AP European History Semester 1 Final 2017 Study Guide I. Middle Ages and Introduction Unit: 1. What climate shift catalyzed enormous changes for humanity around 12,000 BCE? 2. What does the term Eurocentric mean? 3. Why are CE and AD used interchangeably? What words are they abbreviating? 4. Approximately when did the first writing appear? 5. When did the Roman Empire exist? 6. What was the role of Christianity in the Middle Ages? 7. What events coincided with, or caused the beginning and the end of the Middle Ages? 8. What are Mr. Le Shana s 7 Steps to a Successful Ancient Civilization? 9. To what famous medieval European monarch is Mr. Le Shana related? 10. What were the causes of the spread of the Black Death in Europe? 11. What were some of the main responses to the Black Death in Europe? 12. What were significant effects of the Black Death? 13. Why is Jesus presented as a different race than other Jewish people in medieval art? 14. What were the causes and effects of the Hundred Years War? 15. What was the Babylonian Captivity? Why did the French kingdom benefit from it? 16. What was the Great Schism? 17. What are some important works of vernacular during the late Middle Ages? II. The Renaissance 1. By 1300, what were the two main forms of government in Italy? 2. What is a commune? 3. In which city did the Renaissance begin? 4. Who are the Medicis, and why are they significant? 5. Who is Girolamo Savonarola? 6. What is individualism? 7. What is humanism? 8. What major states or empires were located in Northern Italy, Southern Italy, and Western Italy during the Renaissance? 9. Why is Petrarch significant? 10. What are the major works of Leonardo da Vinci? 11. What is secularism? 12. What was the role of religion during the Renaissance? 13. What is the High Renaissance? 14. What are the major differences between medieval art and Renaissance art? 15. What are the major differences between medieval scholarship and Renaissance scholarship? 16. What were Machiavelli s main political ideas, as expressed in The Prince? 17. What were some effects of the development of the printing press during the Renaissance era? 18. How did gender play a role in society in Renaissance Italy? 19. How was life different for men than it was for women during the Renaissance? 20. What is a philological approach to text analysis? 21. What were similarities and differences between Donatello and Michelangelo s David? (Consider style and commissioning). 22. What is mannerism? 23. What are some famous works of mannerism (and who painted them)? 24. How was the Northern Renaissance different from and similar to the Italian Renaissance? 25. In what ways did England, France, Spain, and Italy change or continue their political situations from the Middle Ages (especially be familiar with the last section of chapter 13)?
III. The Reformation, Exploration and Annihilation 1. Why did Pope Julius II summon an ecumenical council from 1512 to 1517? 2. From 1512 until his death in 1546, what job did Martin Luther have? 3. How did Martin Luther respond to the peasant revolts in Germany? 4. When did Martin Luther likely write his 95 Theses (and possibly post them on the door of a church in Wittenburg), and when wa tried at the Diet of Worms? 5. Describe the roles of women during the Reformation. Did anything change for them? 6. Explain the role of the Society of Jesus during the Catholic Reformation. 7. What is a major reason that Pope Paul III founded the Holy Office in 1542? 8. Who was Angela Merici? 9. What did the Council of Trent originally seek to do? What was the result? 10. Who were Desiderus Erasmus and Sir Thomas More, and what role did they have in the Reformation? 11. Who are the Anabaptists? 12. What is the fundamental reason that England became Protestant? 13. What is the Book of Common Prayer? 14. What is the best description for what happened to the church in Scotland, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark during the Reformation era? 15. What rationale did John Calvin give for the doctrine of predestination? 16. What set Calvinists apart from other Protestant groups? 17. What are some of the causes of the Wars of Religion? 18. According to the textbook, what is a main reason that France remained Catholic after the Reformation? 19. Who were the three Henrys, and why are they significant for French history? 20. What did the Peace of Westphalia do? 21. Why did the Thirty Years War last so long, according to the textbook? 22. Who controlled the eastern Mediterranean by the early sixteenth century? 23. What are the main factors that help explain the exploration and expansion of certain European countries in the 15 th and 16 th centuries? 24. What is a caravel? 25. Describe Spain s role in European exploration, and what empires they destroyed to build their own. 26. What is the main difference between Catholic and Protestant views of marriage in the 16 th century? 