Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building Section 1 The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century Protestant Reformation: Religious reform movement that divided Western Christendom into Catholicism and Lutheranism Background to Reform Renaissance helps pave way for upheaval The Growth of State Power Late 15th Century: attempts to reestablish centralized power, monarchies Renaissance states, New Monarchies Esp. France, England, Spain Monarch: Not new, but new concentration of authority Suppress nobility Control the church Expansion for economic gains Increase militaries Extension of royal centralized authority Machiavelli writes The Prince(1513) On how to be a good monarch amorality, secularism (contrasts Middle Ages) Social Changes in the Renaissance Recovery of economy after 14th century Manufacturing & trade increase Italians, esp. Venetians expand commercial empire (will fall behind in 16th century) Hanseatic League: Commercial and military alliance in north German coastal towns Changes in social order of three estates (clergy, nobles, everybody else) 14th & 15th centuries -- declining noble income 1500 s nobles dominate society 2-3% of population Hold political positions, advise king Peasants = 85-90% of population Decline in serfdom and manorial system page 1 / 7
Peasants becoming legally free Resent social superiors, want more benefits from hard work Support religious reform movements (esp. Germany) Other members of the third estate (not peasants) Live in towns and cities Merchants and artisans Cities become more complex: Patricians (capitalists) Dominate urban communities Petty burghers (shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, guildsmen) Produce for local consumption Propertyless workers (30-40% of urban population) Support radical religious reform The Impact of Printing Development of printing during the Renaissance Impacts intellectual life From hand-carved wooden blocks 15th Century Development of movable type enables mass printing Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz completes process in 1445 Gutenberg s bible 1500 Thousands of printers in Europe Many religious books Latin and Greek classics, legal handbooks, philosophy Enables spread of reformation Lay reading public Europe finally competes with China Prelude to Reformation Christian Humanism/northern Renaissance Humanism Classical learning spread from Italian Renaissance Goal: to reform Christendom Humans can reason and improve themselves through education Change society by making pious people Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) = influential Christain humanist Christianity shouldn t be dogmatic, it should be personal and daily De-emphasized external religion, emphasized inner piety Criticized abuses of the Church Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation page 2 / 7
Corruption 1450-1520 Renaissance popes (secular popes) Julius II (1503-1513) warrior-pope Concerned with money, use position to advance position Parish priests ignorant of their duties People want meaningful religious expression and certainty of salvation Collections of relics for indulgences Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany Martin Luther: o Monk o Prof at University of Wittenberg Catholicism: faith + good works = salvation Luther: faith in God = salvation o Humans are too weak, can t do enough good works o Justification by faith alone o Bible as religious guide, not clergy o Against the sale of indulgences (enraged by Johann Tetzel) o 95 Thesis about religion and against Church corruption Definite break with clergy o Calls Germany to establish a German Church o Summoned before Emperor Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), protected by Elector Frederick of Saxony o Excommunicated 1521 o Supported by many rulers in Holy Roman Empire Created Lutheran Churches State churches, state supervises church affairs o No Catholic Mass o No clerical celibacy Politics and Religion in the German Reformation Lutheranism tied to politics Politics of the Holy Roman Empire o Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Habsburg) Also Charles I King of Spain HUGE Empire includes German land, Spain, Eastern Europe, Naples Distracted, attention elsewhere Tries to preserve unity empire with Catholicism o Over 300 independent German states Owe loyalty to Emperor, but not very loyal Charles can t defeat Lutheran princes o 1555 Peace of Augsburg: German states can choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism Not individual choice prince s choice Not other sects The Spread of the Protestant Reformation Peace of Augsburg = end of Christian unity page 3 / 7
Rapid spread of new Protestant groups Calvin and Calvinism John Calvin (1509-1564) o French o Fled to Switzerland after conversion o Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) makes Calvin a leader of Protestantism Similar to Luther o Justification by faith alone Emphasis on absolute sovereignty of God: power, grace, and glory of God o Predestination: God already predestined elect (to be saved) and reprobate (to be damned) Gives Calvinists unshakeable conviction Calvinism in Geneva o Creates church order that incorporates clergy and laymen o Consistory: A special body that enforces moral discipline Citizens punished for crimes (dancing, swearing, etc.) o Missionaries sent all over Europe o Geneva becomes center of Reformation Presence in France, Netherlands, Scotland, central and eastern Europe The English Reformation Political, not religious King Henry VIII (1509-1547) o Wants to divorce Catherine of Aragon Wants to marry Anne Boleyn Doesn t give him a male heir Pope won t allow o Thomas Cranmer, head of highest church court in England, annuls the marriage King marries Anne Boleyn Still no son! o Act of Supremacy (1534) makes king head of the English Church Little doctrinal change Cranmer wants religious change, but Henry refuses Henry succeeded by Edward VI o Weak, sickly o Cranmer moves Church of England (Anglican Church) toward Protestantism Mary ( bloody Mary ) succeeds Edward o Brutally forces return to Catholic doctrine o Pushes more people to Protestantism The Anabaptists Radical protestants (viewed as dangerous, persecuted by Protestants and Catholics alike) Church should be voluntary association of people who undergo a spiritual rebirth o Adult - not infant - baptism All believers equal Churches choose a minister from the community Separation of church and state o So government can t have power of the church Thou shall not kill won t bear arms or hold office page 4 / 7
