Metaphysics PHI225 Spring Semester 2015

Metaphysics PHI225 Spring Semester 2015 Lectures: Thursday 12-1 Mappin LT4 / Thursday 3-4 HICKS LT5 Seminars: Thursday 4-5,Jessops 116 / Friday 2-3, Hicks Room F41 Module convenor: Jessica Leech jessica.leech@sheffield.ac.uk Office Hours: Friday 10-12 Course MOLE site: Copies of the Powerpoint lecture slides, this booklet in fact a lot of what you need for the module are available from the course MOLE site. Follow the links from your MUSE page. Outline of the Course This course will focus on issues concerning the metaphysics of properties. What is a property? Why should we think there are any such things? What work do properties do in our understanding of the world? We will examine and assess some of the main accounts of the nature of properties, such as realism about universals and varieties of nominalism. We will see how the idea of a property permeates throughout all sorts of different issues. Along the way key ideas and methods in metaphysics will be introduced, including possible worlds and truthmaking. How the module will be taught The module will consist of lectures and seminars. Students will be expected to prepare for seminars by critically reading a set text. Students should be ready to voice questions they have about the text to start discussion in the seminars. As with all philosophy courses, the lectures are intended to serve as an introduction and guide to the various topics. Students should make sure they read the essential readings on the reading list as a necessary component of the course. Metaphysics PHI225 1/

Module Timetable Week 1 (from 9/2): Introduction to metaphysics and properties Week 2: Universals and particulars Week 3: Universals and particulars Week 4: Introduction to possible worlds. Week 5: David Lewis and possible worlds. Week 6: Lewis on properties and universals. Mid-term Coursework: due Week 6 12 noon Wed 18th March 2015 EASTER BREAK Week 7 (from 13/4): Intrinsic properties / introduction to nominalism Week 8: More nominalism Week 9: Universals and particulars so far Week 10: Truthmaking Week 11: Overflow and revision End-term Coursework: - due Week 12 12 noon Wed 20th May 2015 EXAM PERIOD Seminar Timetable & Readings Seminars start in week 3. Further details of the reading can be found on the reading list later in this course outline. Most seminar reading should be available in the e-offprints for this course. Week 3: Week 4: Swoyer, C. (1996) Theories of Properties: From Plenitude to Paucity. [Skip section 5] Chapter 11: Particulars and Universals of Armstrong s Nominalism and Realism: Universals and Scientific Realism Volume I. Week 5: Rosen, G., 1990. Modal Fictionalism, Mind, 99/395: 327 354. Week 6: Lewis, D. 1986: On the Plurality of Worlds. [ 1.1, 1.5, 2.8] EASTER BREAK Week 7: Week 8: Week 9: Week 10: Week 11: Cameron, P. Ross (2009), Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties, The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics. Tropes reading: TBC Van Cleve, J. (1994) Predication Without Universals? A Fling with Ostrich Nominalism. NO SEMINAR (History of Metaphysics Workshop) Mulligan, K., Simons, P., and Smith, B. 1984: "Truth-Makers" [Sections 1-3] Metaphysics PHI225 2/

Lecture Powerpoint Slides Lectures will be accompanied by Powerpoint slides. These help the lecturer remember what they want to say; make the structure of the lecture explicit; and make quotations, precise claims, and the like clearly visible to you. They will be posted on the course MOLE page after the lecture. Please note that these are not intended to be a substitute for your own notes. The slides will make little sense if you read them without coming to the lecture, and will make little more if you have only them to read at exam time. Assessment Assessment is by two coursework essays and one exam. No topic will be the central subject of both an essay question and a question in the exam. It may nonetheless be possible to repeat essay work in the exam, but you should not do this. Coursework Essays You write two essays, of 1500-2000 words. A list of coursework questions to choose from, with suggested readings, will be available on the MOLE course page. The deadlines are: Mid-term Coursework: 12 noon, Wed 18th March 2015 (week 6) End-term Coursework: 12 noon Wed 20th May 2015 (week 12) The essays must be submitted both electronically and in paper form. Electronic submission is done through MOLE, which you can access through your MUSE web-page. Go to the Assignments link of the relevant module, and upload your essay there. Be sure to press the submit button. The paper copy may be submitted in either of the following ways: by handing them in to the Departmental Office (45 Victoria St) by putting them in the Essay Deposit Box at reception, Dept of Philosophy, (45 Victoria St) Exam This is two hours long. Topics to be covered in the exam will be pre-released on MOLE. Questions will be unseen. You answer two questions from a selection. See the module MOLE page for past papers and advice on how to prepare for the exam. Metaphysics PHI225 3/

