CHAPTER 8 The West Study Guide Lesson 1: Exploring Beyond the Mississippi River Alexandra Reimer I. Exploring Beyond the Mississippi River A. The United States Expands 1. President Thomas Jefferson a. Preparing for Exploration Isaac Melanson I. Exploring Beyond the Mississippi River B. Lewis and Clark Explore the West 1. Meriwether Lewis a. Introduction b. Across the Plains c. Achievements of the Expedition On May 14, 1804, 44 men including Lewis and Clark started boating down the Missouri River to find the northwest passage. The name of their trip was Corps of Discovery. Lewis was an intelligent man who studied botany, Clark was a mapmaker, journalist, and navigator. Nobody had any clue what they would find. How long had the Rocky Mountains run? Where was the pacific coast? The men had very little complaints, except for the bugs. The trip ended being one of the most successful expeditions ever. Only one man died among all of them. Even though they did not discover the Northwest Passage. This expedition gave great knowledge of the western land. The discoveries were so great it had fur traders rushing to the west. Also the people who had a record of moving west continued on beyond the Mississippi. Taylor Huss I. Exploring Beyond the Mississippi River B. Lewis and Clark Explore the West 1.William Clark a. In the end of October the voyage was in the walls of the tribe of Mandan in North Dakota. They planed to stay the winter so they built huts in and called it Fort Mandan. In the spring they hired a fur trader named Toussaint Charbonneau to be their interpreter. He agreed to do it if he could bring his slave Sacajewea who was also his Shoshone wife. She helped translate, cook, and find plants to eat and use as medicine. b. In April1805, the rivers started to flow again and than the voyage continued. They crossed the the plains and than slowly journeyed up the Rocky Mountains. The mountains were full of ice and snow. They soon reached the bottom of the mountains. And reached the towering falls of Missouri. The water was coarse so the explorers had to get out of the boat and carry it. There were rocks on the shore that cut their feet. Other little pebbles and rocks made them off balance and they fell in the water various times. ( Continued on Sacajawea)
Liz Wallace I. Exploring Beyond the Mississippi River (continued from William Clark) B. Lewis and Clark Explore the West 2. Sacajawea b. A meeting with the Shoshone tribe made up for these trials. Climbing on horses, the warriors ran up to the explorers. The Shoshone were now led by Sacajawea's brother. They embraced the members of the voyage, happy to see Sacajawea. Using horses, the explorers struggled going over the mountains. They left the horses with Nez Perce. He promised to take care of them during the winter. After the explorers went down the west slopes of the Rockies, they made new boats and followed the Columbia river to the Pacific Ocean. They spent the winter of 1805-1806 by the shore at Fort Clatsop. Each day they only had 4 deer and 1 buffalo for food. At spring, the game was scarce. Sometimes the explorers were forced to eat squirrels or crows. They reached St. Louis on September 23, 1806. c. The expedition was one of the most successful journeys in U.S. History. It didn't find the Northwest Passage, but the voyage added a lot of knowledge of the Western lands. Lewis and Clark were the first to map out the Columbia River which strengthened American claim to the Oregon Country. Clarks description of the animals made the fur trappers to move west. Nick Stellpflug 7 I. Lesson 1: Exploring Beyond the Mississippi River C. Mountain Men Blaze Trail 1. Jedediah Smith b. Pathfinders of the West Jedediah Smith was a big scarred man from a grizzly bear attack. He went through the South Pass (present day Wyoming) and then went through the continental divide. The continental divide is the line that divides rivers that flow west from those who travel east. Then Smith went to Oregon and Washington to explore. Many mountain m`en were very good at observing and remembered many trails to follow. Their trails later became the trails that pioneers moved west on. Mountain men didn't usually document their travels. That job was for government expeditions. Aaron Lockhart 7 I. Exploring Beyond the Mississippi C. Mountain Men Blaze Trail a. World of the Mountain Men The mountain men lived a hard and demanding life. They tracked and trapped animals for fur to sell and make clothing for themselves. They would wear deerskin coats decorated with beads and pouches. They spent most of the year alone or with some fellow mountaineers.
