2 Corinthians 5:6-10, 14-17 (5:6) Θαρροῦντες present active participle θαρρέω = (increasing in frequency beside θαρσέω) be confident, be courageous under BAGD 352a. εἰδότες perfect active participle οἶδα. ἐνδημοῦντες present active participle ἐνδημέω = be at home (in our literature only figurative) under BAGD 263a. σῶμα, ατος, τό = body (of a man or animal), dead body, corpse (so always in Homer and often later), the living body under BAGD 799a. ἐκδημέω = leave one s country, take a long journey, leave, get away from, be in a strange land underbagd 238a. Grammatical note = Participles. Imperatival. Sometimes the participle functions independently as an imperative. This is grammatically different from attendant circumstance where a participle is used as an imperative if the main verb is also an imperative. In this case, the participle is not dependent on a main verb but functions as the main verb. One view is that the imperatival participle is used in order to communicate a softer, gentler appeal than the imperative mood. This view, however, has recently been challenged by Travis Williams who maintains that the function is used to engage the volition of the recipients in order to direct them toward a particular action and thus, the participle use is essentially equivalent to the finite imperative. He concludes, Most who have dealt with the issue have assumed that an author s employment of a form other than the finite verb brings with it a weakened force, or that in some sense he/she is holding back his/her authority. An examination of the evidence that this is not the case, however. Most of the NT occurrences are found in Romans 12 and 1 Peter. The participle can also function independently as an indicative but we will not treat this category separately. An example of a participle used as indicative is found in For more examples, see 2 Corinthians 5:6 (θαρρουντες, εἰδοτες). See KMP, 338-39 and n50. (5:7)
πίστις, εως, ἡ = faith, trust, faithfulness, reliability, solemn promise, oath, troth, proof, pledge under BAGD 662a. περιπατέω = go about, walk around, (figurative) (of the) walk of life, live, conduct oneself under BAGD 649a. εἶδος, ους, τό = form, outward appearance, kind (active) seeing, sight under BAGD 221a. (5:8) εὐδοκέω = be well pleased under BAGD 319a. μᾶλλον = more, rather, to a greater degree, for a better reason, rather, sooner, more (surely), more (certainly) under BAGD 489a. ἐκδημῆσαι aorist active infinitive ἐκδημέω. ἐνδημῆσαι aorist active infinitive ἐνδημέω. (5:9) διό = (inferential conjunction) therefore, for this reason under BAGD 198b. φιλοτιμέομαι = have as one s ambition, consider it an honor, aspire (with infinitive following) under BAGD 861b. ἐνδημοῦντες present active participle ἐνδημέω. ἐκδημοῦντες present active participle ἐκδημέω. εἶναι present active infinitive. εὐάρεστος, ον = pleasing, acceptable, (in our literature almost without exception to God, to whom something is acceptable), (of slaves) εὐ. εἶναι give satisfaction (to their masters), well thought of under BAGD 318b. Rare. (5:10)
φανερωθῆναι aorist passive infinitive φανερόω = reveal, make known, show (passive) become visible (or) known, be revealed under BAGD 852b-. βῆμα, ατος, τό = step, stride, tribunal, speaker s platform under BAGD 140a. κομίσηται aorist middle subjunctive κομίζω = (active) bring (middle) carry off, get (for oneself), receive, get back, recover under BAGD 442b. ἔπραξεν aorist active πράσσω = (transitive do, accomplish (often used without distinction between itself and ποιειν), (of taxes, duties, interest) collect (intransitive) be, be situated under BAGD 698a. φαῦλος, η, ον = worthless, bad, evil, base, (in a moral sense), (in a physical sense) under BAGD 854b. Similar to רע in Biblical Hebrew which does not only express bad, evil but also sick, unhealthy. (5:14) συνέχω = hold together, sustain something, close by holding (together), stop (transitive) shut, press hard, crowd someone, hold (in custody), (of untoward circumstances) seize, attack, distress, torment someone, distress, suffering from something (of sickness), (of unpleasant emotional states), seized, occupied with (or) absorbed in something under BAGD 789a. κρίναντας aorist active participle κρίνω = separate, distinguish (then) select, prefer, judge, think, consider look upon (with double accusative), reach a decision, decide, propose, intend, (as a legal term) judge, decide, hale before a court, condemn, (also) hand over for judicial punishment (in a forensic sense), (of a human court) (middle or passive) dispute, quarrel, debate, go to law, (of the divine tribunal), (occupied by men, who have been divinely commissioned to judge: the 12 apostles judge the 12 tribes), see to it that justice is done, judge, pass judgment upon, express an opinion about, (especially in an unfavorable sense) pass an unfavorable judgment upon, criticize, find fault with, condemn under BAGD 451a. ἀπέθανεν aorist active ἀποθνῄσκω = die (of natural death), (of animals and plants), (of mystical death), be about to die, face death, be mortal under BAGD 91a.