The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation New view of the family o Abolished monasticism and clerical celibacy o Family at center o Love between man and wife Maintains traditional gender roles (See page 399) o Woman s job = to serve her husband The Catholic Reformation Roman Catholic Church in bad shape Undergoes revitalization Catholic Reformation o Jesuits o Reformed papacy o Council of Trent The Society of Jesus Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (1491) Dedication to Church/papal authority o Restore Catholicism to parts of Germany and Eastern Europe Education Missionary Activity o Francis Xavier (1506-1552) takes Christianity to the east India, Malacca, Japan o Matteo Ricci China Parallels Christianity and Confucianism European curiosity about China A Reformed Papacy Prompted by Reformation No more Renaissance popes Pope Paul III (1534-1549) o Appoints reform commission o Addresses corruption o Recognizes the Jesuits (previously rejected by the Church because they criticized its corruption) o Begins Council of Trent The Council of Trent (1545-1563) Group of high church officials Meets on border of Germany and Italy Reaffirms Catholic doctrine (no theological concessions to Protestantism) Gives the Church a clear doctrine under a unified authority Section 2 Europe in Crisis, 1569-1650 Religious wars, revolutions page 5 / 7
Economic and social disintegration Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century Calvinism and Catholicism = militant o Want to spread their religion Not only about religion à much about politics & power The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) French kings persecute Calvinists o Valois kings (dynasty in power) = very Catholic Strong opposition to Valois dynasty o Huguenots: French Calvinists Small percentage of population 40-50% of nobility Bourbon house, next in succession after Valois line Potentially politically dangerous o Towns and provinces don t like monarchy Don t want to lose own power 1589: Henry of Navarre/Henry IV (Bourbon leader of the Huguenots) succeeds to the throne o Realizes France must stay Catholic 1594: Henry IV s coronation and end of the Wars of Religion 1598: Edict of Nantes Paris is worth a mass o Catholicism as official religion of France, o Huguenots have all rights and privileges o (Also result of pressure from Spain) Philip II and Militant Catholicism King Philip II of Spain (1556-1598) o Son of Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) Inherits Spanish Habsburg domain, the Netherlands, parts of Italy, land in the New World o Enforces Catholicism to strengthen own rule o Strong, powerful monarch o Problems in the Netherlands Tries to strengthen control in Netherlands, causes revolt Nobles oppose Philip want to keep their power Strong Calvinist population 1566: Violence erupts Especially in North o Led by William Nassau, prince of Orange 1609: Truce recognizes independence of 7 northern provinces o Become United o Problems with England s Queen Elizabeth Catholicism in Spain o Chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from Protestantism o Philip II = Champion of Catholicism throughout Europe o Leads the Holy League against Turkey Defeats Turkey at Battle of Lepanto (1571) Powerful? page 6 / 7
o Seems influential, but by beginning of 17th century, has no money, inefficient government, bad army The England of Elizabeth Elizabeth Tudor, Queen Elizabeth I of England o Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn o Succeeds Queen Mary, half-sister Had caused religious problems and return to Catholicism o Repeals Mary s Catholic laws o Church becomes more protestant, but tries to satisfy both sides o Moderatism Conflict with Spain o Philip II attempts to invade England (convinced that England will revolt against Elizabeth when the Spanish arrive) o Religious undertones to conflict o Spanish Armada fails Economic and Social Crises Economic contraction o Italy loses economic prominence Population Decline 1500-1600: Population increases to 85 million o Recovery after Black Death 1600-1650: Population decline o War, famine, plague o Little ice age : Average temperature falls, affects harvests Creates social tensions Witchcraft Mania 16th & 17th centuries: hysteria over witchcraft 100,000 prosecuted o Common people most often accused o 75% female, mostly single Sexism considered easily swayed, accused of sexual deviancy 1650 s: Mania begins to subside o Stronger governments don t want the upheaval of witch trials 17th & 18th centuries: people stop believing in evil spirits Economic Trends in the Seventeenth Century Mercantilism: belief that a nation s prosperity depends on supply of bullion o Dominates 17th century economics o Discourages importation à want more exportation to earn more silver and gold High tariffs o Monopolies page 7 / 7 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)