World History, October 20 Entry Task: on your notes - what comes to your mind with the words PROTEST and REFORM? Announcements: - Spirit Day - pass around sign in sheet - Finish up from yesterday (5th period) - turn in! - Did you turn in your Machiavelli packet?
Holbein s (Hul-bain) The French Ambassadors National Gallery in London Education = loss of faith Text - Luther Painting represents this conflict Memento mori (remember you must die)
Reformation - at a glance - PROTEST and REFORM - Motivations were both religious and political - Continent-wide movement - 1517 Martin Luther posted 95 Theses - Northern Europe embraced PROTESTANTISM (new ideas + desire to limit influence of Catholic church) - Religious wars will rage for 100+ years
Reformation - PROTEST and REFORM - Motivations were both religious and political - Continent-wide movement - 1517 Martin Luther posted 95 Theses - Northern Europe embrased PROTESTANTISM (new ideas + desire to limit influence of Catholic church) - Religious wars will rage for 100+ years
Reformation - PROTEST and REFORM - Motivations were both religious and political - Continent-wide movement - 1517 Martin Luther posted 95 Theses - Northern Europe embrased PROTESTANTISM (new ideas + desire to limit influence of Catholic church) - Religious wars will rage for 100+ years
Was the Pope to blame? Alexander VI (1492-1503): - bribed his way into the position - had string of mistresses and illegitimate children - Put family and ambition ahead of religion - Poisoned at a dinner party Julius II (1503-13): - known as the warrior Pope - conflicted with France and Holy Roman Empire Pope Leo X (1513-21): - Obsessed with re-building St. Peter s basilica in Rome
Don t forget... - Church owned ⅓ lands in Europe - The Pope claimed authority over all the kings in Europe - Kings want more $ and power BUT worldliness and corruption - local examples - Many priests were uneducated or illiterate - Priests, monks, and nuns broke vows not to marry, have children - Clergy behaved like royalty
Remember... - Simony + Nepotism - Indulgences - Excessive Papal wealth
Early Reformers John Wycliffe (died 1384) - English Reformer, teacher at Oxford - translated Bible into English in 1382 - Argued that Scriptures were the one true authority & attacked indulgences - Protected by King Henry IV; burned his BONES 40 yrs later (declared heretic)
Early Reformers Jan Hus (died 1415) or John Huss - Bohemian (Czech) reformer - attacked corruption in church - wanted to reform communion - refused to recant his ideas - burned at the stake - Hussites (followers) Wars - defeated 5 Papal crusades (1420-31)
Early Reformers Desiderius Erasmus Humanist - Northern Renaissance - wrote The Praise of Folly - included abuses by the clergy - Erasmus laid the egg, and Luther hatched it.
Luther s Background Luther struck by lightning, during a plague outbreak - struck a bargain with God, joined a monastery - took his role very seriously (gave 100%) - i.e. slept out in the snow, flagellation, etc. Luther traveled to Rome 1510-27:00 - Martin Luther - PBS Documentary Part 1 of 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyvrpip4qsa https://www.youtube.com/watch?
Luther s Background Luther traveled to Rome: - Describe his experience. Confession - 4x per day sent to University of Wittenberg
World History, October 21 Entry Task: Please take out your notes from yesterday and turn to p. 172 in your textbook. Announcements: - Spirit Day - pass around sign in sheet - Finish up from yesterday - how did Tetzel sell the indulgences (strategy)?
Johann Tetzel: Indulgences As soon as a coin in the coffer rings...a soul from Purgatory springs. 3 marks - ½ years wages for a laborer
Martin Luther s 95 Theses Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther s Basic Beliefs Church rituals didn t have the power to save souls Denied the church had any spiritual powers (priesthood was a human invention) Priesthood of all believers (their opinions are just as important) ENTER...the Printing Press Over 2,000 editions of Luther s writings appeared between 1517 and 1526 - pamphlets, posters, etc.
Martin Luther s Basic Beliefs Luther translated sacred texts into German (1534)
Excommunication - 1521 - Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther - Luther finds protection under Frederick III (Saxony) Lucas Cranach the Younger Luther and the Wittenberg Reformers
Excommunication - Diet of Worms (1521) - Luther refuses to recant - forbidden from selling writings - Charles V labels him an outlaw
Peasants War Peasants rebelled, refused to pay taxes, pillaged Church lands, and raised an army (300,000) - Revolutionary Proclamation - 12 Articles echoed Luther s language: serfdom was invented by men, with no basis in scripture Up to 100,000 were killed in the German Peasants War of 1525! Luther: spiritual concept only Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants - kings and princes were put in place by God (stability and success)
Power struggle How can Kings get the upper hand if they join the Protestant movement? Confiscate lands/wealth, collect taxes (instead of being paid to the Church), and use the land for themselves
Example: Duchy of Prussia Grand Master Albert of the Teutonic monks in Poland - met Luther in person By breaking with the church, he was able to seize the Church assets within his territory, bolster military might, and helped him to settle the war favorably Also, he was now a DUKE (get married and produce heirs) - founded the House of Hohenzollern (unified and ruled German Empire)
Frederick (Saxon elector) Catholic King gave the choice between lands and faith (he chose FAITH)
Sir Thomas More - did not sanction Henry VIII s break with the Pope (he chose execution)
Sir Thomas More - did not sanction Henry VIII s break with the Pope (he chose execution)
Huldrych Zwingli - Switzerland Wanted Christians to focus on the Bible - not on relics, saints, or images - No paintings or statues - Services were simple - no music or singing
Calvinism - John Calvin TOTAL DEPRAVITY of human beings PREDESTINATION - God controls all. FREE WILL - incompatible with God s sovereignty PLAIN CLOTHES - Fashion is a sign of vanity ICONOCLASM - Removal of Statues & Paintings from Church LIMITED ATONEMENT - Only for the Elect
King Henry VIII - Leads England s Protestant Reformation - His reasons for breaking from the Catholic Church were personal: divorce from his 1st wife and the church forbade it (had 6 total) and he was tired of sharing power with the Pope
Comparing Religious Orders Catholic Lutheran Anglican Calvin Pope; hierarchy of priests & bishops no central leadership King is head; priests and bishops Ministers ordained by God Clergy Only clergy can interpret scripture Priesthood of all believers Priests can marry & believers can interpret Ministers, elders, deacons Sacraments 7 Sacraments Communion, baptism, and Absolution Communion & baptism Communion & baptism Achievement of Salvation Faith and Good Works Good works come Faith and works from justification; one can repent fully Wealth is evidence of justification & good works may or may not be; predestination Church & State Pope is the leader Be obedient to lawful ruler Religious organization is the state Leadership King controls church
Impact of the Reformation - Europe became divided - caused massive turmoil - Examples: Nuns had to leave convents, Divorce was allowed, lands seized, Kings more power - German language stabilized - Individual conscience - the idea of liberty - Scientific discoveries - By 1525: Reformation lost some popular appeal - Counter-Reformation - 1540s - Pilgrims - America