ἀπέθανον aorist active ἀποθνῄσκω. What is the difference between the ἀπέθανεν and ἀπέθανον? Grammatical note = Genitive Case. Verbal Use. The verbal use of the genitive occurs when the genitive is related to a head noun that communicates an action and could be transformed into a verb. We may distinguish (1) the subjective genitive and (2) the objective genitive. This distinction has recently been the subject of considerable scholarly debate with regard to the question as to whether the Pauline phrase πιστις Χριστου is best translated as faith in Christ (objective genitive) or the faithfulness of Christ (subjective genitive). In addition, some grammars also discuss the plenary genitive, in which the genitive appears to be both subjective and objective; examples cited include 2 Corinthians 5:14 Subjective Genitive. When a genitive noun is attached to a head noun having an inherent verbal quality (love, anger, desire), then the genitive often functions as the subject of that verbal idea. For example, if the expression love of God could be rearranged to God loves x and maintain accurately the author s intent, then of God is a subjective genitive. One of the many examples in the NT can be found in 2 Cor 5:14, which states, For the love of Christ controls us (ἡ γαρ ἀγαπη του Χριστου συνεχει ἡμας). See KMP, 96-97 and n39. (5:15) ζῶντες present active participle ζάω = live (of physical life in contrast to death), (of dead persons who return to life) become alive again, (of sick persons, if their illness terminates not in death but in recovery) be well, recover under BAGD 336a. ζῶσιν present active subjunctive ζάω. ἀποθανόντι aorist active participle ἀποθνῄσκω. ἐγερθέντι aorist passive participle ἐγείρω = wake, rouse, raise, help to rise (of a person sitting down), lift up, raise up, erect, restore, raise up, bring into being (passive) wake up awaken, be raised, rise under BAGD 214b. Grammatical note = Dative Case. Personal Interest. The dative of interest denotes the person interested in (positively or negatively) the verbal action. That is, the dative of interest conveys either advantage or disadvantage. Many grammarians point out that the dative of interest is only a specialized use of the dative of indirect
object. Consequently, as Brooks and Winbery point out, All datives of advantage or disadvantage are in fact indirect objects, and all indirect objects to a greater or lesser degree express advantage or disadvantage. As Porter rightly notes, the designation dative of advantage or disadvantage combined syntactical and contextual designations, that is, it must be inferred from the context in which a given instance of the dative case occurs. Advantage. The dative of advantage is normally used with the word for, indicating that the action is meant to benefit the recipient. It expresses a favorable personal relation. 2 Corinthians 5:15 And He died for all so that those who live should no longer live for themselves, but for the One who died for them and [for the One who] was raised. See KMP, 124. (5:16) σάρξ, σάρκος, ἡ = flesh, (literally of the material that covers the bones of a human or animal body), the body (itself viewed as a substance), a man of flesh and blood, human (or) mortal nature, earthly descent under BAGD 743a. This term can be difficult to interpret. Elsewhere Paul clearly does not use it to mean physical bodied existence. But here maybe? ἐγνώκαμεν perfect active γινώσκω = know, come to know under BAGD 160b. Grammatical note = Person and Number. A more common literary use of person related to the first person plural we. There are at least three different functions of we in the NT: (1) an editorial we, (2) the exclusive we, and (3) the inclusive we. The editorial we have the function of I and is similar to many books written in English that use we This use of the first personal plural (sometimes called the epistolary plural ) is often employed in letters or epistles when it seems clear the author is really only referring to himself. For examples, in Rom 1:15 Paul writes, We have received grace and apostleship through Him to bring about the obedience of faith among the nations. For more examples of the editorial we, see 2 Corinthians 5:16. See KMP 191 and n6. I find this odd. As if Koestenberger et al are reluctant to consider that we means we that there might be one person who writes/speaks on behalf of a group or an entire community. (5:17)
καινή, ή, όν = new, (in the sense) unused, (in the sense of something not previously present) unknown, strange, remarkable, (also with the connotation of the marvelous or unheard of), (in contrast to something old), (with no criticism of the old implied), (in the sense that what is old has become obsolete, and should be replaced by what is new, in such a case the new is, as a rule, superior in kind to the old) new (covenant) (or) new (creation) under BAGD 394a. κτίσις, εως, ἡ = creation, that which is created (as the result of that creative act), (of individual things or beings created) creature, (the sum total of everything created) world under BAGD 455b. ἀρχαῖος, α, ον = ancient, old, (of what has exited from the beginning or for a very long time) old, established, long standing, (of what was in former times) under BAGD 111a. παρῆλθεν aorist active παρέρχομαι = go by, pass by, (literal) (of persons with accusative) someone (or) something, (of time) pass, (figurative) pass away, come to an end, disappear, pass by, transgress, neglect, disobey something, (of suffering or misfortune) pass (without touching), get by unnoticed, escape, go through, pass thrugh, come to, come here, come under BAGD 625b. γέγονεν perfect active γίνομαι. καινά 1 Grammatical note = For the most part, the Greek verb will agree with the subject of the sentence in both person and number (concord). There are occasions when the subject and the verb do not agree (discord). Perhaps the most common example of discord is when a neuter plural subject takes a singular verb (Greek grammarians referred to this rule as the animals run, which was itself an example of the rule). Because a neuter plural noun often referred to something impersonal, the noun was considered as a collective whole. For more examples of the neuter plural subject with a singular verb, see 2 Corinthians 5:17 (τα ἀρχαια παρηλθεν... γεγονεν καινα). See KMP, 192 and 11. Biblical Hebrew has something similar although I cannot remember the rule at the moment. 1 {B} καινά P 46 א B C D* G Athanasius Ambrose Jerome Augustine Cyril de Promissionibus. καινα τα παντα D e K P ψ (l 809 τα δε) syr +h gotheth pp Marcion John-Damascus. τα παντα καινά 33 81 88 (Amrosiaster) Athanasius Ephraem Priscillian Cassiodorus. παντα τα καινα l 1365.