Chapter 7 Indian Civilization Hinduism and Buddhism

Chapter 7 Indian Civilization Hinduism and Buddhism

Early India 2500 to 1500 B.C.E The first known Indigenous people of the Indus valley were known as the Dasas, or Pre-Aryan. They built complex cities around the Indus and Ganges Rivers The Vedic Period 1500 to 300 B.C.E Sometime around 1500 B.C.E. peoples from Russia and Central Asia begin to settle in Northern India. Brought early forms of language, Sanskrit and Hinduism.

Hinduism Ganesha (centre) with Shiva (top left), Devi (top right), Vishnu (bottom left) and Surya (bottom right); The word Hinduism derives from the word Sindhu, the Sanskrit name for the Indus River. The Indus and the Ganges River were used to purify... Hindu worship focuses on a pantheon of gods/supernatural In Hinduism the ideal life has four basic basic goals: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcrzr6anhfw 1) Dharma: human righteousness 2) Artha: accumulation of success 3) Kama: pursuit of spiritual love 4) Moksha: release from pleasure

Hindu Gods At the Center of Hindu religious thought is the idea of BRAHMAN (sometimes called Brahmanism) Brahman is best explained in 3 Gods: 1. Brahma: source of being the creator 1. Vishnu: the preserver, forgiveness, and love 1. Shiva: the destroyer, disease and death Brahma, the god who created knowledge and then universe

Hindu Gods cont. Vishnu is usually described as having dark complexion of waterfilled clouds and having four arms. He is depicted as a pale blue being, as are his incarnations Rama and Krishna. Vishnu holds a lotus flower in his lower left hand. Mace in his lower right hand. Conch in his upper left hand. Discus weapon in the upper right hand Four Armed Vishnu

Vishnu cont The Sudarshana Chakra is a spinning, disk-like weapon with 108 serrated edges used by the Hindu god Vishnu. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tkt-dkp07m Four Armed Vishnu

Hindu Gods cont. The main iconographical attributes of Shiva are the third eye on his forehead, the snake Vasuki around his neck, the adorning crescent moon, the holy river Ganga flowing from his matted hair, the trishula as his weapon and the damaru as his musical instrument. The word is derived from the Sanskrit root śarv-, which means "to injure" or "to kill. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqc1qrfsbba

Hindu Class Structure Among the worship of multiple gods and natural forces, the social structure of India is largely based on the division of society into four distinct classes, or castes Brahmins - Priests Kshatriyas - Warriors Vaishyas - Merchants Shudras - Servants Group of Brahmanas, 1913 Dalits, or outcasts fall outside of the main four Untouchables

Brahmins Priests At the top of the social order, the Brahmins serve as Hindu Society s priests, leaders, seers, and religious authorities Brahmins attained the highest spiritual knowledge Begin the study of the vedras early in childhood Responsible for religious rituals in temples and homes Births, weddings, birthdays, pilgrimages, etc.

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Kshatriyas - Warriors In ancient times were Hindu society s kings and aristocratic warriors, but more recently have been its administrators, politicians, and civil authorities. It was considered their duty (dharma) to acquire knowledge of weapons and governance. The science of weaponry (dhanurveda) was one of the 13 branches of learning. Allowed to take up trade and choose their wives.

Untouchables The Dalits, are seen as untouchable and therefore avoided by members of other castes. The word "Dalit means "ground", "suppressed, or "broken". The untouchables clean the streets, sewers, and vegetation Clean up after major events and dispose of the dead Dalits are born into their status

Dharavi is a slum in Mumbai, founded in the 1880s during the British colonial era. The colonial government expelled Dalits, along with their traditional profession of leather and tannery work, from Mumbai (Bombay) peninsula to create Dharavi. Currently, about 20% of the Dharavi population are Dalits, compared to 16% nationwide. Dalits live together with other castes, tribes, and Muslims, who constitute 33% of Dharavi's population.

Dharavi has severe problems with public health, due to the scarcity of toilet facilities, due in turn to the fact that most housing and 90% of the commercial units in Dharavi are illegal. As of November 2006 there was only one toilet per 1,440 residents in Dharavi. Mahim Creek, a local river, is widely used by local residents for urination and defecation, leading to the spread of contagious diseases. The area also suffers from problems with inadequate drinking water supply.

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Buddhism One of the most widely practiced religions/philosophies that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on the teachings of Siddhārtha Gautama, more commonly known as Buddah. Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern part of India sometime between the 6 th & 4 th centuries BCE. The ultimate goal is the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana, or ENLIGHTENMENT. The three Jewels of Buddhism: Buddha, Dharma, Sangha

The Buddah The Buddha's birthplace is argued to be in Lumbini His father, is said to be King Śuddhodana head of the Shakya clan The center capital of the Shakya was Kapilavastu Given the name Siddhartha "he who achieves his aim. Baby would either become a great king or a holy man.

The Dharma In Buddhism dharma means "cosmic law and order, and is applied to the teachings of the Buddha The Four Noble Truths are at the center of Buddhist teachings. 1. The truth of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness). 2. The origin of dukkha, selfishness, and desire 3. The cessation of dukkha

At the age of 35, Siddhartha sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment. After many days, he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind, thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth, and arose as a fully enlightened being (Skt. samyaksaṃbuddha).

Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population. China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population. They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.