Plagiarism: READ THIS The following are serious academic offences and may result in penalties that could have a lasting effect on your career, both at University and beyond. Plagiarism (either intentional or unintentional) is the stealing of ideas or work of another person (including experts and fellow or former students) and is considered dishonest and unprofessional. Plagiarism may take the form of cutting and pasting, taking or closely paraphrasing ideas, passages, sections, sentences, paragraphs, drawings, graphs and other graphical material from books, articles, internet sites or any other source and submitting them for assessment without appropriate acknowledgement. Submitting bought or commissioned work (for example from internet sites, essay banks or mills ) is an extremely serious form of plagiarism. This may take the form of buying or commissioning either the whole assignment or part of it and implies a clear intention to deceive the examiners. The University also takes an extremely serious view of any student who sells, offers to sell or passes on their own assignments to other students. Double submission (or self-plagiarism) is resubmitting previously submitted work on one or more occasions (without proper acknowledgement). This may take the form of copying either the whole assignment or part of it. Normally credit will already have been given for this work. Collusion is where two or more people work together to produce a piece of work, all or part of which is then submitted by each of them as their own individual work. This includes passing on work in any format to another student. Collusion does not occur where students involved in group work are encouraged to work together to produce a single piece of work as part of the assessment process. More on plagiarism in particular: In any essay or exam answer submitted for assessment, all passages taken from other people's work, either word for word, or with small changes, must be placed within quotation marks, with specific reference to author, title and page. No excuse can be accepted for any failure to do so, nor will inclusion of the source in a bibliography be considered an adequate acknowledgement. If the marker decides that plagiarism has occurred, it becomes a matter of report to a University Committee. The student may be judged to have failed the essay and/or exam and/or module (depending on the degree of severity). The plagiarism will also be recorded on the student's record. Plagiarism from handouts and related material: The department has agreed that a distinction needs to be drawn between use of ideas or arguments expounded in lectures, on the one hand (which is legitimate without citation), and verbatim or near-verbatim reproduction of material from lecture handouts or lecture notes/transcripts, on the other hand (which is not). Any essay that is judged to rely too heavily on course handouts and the like even when it is considered to fall short of plagiarism will be penalised. Metaphysics PHI225 4/

Reading (1) If you need a book, reserve it. The library is now running a system that adjusts the time for which a volume can be borrowed to the number of people who ve put in a reservation. (2) The library keeps some photocopies of hard-to-get papers. Increasingly, these are being replaced by e-offprints. See My Resource Lists under Library in MUSE (where the reading lists to follow are available online). (3) Remember that more and more journals are available electronically. Always check whether this is so before giving up in despair because the hard copy is on loan. (4) Plan ahead. If you leave researching your essay to the last minute, you are more likely not to get the reading you need in time. (5) Be resourceful. Perhaps the paper you want is in an anthology. Have a look. (Google Scholar can sometimes help with such matters.) (6) Be prepared to share resources. Perhaps someone in your seminar group, or next to you in a lecture, has what you need, or needs what you have. Reading by Topic Key: We have used italics for the names of books and journals, and quotation marks for the names of articles that appear in them. Readings which are particularly recommended are in bold. The rest of the list is for you to explore. Feel free to ask the lecturer for advice on choosing what to read. Douglas Edward s new book, Properties, is a particularly helpful companion to all topics. Metaphysics Reading List Collections, readers, and general texts Edwards, D. (2014) Properties (Polity Press) Loux, M. J. (1998, 2002) Metaphysics: A Contemporary Introduction (Routledge) Loux, M. J. (1970) Universals and Particulars: Readings in Ontology (Notre Dame) Loux, Michael (2008) (ed.): Metaphysics: Contemporary Readings. London and New York: Routledge. Loux, M. J. and Zimmerman, D. W. (2003) The Oxford Handbook of Metaphysics (OUP) Lowe, E. J. (2002) A Survey of Metaphysics (OUP) Mellor, D. H. and Oliver, A. eds. (1997) Properties (Oxford Readings in Philosophy) Metaphysics PHI225 5/

