A wind, bringing willow-cotton, sweetens the shop, And a girl from Wu, pouring wine, urges me to share it With my comrades of the city who are here to see me off; And as each of them drains his cup, I say to him in parting, Oh, go and ask this river running to the east If it can travel farther than a friend's love!
LI PO (701-62) T'ang dynasty
Yongle Encyclopedia Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) first Encyclopedia Leishu category books Encyclopedia Commissioned by Yongle Emperor 1360-1424) Third emperor of the Ming Dynasty 2,169 scholars finished it in 1408 Included more than 8000 texts; 22,937 manuscript rolls Agriculture, drama, history, religion, medicine, literature, etc. Chinese classical texts: Four Books and Five Classics
Lost 3.5 % only survives 1860 Anglo-French invasion of Beijing
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) The first post-mongol (Yuan dynasty: Kublai Khan (r.1260-1294)) Relative social and state stability Zheng He (1371-1433) Encountered European expansion: Portuguese & the Dutch Influx of crops, plants, and animals into China
Forbidden City Zijin Cheng Constructed 1406 to 1420
MMW 13 Lecture 7, April 23
Tuesday & Thursday Next week Loss: Aristotle s book of comedy Loss: LIFE (the Plague)
Today s Lecture India and the Indian Ocean Basin The Song Modernity & (briefly) the Ming in East Asia Korea; Japan
July Summer session 1
DEI Course
4pm (?)
Global interconnectivity before 1500 Southernization 14 th Century: 1. Silk Road (Central Asia-Mesopotamia) 2. Baltic-Mediterranean Sea ( Genoa, Padua, Florence, Venice) 3. (Mediterrean) Trans-Sahran caravan traffic (gold; slaves) 4. Swahili cities (east Africa), Arabian peninsula, Persian Gulf to China. 5. Indian Ocean
After 1500 Transatlantic
After 1500 Transpacific
India and the Indian Ocean Basin
Post-Gupta India (320-550 C.E) Southernization Unknown.jpeg
A collage Collage of micro-cultures, (mini) cultures that had their own autonomy and yet intermingled with others.
1000-1500 Civilization of India (and China) more advanced than Europe India faced a series of invasions: Islamization (from Central Asia) European colonialism (18 th century)
Chola Empire 300s BCE-1279 CE
Southern Kingdoms: Hindu states Chola Kingdom (850-1267) expanded because of sea trade, dominated South China Sea and Arabian Sea. Gave considerable autonomy to local rulers. Traded with the Chinese. spread the cultic aspects of the Hindu religion
Arab Trade with Subcontinent
India s regional divide Unlike China, no centralized imperial power. North-South divide North: unstable Rajputs ( kings sons ) A Hindu warrior caste Chivalry, courage culture South: stable, though highly fragmented. dependent on the sea
Hoysala Empire (1026-1343)
Flowering of architecture, art and religion Folklore: Sala fights a lion Agrarian economy, which the state relied on through taxation Sagar artificial reservoir Exported spices, medicinal plants, precious stones, pottery, rhino horn, salt, gold, rhino horn, perfumes, camphor, sandalwood, etc.
Siraf
Aden, Yemen
Nanjing
Chennakesava temple at Somanathapura Narasimha III (r.1263-1292)
Sculptural details
Supreme God Krishna
Nexus City, market and temple nexus Pattana (Towns) Halebidu: Capital of Hosayala Empire Locals Jews, Persians, Arabs, Armenians
Vijayanagar (1336-1664) Deccan Plateau Harihara and Bukka: later converted to Hinduism and promoted the religion as a unifying factor. Vijayanag City of Victory Centralized: Rajya (Provinces) Hampi: Village; temple
I. Society and caste
Village as a political unit
Caste and Political Society Caste System: social stratification found in the Vedic period :1500 B.C.E.- 500 B.C.E. system as social classes or caste (Varna) based on hereditary groups (bloodline or kinship ties), divided into sub-categories Jāti: birth in the form of occupational segregation (thousand versions) Varna Brahmins: highest priestly class Kshatriyas: ruling military elite Vaishyas: agriculture and cattle-rearing; landowners, traders even money lenders Shudras: lowest and largest caste group, service workers, unskilled workers, even slaves Endogamy: marriage in a certain group (self-segregation through marriage)
Dalits (The untouchables) Outside of the caste system 167 million Dalits in today s India
Caste Function Division of labor, especially for foreigners and migrants established codes of conduct for behavior which helped people order their work and their relationships with others in the same or other classes. Subcasts (jati): worker s guilds. Merchants and manufactures organized powerful guilds.
M. N. Srinivas (1916-1999) NOT RIGID! Caste in Modern India and other essays (1962)
Caste System
Gender patriarchal system was prevalent but women enjoyed a position of respect and reverence Religious institution: gift giving, public active participation in temple life
Hindu Temples Economic centers. Organized agricultural activities. Provided schooling delivered tax receipts to the Hindu rulers and did other community activities.
Sati
Kerala: Southwestern India Practiced Polyandry, a marriage of one woman to several husbands.
