Topic: Early Civilizations EQ: Why was the Neolithic Revolution significant in 1 history? 2 Why do we study the past? Causes of the Neolithic Revolution - Hunter and gathers scattered seeds = Crops grow - Climate changes - Rise in temperatures - Longer growing seasons and drier land Neolithic Revolution = Shift from gathering food to producing food Neolithic Revolution = the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis Summarize impact Effects of Neolithic Revolution -Created permanent settlements - first cities - Writing System - record keeping - farming and flooding of the rivers - Settled Communities - created common cultures - populations grew - close living = spread of disease Changes Cause & Effect
- 3 4 What is a civilizations? Advanced Technology Civilization a complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structures, religion, and art. Record Keeping Civilizations Complex institutions government, religion, economics Topic: Early Civilizations EQ: How did civilizations arise in early history?? Causes of Civilizations - Farming and domestication (tame) of animals = larger settlements - Flooding of the rivers = rich fertile soil - Food surplus = having more than you need Effects of Civilizations - Developed common political, economic and cultural patterns - Social divisions develop - Ownership of land = wealth - Food Surplus = specialization of labor - Get really good at one task - Religions developed - Polytheistic = believing in many gods - Mathematics - Time Keeping - Metal Working - Monumental Building - Law codes Cities Specialized Workers
EQ: What were the accomplishments of 5 Mesopotamia? 6 Social Structure Pyramid Mesopotamia land between two rivers 3500 BC 1600 BC - Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - flooding = fertile soil - Sumerians arrived and begin irrigation Agriculture - Irrigation = water diverted to the land - Farming and settlement flourished - Food supply increased - Allowed for activities other than farming - Potters, weavers, metal workers,warriors Religion. Monarchy Symbols on clay tablets Mesopotamia Carts, Wheels, Irrigation Religiom - Polythestic = beliving in many gods - 2000 gods - World s oldest faiths - Sumerian rulers = faith - Theocracy = society governed by religious leaders - Ziggurates = stepped-pyramid temple - Temple to please the Gods - Center of each city Medicine, King, Warriors Temple, Wall Achievements Sumerians - The wheel and sailboat - Tools and weapons of copper and bronze - 12 month calendar - Cuneiforms = world s earliest writing system - Symbol writing on clay tablets - The elite could read and write cuneiform - Priest and scribes
Topic: Early Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Ancient Egypt? 7 8 Social Structure Pyramid Ancient Egypt gift of the Nile 3000 BC 500 BC - Farming in desert region - Nile flooding = fertile soil - Made communication easy - Offered protection from invaders - Developed irrigation = large amounts of food Advanced Technology Cities Record Keeping Ancient Egypt Specialized Workers Complex Institutions Government, Religion, Economics Government and Society - Pharaoh (God-King) = most powerful person in Egypt - Absolute ruler - Owned all the land, army, and made laws - Defended Egypt against invaders Monarchy = a system of government where power is inherited. Also Theocracy = government ruled by a religious ruler (God-King) Religion - Polytheistic = believing in many gods - Mummification preserve body after death for afterlife - Pyramids = built as tombs for Pharaohs - Surrounded by gold, jewels, and other precious objects Achievements Egyptians - Hieroglyphics = writing system, pictures & symbols. Appeared on temples, pyramids, and scrolls of paper (papyrus) - Architecture = pyramids, palaces, temples of stone columns - Developed geometry to build pyramids - Developed a calendar based on 365 days - Performed surgical operations
Topic: Early Civilizations EQ: What were the important characteristics of the civilization in the Indus River Valley? 9 10 Social Structure Pyramid Indus River Valley 3000 BC 1500 BC - Located on the banks of the Indus and Ganges River - Developed irrigation = large amounts of food Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro - More than 30,000 people in each city - Developed on grid systems and had sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems Collapse - Indus River changes courses Cities were abandoned - Environment changes = no longer suitable for agriculture Advanced Technology Record Keeping Indus Complex Institutions Government, Religion, Economics Aryans 1500 BC - Indo-European settled in the Indus River Valley - Caste system developed under Aryans to separate Aryan from non-aryan - Sanskrit = the first writing system of the Aryans Religion - Hinduism created by the Aryans, sacred text the Vedas - Polytheistic = believing in many gods Cities Specialized Workers Caste = determine social and economic elements Reincarnation = living things have souls, upon death souls transfer into new living creature Karma = Force generated by a person s action that determines how the people will be reborn. Dharma = Set of rules that need to be followed to be reincarnated up a caste.