Each spring he goes to the rendezvous in the summer to trade and sell their furs. They would meet up with old friends there. They would share stories of their travels and expeditions through the mountains. This was a rare occasion to socialize before returning to the trails. There were also as many as 5,000 Indians who met there to purchase furs. Terms to Include: Mountain Man: A toughened man who travels through the trails in the mountains and trapped furs. Rendezvous: A French Word for Meeting Place. Breanna McFaul II. Exploring Beyond the Mississippi River C. Mountain Men Blaze Trails 1. John C. Fremont a. Government Expeditions General Zebulon Pike was the first government explorer. In 1805-1806, he explored the upper Mississippi and the land from central Colorado and farther down south. In Colorado, he climbed up the Pike Peak halfway, which was named after him. In the 1840s, some people persuaded the government to promote the journeys to the west. John C. Fremont, who was a member of the U.S. Army topographical corps, married the daughter of Senator Thomas Hart Benton, Jessie Benton. Fremont was chosen to lead several of the expeditions. He met and hired Kit Carson on a steamboat going up the Mississippi River in 1842. She is calm, mild mannered and had little education. She spoke French, Spanish, and numerous Indian dialects and Indian sign language. In comparison to Kit, Fremont was well-educated in mathematics, topography, geology, and botany. Allison Loderbauer I.Exploring Beyond the Mississippi River C. Mountain Men Blaze Trails 2.Kit Carson a. Government Expeditions b. Terms to include: Zebulon Pike: 1805-1806 one of the first government explorers. He explored upper Mississippi and from central Colorado south the next year. Zebulon climbed Pikes Peak in Colorado which is named after him. Manifest Destiny: The idea that the United States had a duty to expand from the Atlantic to Pacific. This idea was made in 1845. One step to this goal, was the Louisiana Purchase. Between the years 1820 and 1850 the United States took many other steps to achieve its objective.
Lesson 2: Achieving Manifest Destiny Anne Schreiber II. Achieving Manifest Destiny A. Development of Texas 1. Stephen Austin a. U.S. Settlers Welcomed b. Growing Tensions STUDY GUIDE Expansionist- those who wanted to increase U.S. Territory- wanted Mexican land U.S. bought Louisiana and settled along Mississippi River Spain agreed to a proposal made be Moses Austin Austin wanted to settle a limited Number of U.S. citizens in Texas who would be loyal to Spain and except Catholic religion Spain felt this would be a buffer zone- a territory separating two opposing powersblocking U.S. expansion Moses Austin died before colony was set up Moses' son Stephen took over setting up the colony Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821 Took Austin months to persuade the new government to maintain grant in Texas Colony in Texas prospered but tension grew with Mexican government Whites and black slaves out numbered Mexicans four to one Instead of serving as buffer zone, Texas became threat to Mexican government Settlers overpowered Austin's rules and went against all of Mexican laws If American were Protestants they had to change to Catholics but didn't Mexico tried to restrict U.S. settlement by abolishing slavery in Texas but Americans kept slaves Mexican government sent in troops to keep Texas in control, but American settlers still came Eddie Jansen II. Achieving Manifest Destiny B. Texas Gains Independence 1. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna a. Introduction b. '' Battle of Alamo'' On December 1835 a group of 300 Texas volunteers drove 1,100 Mexican troops out of San Antonio. In Santa Anna group of 180 rebellions commanded by William Barret Travis. The Battle started on February 24, 1836,Santa Anna army defend the Alamo and finally on March 6 when the Mexicans finally won. But on April 21, 1836 Sam Houston decided that they were ready to attack And they took control at San Jacinto. Two war heroes are Sam Houston,and Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.
Chelsey Barnes II. Achieving Manifest Destiny B. Texas Gains Independence 2. Sam Houston b. Lone Star Republic 1. After Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign and independence treaty, Mexico still said that Texas was theirs. They said that the treaty was signed by force. 2. Texas wanted to become part of the United States but the U.S. wouldn't annex (to add to the union) them because it would disturb the balance of the 13 slave states and 13 free states. 3. Sam Houston, a general from the battle of San Jacinto got elected president. He worked hard to get rid of debt. He tried to convince people from the United States to move to Texas by offering them free land. Many immigrants came and the population went from 35,000 people in 1836 to 147,000 people in 10 years. People came to farm large crops and herd cattle. The more the population grew, the more the demand for Texas to be annexed. Robyn Fredericks II. Lesson 2: Achieving Manifest Destiny B. Texas Gains Independence 2. Susanna Dickinson a. Independence Proclaimed 1. While the Alamo was taking place, a group of people, delegates, got together to write a constitution for Texas. They decided that Texas should no longer be ruled by Mexico and proclaimed their independence. Then wrote the constitution based on the U.S. document. 