 30, 31...ref 20 15 Ibid 1997 Pp. 30, 31 ]6 Ibid 1997 Pp. 33, 34 I7 Patel Anantaiah 1990 Telugunata Janapada vaidyam, Monograph on Folklore Medical Practices in Telugu, Patel Anantaiah Publication, Hyderabad, India.

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