1820-1860 SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND REFORM
Evaluate the extent to which reform movements in the United States from 1820-1860 contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in American society. Essential Question
Religion: The 2 nd Great Awakening Causes: Reaction to: Rationalism/Enlightenment ideals Materialism of Market Revolution Rejection of Puritan foundations Western expansion Perceived godlessness Characteristics: Camp meetings/revivals Grass-roots organization Individual salvation Democratic, egalitarian
THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING 1800-1831 in addition to eighteen Presbyterian ministers, Baptist and Methodist preachers also took part in the services which lasted for a week. A temporary village of tents, laid off in regular streets, was estimated to shelter between 10,000 and 21,000 people TOCQUEVILLE RELIGION A POLITICAL INSTITUTION: RELIGIOUS IMPULSES REINFORCED DEMOCRACY & LIBERTY POLITICS MADE AVAILABLE TO ALL SO MUST RELIGION BEGAN IN CT BUT MOVED WEST CAMP MEETINGS 2 ND COMING NEAR & TIME TO REPENT EMOTIONAL OUTLETS CANE RIDGE, KY 1801
Revivalism Expands The Burned Over District New York Charles G. Finney Expansion of Denominations Baptists and Methodists Offshoots: Millennialism/Millerites The Mormons
MORMONS J. SMITH PALMYRA, NY HOW CAN THEY ALL BE RIGHT? APPEAL LAY PARTLY IN PUTTING U.S. AT CENTER OF CHRISTIAN HISTORY ORIGINAL AMERICAN RELIGION MET W/ HOSTILITY WHEREVER THEY WENT B. YOUNG TAKES OVER AFTER DEATH OF JOSEPH SMITH EVENTUALLY SETTLE UTAH TERRITORY 1847
Transcendentalism Characteristics: Challenged materialism Mystical and intuitive selfdiscovery Examples: Emerson Reject European traditions; Spiritual over material; abolitionist Thoreau On Civil Disobedience, and Walden Margaret Fuller American Culture
Utopian Experiments PANN LEE FOUNDER OF SHAKERS & THRIVED IN BURNED OVER DISTRICT GENDER EQUALITY & CELIBACY American Culture ONEIDA, NY FREE LOVE & FLATWARE UTOPIANS SOUGHT NEW PATH TO SPIRITUAL FULFILLMENT. ATTACKED ESTABLISHED INSTITUTIONS OTHER: NEW HARMONY, IN & BROOK FARM (LARGEST) - FAILURES
Reforming Society Temperance Causes: Overconsumption/alcoholis m (5 gal/person) Domestic violence Absenteeism/loss of jobs Nativism Organizations and Methods American Temperance Society Neal Dow and the Maine Law
Reforming Society Penal Reform Punishment vs. Rehabilitation Mental Hospitals Dorthea Dix Auburn vs. Pennsylvania System Educational Reform Public Schools & Teacher Training Horace Mann Moral Education McGuffey Readers Higher Education Denominational colleges in the west. College education for women: Mount Holyoke & Oberlin
Changing Role of Women and Families Gender Roles: Cult of Domesticity Strengthened by men s absence Women in the Workplace Effects on marriage and children Conformity/Dress Amelia Bloomer Movement for Women s Rights Grimké Sisters, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Connection to abolitionist movement Rejection at World Anti-Slavery Society, 1839 Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Declaration of Sentiments
Antislavery Movement American Colonization Society (1817) American Antislavery Society (1831) William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator Liberty Party (1840) Abolitionists Immediatists vs. Gradualists Arthur & Lewis Tappan Black Abolitionists Frederick Douglass The North Star Walker, Tubman, Truth Rebellions Denmark Vesey (1822) Nat Turner (1831) Underground Railroad
WOMEN S ROLE IN ABOLITION NO POSITIONS OF LEADERSHIP SO FORMED OWN MOVEMENT CAN T HELP SOMEONE GAIN EQUALITY IF YOU ARE NOT = WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON FOR FULL WOMEN S EQUALITY WENT TO WORLD ANTI-SLAVERY CONVENTION IN LONDON 1840 DEBATE OVER AMERICAN DELEGATION WOMEN ADMITTED BEHIND SCREENED OFF SECTION RETURNED HOME TO FIGHT FOR THEIR OWN RIGHTS
Sectionalism: Southerners viewed northern reforms as alarming Threats to: Slavery Way of life In the North, advances in transportation allowed for widespread influence of both religious and secular movements Western expansion created both social and economic conflict Legacy: Birth of American culture and ideals Religion, education, arts, and entertainment Widespread reform movements both united and divided the country. Reaction and Legacy