2. The new republic was desperate. Santa Anna was determined to end protesting against his rule. After winning the battle of the Alamo, he accomplished in defeating the Texans at Goliad. He, once again, ordered all the prisoners to be killed. Sam Houston, commander of the disarranged Texan army, led his troops on a steady retreat (they wanted to stop and fight). 3. At San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, Sam Houston decided the Texans were ready to attack. They caught Santa Anna by surprise and conquered the Mexican soldiers in minutes. The Texans then took a bloody revenge for the men that were killed at the Alamo and Goliad. c. Terms to include: 1. Goliad: a city in Texas 2. San Jacinto: was a significant battle of Texas
Megan Fahrenkrug C. War with Mexico 1. James K. Polk a. When James K. Polk runs for office in 1844, he promises lots of people that Texas, which then belonged to Mexico, would become part of America. Then, in 1845, Congress voted Texas into the union. b. Mexico Defeated c. James K. Polk proclaimed that the Manifest Destiny was achieved when Texas was admitted into the U.S. in 1848. This means that the country spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific. d. Terms to include: 1. Guadalope Hidalgo was the name of the Treaty between Mexico and the U.S. in 1848. This treaty stated that the U.S. would pay $15 million and get up to $3.25 million in Mexican debts to American citizens. In return, Mexico had to give the U.S. most of the land north of the Rio Grande. 2. James K. Polk was the 11 th president of the United States. 3. The Southwestern states we gained were Texas and everything west of it up to Oregon. 4. Annex to take territory as if by conquest 5. War was declared on Mexico by the U.S. Congress on May 13, 1846 Addie Vanden Boom III. Lesson 2: Achieving Manifest Destiny C. War with Mexico a. Introduction b. Just before the war, the American troops seized the Mexican General, Mariano Vallejo and because of this, the Americans took on many victories south of Rio Grande. In the battle, the Mexican army put up a good fight but the American troops were still able to defeat them because they had better weapons and a well trained army. c. Because of this battle, the Americans were able to accomplish their main priority in achieving Manifest Destiny by expanding their country from sea to shining sea. d. Terms to Include: 1. Guadaloupe Hidalgo 2. The American General who succeeded throughout this whole time was Winfield Scott 3. As a result of this, Mexico sold the rest of New Mexico and Arizona to the United States. The land gained from Mexico also included the Spanish settlers that lived there who soon became citizens of the United States. And as the white settlers continued to travel westward, the treaty that would protect Mexican Americans in that area was usually not enforced.
Lesson 3: Settling the West Erika Hearden III. Settling the West A. Spaniards settle in the California 1. Ranchero a. Mission California b. California Rancheros III. Settling the West A. Spaniards settle in the California 1. Mission California a. California was settled by Catholics from Spain b. Official set up outposts in California and Texas 1. Built presidios- walled forts: quarters for troops, a jail and storage rooms 2. Settlers provided food for presidios, many of whom became rancheros after receiving land from the government c. Missions were much more successful than towns 1. Included church, workshops, store rooms, rooms for priests and Indian houses. 2. Some of the Indians labored in wheat fields, fruit orchards and vineyards, others tended hears of sheep, cattle while other worked in the kitchen. 3. By 1833, Indian population ¾ of what was in 1769 due to most Indians thought mission life was hard so they ran away and Spaniard diseases also killed them. 2. California Rancheros a. 1833, Mexico's government began to secularize ( to take mission lands away from Catholic church) missions to help in independence from Spain. b. Land and cattle went to rancheros- ranchers c. Rancheros lived in adobe houses and wealthier ranchers had vaqueros who did most of the work d. Yankee traders brought cured hides and shipped to New England shoe factories, hide trades was profitable but irregular e. By 1835-1836- port of San Francisco was nearly deserted Alexis Miller B. U.S. Citizens Go West 1. Eliza Spalding a. Overland to Oregon Britain and the United States both claim Oregon Territory. Britain and United States couldn't decide between Oregon and Canada so they had people settle in both. In 1835 Americans sent Missionaries to the northwest. Marcus and Narcrissa Whitman and Eliza and Henry Spalding set up churches, mills, and showed people of the Cayuse and Nez perce tribes how to irrigate land and taught them Christian ideas.