Le Poidevin, R., Simons, P., McGonigal, A., and Cameron, R. (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics, London: Routledge. Strawson, P. F. and Chakrabarti, A. (2006) Universals, Concepts and Qualities: New Essays on the Meaning of Predicates. Ashgate. Van Inwagen, P. and Zimmerman, D. W. (2008) Metaphysics: The Big Questions (Wiley) Introduction to theories of properties Armstrong (1989) Universals: An Opinionated Introduction. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Frege, G. 1980: "Function and Concept", in Geach and Black 1980, pp. 21-41. Hawthorne, J. (2001) Causal Structuralism Philosophical Perspectives, 15, Metaphysics. Oliver, Alex (1996) The Metaphysics of Properties Mind, Vol. 105, No. 417, pp. 1-80 Quine, W.V.O. 1951: "Ontology and Ideology". Philosophical Studies 2 pp. 11-5. Rodriguez-Pereyra, Gonzalo, "Nominalism in Metaphysics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/nominalism-metaphysics/> Sober, E. (1982) Why Logically Equivalent Predicates May Pick out Different Properties American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Apr., 1982), pp. 183-189 [Discusses causal roles of predicates, to show that triangularity =/= trilaterality.] Swoyer, C. (1996) Theories of Properties: From Plenitude to Paucity, Philosophical Perspectives, 10: 243 264. van Inwagen, P. A theory of properties in D. Zimmerman, ed., Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, vol. 1, 2004. Universals and Particulars Forrest, P. 1993: "Just Like Quarks? The Status of Repeatables", in Bacon, Campbell and Reinhardt 1 993, Ontology, Causality and Mind: Essays in Honour of D.M. Armstrong. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 45-72. Hoffman, J. and Rosenkrantz, G. S. (2003) Platonistic Theories of Universals in The Oxford Handbook of Metaphysics [Discusses lots of paraphrases; skip section 4] Jubien, Michael 1989a: "On Properties and Property Theory", in Chierchia, Partee and Turner( eds.) 1989, Properties, Types and Meaning Volume 1. Dordrecht: Kluwer pp. 159-75. Loux, M. J. (1998, 2002) Chapters 1-2 Plato: Phaedo 73c 76c; 78c 79a --- Parmenedies 128e 135c Macbride, F. (2005) The Particular-Universal Distinction: A Dogma of Metaphysics? Mind 144 Quinton, Anthony 1958: 'Properties and Classes". Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 58, pp. 33-58. Metaphysics PHI225 6/

Ramsey, F. P. (1925) Universals Mind, New Series, Vol. 34, No. 136 (Oct., 1925), pp. 401-417 Russell, B. (1912) The Problems of Philosophy chapters 9 & 10 Urmson, J. O. 1986: Russell on Universals", in Vesey, G. 1986 Philosophers Ancient and Modern (Cambridge), pp. 245-58. Armstrong on Universals Armstrong, D.M. 1978a: Nominalism and Realism: Universals and Scientific Realism Volume I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. --- 1978b: A Theory of Universals: Universals and Scientific Realism Volume II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. --- 1983: What is a Law of Nature?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. --- 1986:" In Defence of Structural Universals". Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 64, 1, pp. 85-8. Armstrong, D. M. 2004. Truth and Truthmakers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lewis, D. 1986b: "Comment on Armstrong and Forrest". Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 64, 1, pp. 92-3. Mumford, S. (2007) David Armstrong (Acumen) Nerlich, Graham 1976: "Universals: Escaping Armstrong's Regresses". Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 54, 1, pp. 58-64. Possible worlds Divers, J (2002) Possible Worlds (Routledge) [Parts I and II] Divers, John, 1995. Modal fictionalism cannot deliver possible worlds semantics, Analysis, 55/2: 81 88. Forrest, Peter 1986: "Ways Worlds Could Be". Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 64, 1, pp. 15-24. Hall, Ned, "David Lewis's Metaphysics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2012/entries/lewis-metaphysics/>. Lewis, D. 1973: Counterfactuals. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. --- 1986a: "Against Structural Universals" Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 64, 1, pp. 25-46. --- 1986b: On the Plurality of Worlds. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Melia, J. (2003) Modality (Acumen) Rosen, G., 1990. Modal Fictionalism, Mind, 99/395: 327 354. Stalnaker, R. C. (2003) Ways a World Might Be: Metaphysical and Anti-Metaphysical Essays (OUP) Metaphysics PHI225 7/

Lewis on properties and universals Armstrong, D. 1989 Chapters 1 & 2 of Universals: An Opinionated Introduction. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Hirsch, Eli 1993: Dividing Reality. New York: Oxford University Press Lewis, D. (1983) New work for a theory of universals Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 61:4, 343-377 --- 1986: On the Plurality of Worlds. Section 1.5 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell.) Taylor, B. 1993: "On Natural Properties in Metaphysics". Mind, 102, 405, pp. 81-100. Intrinsic properties Cameron, P. Ross (2009), Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties, in Robin Le Poidevin, Peter Simons, Andrew McGonigal, and Ross Cameron (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Metaphysics, London: Routledge. Denby, A. D. (2006), The Distinction Between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties, Mind, 115: 1-17. Hawthorne, J. (2001) Intrinsic Properties and Natural Relations Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 63, No. 2 pp. 399-403 Langton, R. and Lewis, D. 1998. Defining `Intrinsic'." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 58:333-345. ---- (2001) Marshall and Parsons on Intrinsic Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 63, No. 2 Marshall, D. and Parsons, J. (2001) Langton and Lewis on "Intrinsic" Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 63, No. 2 Lewis, D. (1983) Extrinsic Properties Philosophical Studies 44 --- 2001. Redefining `Intrinsic'." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 63:381-398. Sider, T. (2001) Maximality and Intrinsic Properties Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 357-364 Weatherson, B. (2001) Intrinsic Properties and Combinatorial Principles Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 365-380 Weatherson, Brian and Marshall, Dan, "Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Properties", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/intrinsicextrinsic/>. Yablo, S. (1999), Intrinsicness, Philosophical Topics, 26: 479-505. Concept Nominalism Armstrong, D. 1978,Chapters 2 & 3 of Nominalism and Realism (Universals and Scientific Realism Volume I). Cambridge University Press. Swoyer, C. Conceptualism in Universals, Concepts and Qualities: New Essays on the Meaning of Predicates. Ashgate. pp.127-154 Metaphysics PHI225 8/