- EQ: What were the important characteristics of the 11 civilization of China? 12 Social Structure Pyramid Huang He (Yellow River) - China s first civilizations - Flooding = fertile soil Government Dynasty = ruling family - Shang Dynasty (2000 BC) - Division of class - Importance of family - Shang Kings = military leaders and priests - Offered sacrifices to their royal ancestors Advanced Technology Record Keeping Ancient China Complex Institutions Government, Religion, Economics Achievements - Bronze work - Weapons - Silk from silkworm - Coined money - Ironworks - Great Wall of China - Characters = system of writing - Each character represents an idea - Still used today Cities Specialized Workers
How do the 4 River Civilizations compare to one another? 14
What have I learned about early civilizations? 16
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Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Classical 19 China? 20 Innovations Porcelain Movable type Gunpowder Mechanical clock Paper money Magnetic compass Chinese Junks - large ships Silk Road = trade routes connected China to the Roman Empire = Diffusion - Exported silk, iron, bronze, Confucianism - Imported gold, linen, cloth, glass, ivory, horses, cattle, Buddhism Bureaucracy Organization of government into agencies and departments. Autocracy Government in which the ruler has unlimited power. Zhou Dynasty (1027 BC-256 BC) Nobles ruled through feudalism - 500 BC local nobles fought Zhou for power Mandate of Heaven justifies royal authority and establishes dynastic cycles - Ruler was chosen by Heaven - Would continue to rule if good to people - Heaven would overthrow a bad ruler - Punish by brining floods, riots, or revolts Many early Chinese philosophies were established under the Zhou Confucianism order to China s social life and government - Traditional ways to achieve peace and harmony - Stressed obedience, order, good deeds, and harmony - Filial Piety children should show devotion to their parents Daoism philosophy established by Laozi that addresses order and harmony Qin Dynasty (256 BC-202 BC) ruled by Shi Huangdi, who uses Legalist ideas to unify China through autocracy Legalism stressed punishment over rewards Centralized system of highway and irrigation networks Mass murder of Confucian scholars Great Wall of China built Han Dynasty (202 BC-9 AD) centralized government, complex bureaucracy, civil service jobs, promotion of Confucianism, invention of paper - Examinations to select candidates for government jobs
21 FACTORS THAT LED TO COLLAPSE OF HAN CHINA Including, but not limited to: 1. Corrupt governments in empire 2. Fighting among political elites (bureaucrats) 3. Empire too large of an area to manage 4. Invasions from hostile nomadic tribes 5. Social inequality (not all social classes treated the same) among the classes with tax burdens on lower classes. Poor had to pay most of the taxes. 6. Inequitable distribution of lands. Land was not even equally to everyone. 7. Decline in traditional morals and values at the cultural core of each civilization. 8. Public health and urban decay. Too many people too close together lead to diseases and pollution. 9. Unemployment (people had no jobs) and inflation (rapid increase in prices) Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were fundamental ideas that originated in Classical China? Confucianism 22 Large area difficult to govern Daoism Large differences between rich and poor classes Fall of Han Dynasty Corruption from within Legalism invasions High taxes
- Topic: Early Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Classical 23 India? 24 1. Founder/ori gins Hinduism Collection of religious beliefs that developed over time; no founder. 2. Key beliefs Interconnectedness of all life; distinction between atman, soul of individuals, and Brahman, world soul; reincarnation of soul or spirit; good and bad karma; ultimate goal of moksha, state of perfect understanding. 3. Gods Many gods including Brahma, the creator; Vishnu, the protector; Shiva, the destroyer; later, many forms of a great Mother Goddess. 4. Sacred literature 5. Effect on society 6. Modern-day traditions Upanishads, Vedas. Ideas of karma and reincarnation strengthened caste system. Hindu religion dominates daily activities. Freedom to choose among three paths for achieving moksha and the deity to worship. Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama. Four Noble Truths; an Eightfold Path to attain enlightenment; reincarnation, ultimate goal of nirvana, release from selfishness and pain. Enlightenment in place of many gods. Written teachings of Buddha, commentaries, rules about monastic life, how-to-meditate manuals, and Buddha legends. Rejected caste system; created religious communities of monks and nuns within society. Daily declaration of Three Jewels of Buddhism, pilgrimages to sites associated with Buddha s life, performing of Buddhist Hinduism Religion and way of life Caste System provide social order in South Asia - No social mobility - Cant marry outside of your caste - Based on birth Buddhism Siddartha Guatama = noblemen in Northern India 530 BC - Left his family and wealth - Became Buddha the enlightened one - End suffering by no longer desiring what you cannot have Mauryan Empire (302 BC 232 BC) - King Chandragupta - Established powerful empire - Organized government - Improved roads - King Ashoka spread Buddhism Gupta Empire (300AD) - Chandra Gupta 1 - Literature - Astronomy earth is round - Medicine plastic surgery - Math zero, decimals, value of Pi to 4 decimal places
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Classical 25 Greece? 26 Geography - Large mountainous peninsula - Hilly terrain - Farming was difficult - Relied on trade in the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea Rise of City-States - Mountains, sea cut off populations from one another - Isolation caused different communities to develop their own ways of life. - Cities-States = city and surrounding villages, created a government and system of laws - Polis = a town where people would meet to discuss political, economic, social and religious activities Religion = Polytheistic - Olympics games played every 4 years to honor Zeus - Honored athletes and competition - Pleased the Gods Sparta - Important city-state - Large slave population = wealth - Controlled and disciplined lives - Large effective army - No arts or new ideas - Only war mattered = young boys left to train at age 7 Athens - Limited Democracy = government controlled by its citizens - ruled of the people - Only men over 30 years could participate - Women, foreigners, slaves = non-citizens - Oligarchy = ruled by small group of elite wealthy people. Rights = voting, passing laws, speaking at public meetings Responsibilities = participation in government, paying taxes, following laws.
Topic: Classical Civilizations EQ: What were the accomplishments of Classical 27 Greece? 28 Athens Continued - Jury System = trial by a jury of your peers - Innocent until proven guilty - Equal justice to all - Patriarchal = men lead society - Women had little political life - Women ran household - Women shared in family business - Children were educated at home by mothers - Children help farm Persian Wars (490 BC 479 BC) = united all the Greek city-states against Persia - Greeks vs. Persian Empire - Greek victories at Marathon and Salamis - Barely bet the Persians - Faster Greek naval ship helped them win Golden Age of Pericles - Era of peace and achievements after the Persian Wars - Freedom and confidence - Strengthening of navy and oversea trade Direct Democracy = one person, one vote Philosophy = love of wisdom - Human reasoning - Understand the world, solve problems - Socrates, Plato, Aristotle - Applied logic to science Art = statues and buildings with balance and proportions - Painted with bright colors - True to life sculptures - Use of columns - Parthenon = marble temple for Athena, Acropolis = hilltop