Kate McChesney III. Settling in the west B. US Citizens Go West 1. Nacissa Whitman a. Overland to Oregon - descriptions by explorers, missionaries,, and settlers attracted other US citizens to the west b. 1845-5000 Americans went to Oregon c. at Polk's inauguration he said that the US had a clear and unquestionable name to Oregon 2. Latitude and longitude lines a. 1846- Great Britain and America set the Oregon Boundary lines to 49 N i. Some colonists had demanded a boundary at 54 40'N, but Polk didn't think it was worth a fight with Britain 3. Native Americans a. 1887- Cayuse and Nez Perce were alarmed by the increasing amount of white settlers b. Cayuse were worried because they were not immune to the fatal diseases the white men carried i. Measles c. Cayuse were convinced that missionaries poisoned their children, so they killed fourteen white people, including the Whitmans d. to prevent this from happening again, Congress made Oregon a territory in 1848 Alec Melanson IV.Settling the west B. U.S. Citizens Go West 2. Brigham Young a. The Mormon Promised Land A group called the Mormons went west for religious reasons. They were founded by young 15 year old Joseph Smith who was born in the region of New England. Smith also founded a Christian church in 1830 called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at Fayette, New York. A lot of other faiths disliked the Mormons because of some of their beliefs like having several wives. The Mormons had a community in Nauvoo, Illinois where Smith was both mayor and religious leader. Later Nauvoo grew to 20,000 people and it became the largest city in Illinois. In 1844, some Mormons accused Smith of treason. The Mormons were then led by Brigham Young. He brought them to the Great Basin which is the desert west of the Rockies. In 1849 the Mormons settled at the Great Salt Lake in the state of Utah. It had over 11,000 inhabitants which were almost all farmers. Finally in the year of 1896 Utah became a state.
Lesson 4: Surviving the Frontier Shaylah Buss IV. Lesson 4: Surviving on the Frontier A. The Gold Fields 1.John Sutter a. Early US Settlers in California b. The Journey West Haley Schwister IV. Surviving on the Frontier A. The Gold Fields 1. miner c. Trail of Riches d. Mining Camps Tales of Riches Their was an angry miner who kicked a rock and found gold under neath it. Another miner claimed he found gold under his door step. Another miner shot a bear and found gold where the animal lade Some of these tales are true. Mining Camps Mining camps where usually makeshift towns inhabited by single men miners died from diseases according to their diets. By 1849 12000 people where in Sacramento searching for gold. A ghost town is a deserted place. Megan Braun-Lemke IV. Surviving on the Frontier B. Hardships of the Overland trail 1. Charlotte Stearns Pengra and other traveler c. Hazards of the Journey d. Life on the Frontier Study Guide Some hazards in the journey were some people turned back and wouldn't go, and many others got sick and died from diseases such as cholera, smallpox, and dysentry. Some people also had to leave there furniture behind. Others died from drinking poisonous water. Some even got killed my Indians on there journey. Life on the frontier wasn't any better for them, even experienced farmers it didn't go well with the new climate. Children were expected to feed livestock, and the pioneer woman would stay up all night mending, making candles, preserving food, and caring for the sick family members.
Carrie Oudenhoven IV. Surviving on the Frontier B. Hardships of the Overland Trail 1. Charlotte Stearns Pengra and other traveler a. Charlotte went on a trip in 1849, 30,000 people traveled the Overland Trail. 55,000 came the next year. After this year, the number decreased. By 1860, 145,000 more people moved to the west. Some people turned back because the journey was just too hard. People were dying and so there was bodies all over the place and since they were traveling so long, they couldn't have a lot of weight so they couldn't take all of their furniture either. They faced the challenge of running out of food and also finding water to drink and take baths in. b. The overland trail went from Independence, Missouri to Sutter's fort in California and was 2,000 miles long. Along the trip, women were expected to do their normal chores like: sow clothes, wash clothes, cook, clean the wagon and much more. Men's chores were to: caring for the animals, fix the wagon, planning routes with the wagon train captain, hunt, and stand guard at night. Most likely a family would have four to five oxen because their wagon were so heavy. Kimberly Boots V. Surviving on the Frontier C. Impact of the Westward Movement 1. Native American a. The hardships shared by people on the frontier gave them a sense of regionalism, of belonging to a distinct area. Settlements grew into communities and then grew into towns with doctors, storekeepers, lawyers, sheriffs, and deputies. In 1859 Richard Henry Dana returned to the port of San Francisco. b. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo guaranteed the rights of Mexican citizens living on the lands ceded to the United States in 1848. Prospectors came in and took possession which includes the forty-niners. Ownership of land was not clear. Rancheros that fought lost their land. In a few years after, rancheros were gone,. In the decades after, almost everyone lost their land grants. Many people, who owned their plantation, now were working for it. Indians became alarmed as the West continued got bigger with population. They sometimes attacked wagons. Later, the clash between them came. c. Those who journeyed west found that the mountains were much higher than in other parts of the United States. Everything was higher or faster. The trail and journey was hard and brought out everyone's personality. Traveling gave them a sense of a community. They learned to cooperate in building and living in homes, schools, and churches. Westerners learned how to repair and fix their own things and needs. People in other parts of the United States developed a sense of belonging to a particular region.