Resemblance Nominalism Armstrong, D. 1989 Chapter 3 of Universals: An Opinionated Introduction. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Paseau, A. (2012) Resemblance theories of properties Philosophical Studies 157:361 382 Rodriguez-Pererya, G. (2002) Resemblance Nominalism: A Solution to the Problem of Universals (OUP) Trope theory Armstrong, D. 1989 Chapter 6 of Universals: An Opinionated Introduction. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Bacon, John, "Tropes", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/tropes/>. Campbell, Keith 1981:" The Metaphysic of Abstract Particulars", in French, Uehling Jr and Wettstein 1981, Midwest Studies in Philosophy Volume VI: The Foundations of Analytic Philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press pp. 477-88. --- 1990: Abstract Particulars. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Daly, Chris 1994: "Tropes". Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 94, pp. 254-61. Levinson, J (2006) Why there are no tropes Philosophy, Volume 81, Issue 04 pp. 563-580 Loux, M. J. (1998, 2002) Chapter 2 Maurin, Anna-Sofia (2002) If Tropes (Dordrecht: Kluwer) Simons, Peter 1994:" Particulars in Particular Clothing: Three Trope Theories of Substance". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 54, 3, pp. 553-75. Williams, D.C. 1953a: "On the Elements of Being: I". Review of Metaphysics, 7, 1, pp. 3-18. --- 1953b:" On the Elements of Being: II". Review of Metaphysics, 7, 2, pp. 171-92. --- 1986: "Universals and Existents". Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 64, 1, pp. 1-14. Dates from about 1959. Ostrich Nominalism Armstrong, D. M. 1980:" Against 'Ostrich Nominalism': A Reply to Michael Devitt". Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 61, 4, pp. 440-9. Devitt, Michael 1980: "'Ostrich Nominalism' or 'Mirage Realism'?". Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 61, 4, pp. 433-9. Goodman, N. 1970:" Seven Strictures on Similarity", in Foster and Swanson 1970, pp. 19-29. --1986: "Nominalisms" in Hahn and Schilpp 1986, pp. 159-61. Hahn, L.E. and Schilpp. P.A. (eds.) 1986: The Philosophy of W. V. Quine. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Jackson, F. (1977) Statements about Universals i, New Series, Vol. 86, No. 343 (Jul., 1977), pp. 427-429 Metaphysics PHI225 9/

Loux, M. J. (1998, 2002) Chapter 2 Quine, W. V. O. 1980: "On What There Is", in his From a Logical Point of View, second edition, revised. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, pp. 1-19. Originally published in 1953. --- 1980b Soft Impeachment Disowned, Pacific philosophical quarterly 61 pp. 450-1 Quine, W.V.O a nd Goodman, Nelson 1947: "Steps Towards a Constructive Nominalism". Journal of Symbolic Logic, 12, 4, pp. 105-22. Van Cleve, J. (1994) Predication Without Universals? A Fling with Ostrich Nominalism Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Sep., 1994), pp. 577-590 Truthmakers Armstrong, D. M. 2004. Truth and Truthmakers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Beebee, H. and Dodd, J. (2005) Truthmakers: The Contemporary Debate (OUP) Fox, John F. 1987: "Truthmaker" Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 65, 2,pp. 188-207 Lewis, D. (2001) Truthmaking and Difference-Making NOÛS 35:4 pp.602 615 Lowe, E.J. and Rami, A. (2008) Truth and Truth-Making (Acumen) Maurin, Anna-Sofia (2002) If Tropes (Dordrecht: Kluwer) Merricks, T. (2007) Truth and Ontology (OUP) Molnar, G. (2000) Truthmakers for Negative Truths Australasian Journal of Philosophy 78: 72-86 Mulligan, Kevin and Correia, Fabrice, "Facts", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), forthcoming URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/facts/>. Mulligan, K., Simons, P., and Smith, B. 1984: "Truth-Makers". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 44, 3, pp. 287-321. Rodriguez-Pereyra, G. (2006) Truthmakers Philosophy Compass 1/2: 186 200 Metaphysics PHI225 10