2005 Revised DBQ
Question 1: Using the documents and your knowledge of world history, analyze the changing strategies of resistance and governance in the Middle East and South Asia during the twentieth-century. Document 1 Document 2 Source: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, general in World War I, leader of Turkish Independence and first President of Turkey from 1923 to 1938, Speech to the General Congress of the Republican Party, 1927. To unite different nations under one common name, to give these different elements equal rights, subject them to the same conditions and thus to found a mighty State is a brilliant and attractive political ideal; but it is a misleading one. It is an unrealizable aim to attempt to unite in one tribe the various races existing on the earth, thereby abolishing all boundaries. In order that our nation should be able to live a happy, strenuous, and permanent life, it is necessary that the State should pursue an exclusively national policy and that this policy should be in perfect agreement with our internal organization and be based on it. Sovereignty is taken by force. The Ottomans took the sovereignty of the Turkish people by force. These usurpers managed to rule 600 years. Today the Turkish Nation has reclaimed that sovereignty for itself. This is an accomplished fact. There is no need to discuss this further. It is quite desirable that those present here can accept this truth. Otherwise some heads will roll during this process. In the eyes of history and fatherland, while the whole world is watching you carrying the burden of heavy responsibility, let it be known to you, gentlemen, that if you base your decisions on the sacrificial determination of the nation, and work patriotically, the whole nation stands beside and supports you.
Document 3 Document 4
Document 5 Source: Egyptian poster titled, The hand of the revolution is turning over to a new page of glory, created by the government of Gamal Abdel Nasser, president of Egypt from 1956 until his death in 1970, poster printed in the late 1950s. *From top to bottom and left to right on each page: The left page reads Elections, Democracy, Justice, and Military. The middle page read A new era in Egypt s history and The people are the source of authority. The right page reads Colonialization, Reactionaries, and Opportunism,
Document 6 Document 7 Source: Hamas (the Islamic Resistance Movement), a Palestinian liberation movement founded as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in 1987, The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement, issued during the First Intifada (Uprising) against Israel, 1988. The Islamic Resistance Movement is a distinguished Palestinian movement, whose allegiance is to Allah, and whose way of life is Islam. It strives to raise the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine, for under the wing of Islam followers of all religions can coexist in security and safety where their lives, possessions and rights are concerned. In the absence of Islam, strife will be rife, oppression spreads, evil prevails and schisms and wars will break out. Nationalism, from the point of view of the Islamic Resistance Movement, is part of the religious creed. Nothing in nationalism is more significant or deeper than in the case when an enemy should tread Moslem land. Resisting and quelling the enemy become the individual duty of every Moslem, male or female. A woman can go out to fight the enemy without her husband's permission, and so does the slave: without his master's permission. The question of the liberation of Palestine is bound to three circles: the Palestinian circle, the Arab circle and the Islamic circle. Each of these circles has its role in the struggle against Zionism. Each has its duties, and it is a horrible mistake and a sign of deep ignorance to overlook any of these circles. Palestine is an Islamic land which has the first of the two kiblahs (direction to which Moslems turn in praying), the third of the holy (Islamic) sanctuaries, and the point of departure for Mohamed's midnight journey to the seven heavens (i.e. Jerusalem). The day that enemies usurp part of Moslem land, Jihad becomes the individual duty of every Moslem. In face of the Jews' usurpation of Palestine, it is compulsory that the banner of Jihad be raised.