II. Economy 1) Agricultural production: with the increase in agricultural yields, people began to trade more and manufacture goods (rather than produce food). 2) Network of sea-lanes and port-cities: a) Innovation in maritime technology b) Trade brought water management systems for irrigation (in the south)
Oceanic Trade Dhows and Junks Emporia:
Manufacturing: cloths, textiles, pottery, leather goods, and jewelry
Agriculture & irrigation Southern India: arid land without rivers like the Indus or the Ganges. Dams, reservoirs, canals, wells and tunnels. Reservoir: Artificial lakes (250 square miles). Therefore: Rise of agricultural goods and population!!!
Urbanization By 1500 the subcontinent had a population of 105 million. 1) Internal Trade: a) Rise of cities led to an increase in b) trade: caravan and sea routes (coastal towns like Calicut and Quilon flourished). 2) Maritime trade:
Lucknow
Rajput dynastic orders Emerged in political importance in the 7 th century Landowners and patrilineal clans in central and northern India Descendent of warrior ruling class, but in reality varied in class status
Islam and the Indian subcontinent Mahmud (971-1030) ruler of a Turkish dynasty based at Ghazni in eastern Afghanistan 1001 the first of numerous invasions of modern day Pakistan 1041 Kashmir 1025 Hindu, Buddhist and Jain kingdoms of Nagarkot, Thanesar, and Ujjain, but left them as vassal states
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) Five dynastic rules, Turkish origins based in Delhi (northern India) Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1413) an era of temple destruction and desecration Indo-Islamic Architecture:
Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526)
Islam Appeal: egalitarianism & pragmatic (to improve their economic situation). Sufism (& Hinduism) a) Mysticism: Divine as self. b) Spiritual Authority: Pir and Guru Cross-fertilized sects The Bhakti Movement: Southern India. a) Cult of love and devotion. b) Fused with Islamic values (as moved to the north) c) Shiva, Vishnu and Allah were all manifestations of a single deity.
Shi i Islam
Sikhism Guru Nanak (1469-1539)
Make a note India s contribution, in terms of religion, in terms of economics, in terms of trade, CANNOT be detached from
Buddhism 624 BCE Nepal; formerly parts of India (Lumbini)
Tang Dynasty (618-907) The Silk Road revived Chinese maritime presence Southernization
Xuanzang (d. 664)
What role did Tang China play in the Eurasian world? 1) Technological advancements: woodblock printing text 2)The Mongols adopt their advanced urban civilization and spread it across Eurasia. 3) Cosmopolitanism: cross-fertilization of cultures and religions.
Song (960-1279 Restored unity in China and made China the richest, most populous civilization Economic cultivation through Agricultural production 1279 conquered by Kublia Khan
Tang-Song China Legacy 1) Revival of centralized imperial order. 2) Spread of religions and ideas. 3) Expansive market-based economy (not agricultural) 4) Major technological and industrial advancements.
Song State bureaucracy Political order: emperors legitimized sovereignty upon long-established bureaucratic structures Middle Kingdom : emperor ruling as the son of Heaven, an intermediary between the divine world and earthly spheres of human existence. Middle kingdom as the highest form of civilization Since Han, an extensive system of bureaucracy of Confucian scholars administrated all aspects of society, except the miltiary
Meritocracy: Merit-based Examination and civil service Candidates all male, competed for positions based on performance and not connection to carry out responsibility of governance Imperial Examination: very tough! Benefits: 1. Centralized the state 2. Created political stability, promoted Good governance, but not necessarily democratic in the modern sense
Compass Textile machinery (spinning wheel) Gunpowder (Navy) Printing
Song Economic Accomplishments Banknotes Developed revolutionary new military technology: Gunpowder Deployment of compass Movable printing press (Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127)
What did the Song NOT do? 1) Major economic and technological advancements did not lead to revolutionize Chinese society? Because it was already self-sufficient. 2) Technology to sail the seas: lacked incentive to sail the world. 3) Despite commercial expansion, kept merchants out of major industries. 4) Peaceful relations with neighboring nomadic societies: big mistake! Mongols
Late Medieval Korea
Kingdom of Goryeo (918 1392) Wang Geon (877-943) Goryeo capitulated to the Mongols
Yi Song-gye (1335-1408) Founder of the Choson (Yi) dynasty, longest imperial dynasty (1392-1910) Hanyang (Seoul) Centralized state and promoted agricultural economy and society. Defended Japanese (1500s) and Chinese (1600s) invasions Isolationist policy ( the Hermit Kingdom )
Late Medieval Japan 1200-1500
Mongol failure 1274 & 1281 300 to 600 vessels, 40,000 soldiers Divine wind : Typhoon
Kamikaze
Kamakura period (1185 1333) centralized Muromachi (1333 1568) decentralized, erosion of imperial governance, a shift in the exercise of power within the established ruling circles Relative economic prosperity: population boom (10 million)
Shogunate Military rule or dictator 12 th century competing bands of feudal lords Barbarian-subduing generalissimo
Noh Supernatural beings transformed into human form as heroes (telling a story)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5j87foiwy0