27. What is the main reason that it is important to study the European witch scare, according to the textbook? 28. What is unique about Juan de Pareja? 29. How did 18 th century art critics view Baroque art? 30. What is significant about William Shakespeare (other than the fact that he had a big forehead)? 31. Explain how this period in European history (Reformation, Wars of Religion, Exploration and Annihilation) contributed to nationalism in several countries. 32. What were some of the main abuses of the Catholic Church, which many were critical of even before Martin Luther? IV. Absolutism and Constitutionalism 1. What are some of the key characteristics of absolutism? 2. What does it mean for a ruler or a government to be sovereign? 3. What is the difference between absolutism, totalitarianism and constitutionalism, and when did each one emerge in European history? 4. What does raison d etat mean? 5. What is the policy of mercantilism? 6. How did the Peace of Utrecht maintain a balance of power in Europe? 7. From what nation was Miguel Cervantes, and what did he write? 8. What is a republican government? 9. What were John Locke s main ideas?
10. In what country did States General and Stadholders hold a political role? What were their roles? 11. How did Ferdinand and Isabella set the stage for a more absolutist state in Spain? 12. What is the Star Chamber, and how did it contribute toward absolutism? 13. How does the Concordat of Bologna help set the stage for absolutism in France? 14. What were Hugo Grotius main ideas, and how did they contribute to the Peace of Westphalia? 15. Is the Holy Roman Empire something that promoted or demoted absolutism? Explain. 16. Compare and contrast Nobles of the Robe in France to the Landed Gentry of England. 17. How are Machiavelli s ideas different from Hugo Grotius? 18. Who was Jean Bodin? 19. How did mobile cannons and improved infantry contribute to the period of absolutism? 20. How was Habsburg Spain able to invest in such a large and successful military? 21. In what way did Gustavus Adolphus contribute to absolutism in Europe? 22. What is the acronym to help you remember the order of the rulers during the English Civil War? 23. What is the order of the rulers during the English Civil War (by name)? 24. Who fought against whom and for what during the English Civil War? 25. During the English Civil War, which rulers wanted an absolutist state in England, and how did they attempt to accomplish this? 26. During the Interregnum period, how did Oliver Cromwell attempt to maintain his power? 27. What is the Glorious Revolution, and why was it called that? 28. What is a constitutional monarchy? 29. How did Cardinal Richileu contribute toward absolutism in France (and during who s reign)? 30. How was the Fronde a threat to absolutism in France? 31. What are the Catalan Revolts, and why are they such an important part of Spanish history? 32. How did Louis XIV capture the European vision for the ideal absolutist monarch? 33. Compare and contrast Eastern European Absolutism with Western European Absolutism. 34. Describe Peter the Great s reign. V. European Society in the 16 th -18 th C., The Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment 1. Summarize the five key concepts of European society in the 18 th century. 2. What is significant about the Bank of Amsterdam? 3. Why did Antwerp s influence decline after Peace of Westphalia? 4. What was a major effect of the growth of commerce in Europe during the 17 th and 18 th centuries? 5. Why was four field crop rotation better than three field crop rotation? 6. What were the major effects of enclosure? 7. What is the difference between commercial agriculture and subsistence agriculture? 8. Why did commercial agriculture grow in popularity during the 17 th and 18 th centuries in Europe? 9. What were the key factors causing the price revolution? 10. What were the causes and effects of migrations to urban areas? 11. What are two examples of governments regulating public morals during the 18 th century? 12. What two movements led to debates about female roles? 13. What is La Querelle Des Femmes? 14. What is the significance of bloods sports and charivari? 15. What are some causes for witchcraft accusations peaking between 1580 and 1650? 16. What is the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment? 17. What was the main shift from the ancient and medieval view to the scientific view of the world? 18. Summarize the key concept of the Scientific Revolution. 19. Advancements in astronomy led Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton to do what? 20. What are Francis Bacon and Renee Descartes main differences and similarities? 21. What is the humoral system? 22. Who challenged Galen s theories of the humoral system? 23. What was unscientific about Newton and Kepler s studies? 24. Who were the philosophes? 25. What are the main ideas of each of the seven philosophers from the lecture? 26. What is the significance of a salon?
VI. The French Revolution 1. What were some important liberal values during the French Revolution? 2. What were the main causes for the American Revolution? 3. Describe the Great Fear. 4. Who wrote Common Sense, and why? 5. Who were the Jacobins, and what their role during the French Revolution? 6. Who were the Sans-Culottes? 7. What was the Mountain? 8. What was the Reign of Terror? 9. Who were some absolute monarchs in Europe during the 17 th and 18 th centuries? 10. Who were some enlightened absolute monarchs during the 17 th -18 th centuries? 11. What is the significance of the Glorious Revolution and the Dutch Republic for this unit? 12. What happened at the battle of Vienna? 13. How did the Peace of Westphalia affect the Austrian Hapsburgs, when did it happen and why is it a turning point in European history? 14. What was the result of Louis XIV s wars? 15. What were the three main causes of the French Revolution? Be familiar with the details of these causes, including national debt and socio-economic inequality 16. What were the different governments that existed during the French Revolution, and in what order did they happen? 17. Describe 2-3 details regarding each revolutionary government (including key events and people). 18. How did France interact with the rest of Europe during the Revolution? 19. Who was Toussaint L Overture? 20. Describe Napoleon s rise and fall from power. 21. How did Napoleon s administration share commonalities with the revolution but also differ from it? VII. The Industrial Revolution 1. Historians have differing views on whether or not the Industrial Revolution improved Europeans quality of life. Provide 2 pieces of evidence in support of each of the two major dichotomized viewpoints. 2. Who were Benthamites named after, and what were their main ideas? 3. Why did clerks in the Balkans let their fingernails grow long? 4. Approximately how many employed persons was a domestic servant in Great Britain in 1911? 5. Describe the role of religion during the Industrial Revolution. 6. What is significant about the Crystal Palace? 7. What are the three main reasons that the Industrial Revolution began in England? 8. How did the cottage industry pave the way for the Industrial Revolution? 9. Describe the start of the Industrial Revolution in France. 10. Who was Fredrich List, and what is his idea about zollverein? 11. Why did Eastern and Southern Europe lag in Industrial development? 12. Approximately when was the Second Industrial Revolution, and by what could it be characterized? 13. What were some of the new self-conscious classes that emerged out of the Industrial Revolution? 14. When did the illegitimacy explosion happen? 15. How was identity developed and reinforced for the middle classes and working classes (according to class lecture)? 16. Why were mutual aid societies appealing to the working classes? 17. In what ways did the Industrial Revolution alter the European family structure and relations for Bourgeois and working class families? 18. Compare and contrast the Factory Act of 1833 and the Mines Act of 1842. 19. Describe leisure time during the Second Industrial Revolution. 20. Describe changes in marriage notions by the late 19 th c.
21. What was the role of transportation in the Industrial Revolution? 22. What happened in parts of Europe that did not experience the Industrial Revolution (or experienced it later)? 23. Describe the separate spheres that were experienced by women and men during the Industrial Revolution. 24. What is the most important reason for the revolutionary reduction in family size between the mid-19 th century and the early 20 th century? 25. Who was the famous psychoanalyst who argued that defense mechanisms played a significant role in guiding adult behavior? 26. Compare and contrast realism and romanticism during the Industrial Revolution.