Intermediate World History B Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Lesson 1: Politics of the Renaissance Pg. 81-94 Lesson 2: The Renaissance Beyond Italy Pg. 95-106 Lesson 3: The Reformation Splits Christendom Pg. 107-119 Lesson 5: The Counter-Reformation and Beyond Pg. 121-135 Use this help packet as you work through Unit 3. In here you will find: Cornell notes from the chapter A Study Guide Links to videos to help you remember the concepts in this unit.
World History B Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Textbook pages 81-94 Lesson 1: Politics of the Renaissance What did the rulers of Italy want? To outshine the other cities They filled their palaces with statues and manuscripts They paid artists and had courtiers to advise them. What is a courtier? Courtier= court +ier Court is the place where rulers were. Courtiers were well-educated people who served a ruler at court. They were scholars or artists. Many were nobles. What did a courtier do? A ruler might ask a courtier to Give advice on how to build a new palace, repair a cathedral, build defensive walls Take a message to a rival court Negotiate a treaty Lead troops into war Listen to a story that the ruler had to tell Courtiers had to have MANY skills Who was Baldassare Castiglione (bahl-dahs- Born in Mantua in 1478; gifted with art and very good SAHR-ay kahs-tee-lyoh- nay)? with people Gonzagas family ruled Mantua and needed an advisor; courier to the prince Served the duke of Urbino Wrote the Book of Courtier What was The Book of Courtier? Published in 1528 How-to guide for graceful behavior Based on the code of chivalry and Cicero Castiglione believed that a courier should 1. have qualities of a chivalrous knight (courage, horsemanship, and good swordsmanship for battle at close range) 2. Know how to wrestle, jump, swim, run (skills needed to win a good name) 3. be well educated- know Greek and Latin 4. be versed in the poets; practice writing; discuss art and dance, draw, paint and play musical instruments - Man of good character, witty but kind, calm and honorable - Have the quality of sprezzatura (spreht-zah-tooruh)- done without effort - To be a renaissance man today is to be of wide knowledge and skill Many couriers were humanists Humanism was an education- writing, persuasive speaking, poetry, history and philosophy (called the humanities today)
Who was Isabella d Este (DEStay) and why was she a Renaissance woman? Well-educated Ruled Mantua for her husband (married Gonzaga) 1509-War with Venice, husband captured; rallied her people and had her husband returned Was the perfect Renaissance Woman because she made Mantua a center of learning and art Why was Leonardo da Vinci considered a Renaissance man? He did many things in many different areas Had an unlimited desire for knowledge What were some of his interests and accomplishments? Worked in the army Created maps and sketches of military vehicles (armored car) He was a painter (painted the Mona Lisa) and a writer Studied birds and created a flying machine Geological studies Tackled math problems Studied the human body Improved Milan s canals Tried to create a mirror for a telescope Was an architect Served as a courtier for Francis I, the kind of France Who was Niccolo Machiavelli? Native of Florence Worked for the government of Florence 1502 Observed Cesare Bogia (CHAY-zahr-ay BOR-juh), illegitimate son of Pope Alexander the VI and how he concurred mutinous towns in the papal states 1512 Medici return to power and he is exiled What were the main ideas of The Prince? The Father of Modern Political Science- the study of politics and government Wrote books about how to be a prince Wrote the book The Prince Based on classical history and his observations Rejected Medieval idea of for the good of the people Better to be feared than loved, by any means necessary to secure the kingdom What influence did this book have on European rulers? The ideas of this book spread all over Europe. It gave some ideas about how to govern: Rulers thought less about abstract ideas and more about human actions and the results. Summary: To be a Renaissance Man or Woman is to have a wide range of knowledge and ideas. The idea of what a Renaissance man should be like came from the Book of the Courtier. This gave advice to courtiers who served the rulers. The book, The Prince, instructed rulers to think about how their actions had consequences when ruling a nation and that their nation should be secured by any means necessary.
World History B Textbook pages 95-106 How did Renaissance ideas spread beyond Italy? Where were the strong Monarchs in the 1500s? Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Lesson 2: The Renaissance Beyond Italy Italy exported ideas and products (Example: The Book of the Courtier) Armies that invaded Italy took artwork home with them Merchants spread the word about Italy s accomplishments Scholars traveled and spread ideas England, France, Spain How did these monarchs get so strong? Based decisions on the ends justify the means even before the book The Prince. For their rivals they o Bribed them o Threatened them with war o Imprisoned them o Executed them (beheadings) o Example: Louis XI was known as the Spider King for spinning a web of schemes and lies. o In Spain, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married each other to join their kingdoms. o Many rulers created large armies and invaded other nations. How did Italy inspire art in Northern Europe? Armies from Northern Europe brought back Italian artwork. Many monarchs became patrons of the art. The King of France even started a university to study humanist ideas. How is the Renaissance Art from Italy different from the Renaissance Art from Northern Europe? Italy o Emphasized beauty in the human form. o Created ideal, perfect figures o Used freshly spread plaster Northern Europe o Great attention to detail o Made real images that showed the real person (warts and other imperfections) o Oil paints were used
Who were the major artists of the Northern Renaissance? Who was JanVan Eyck and what did he accomplish? Van Eyck Dürer Holbein 1 st to paint on wood panels with oil paints Famous for Giovanni and His Bride page 98 of text Who was Albrecht Dürer and what did he accomplish? He paints himself in the mirror in the background Was true to life; real, imperfect people Born in Nuremberg Inspired by Italy Did many self-portraits Known for his engravings, which were used by printers Very curious and energetic- known as the Leonardo of the North His self-portrait: Who was Hans Holbein and what did he accomplish? What is Christian Humanism? German Called the Younger because his father had the same name Studied in Italy Known for very accurate portraits Commissioned by royal families Humanism- belief in the ability of humans to reason and improve themselves. Applying humanism to the church Northern Europe People studied the early Christian writings along with the ancient Greek and Roman texts.
Mastered Greek and Hebrew languages to study the bible Humanists who worried about the church with its poor training and poor leadership Who was Thomas Moore? Who was Erasmus? Christian Humanist (England s Greatest) Had his portrait painted by his friend Holbein (page 103) Believed the church leaders were greedy and power hungry Wrote the book Utopia about a perfect island that was governed by reason Utopia was a word he made up from the Greek word ou topos, meaning no place Dutch monk Traveled and observed the flaws in the Catholic Church Wrote The Praise of Folly A book where Folly is a foolish character. The book criticizes the Church the most and is based on Erasmus s observations of failing human conduct. Summary: As the Renaissance ideas spread throughout Europe, humanism started to spread into the church. Humanist started to question the Christian church and its practices.
World History B Textbook pages: 107-119 What was the Reformation? Explain the relationship between the Renaissance interest in ancient texts and the demand for church reform. What is purgatory? What are indulgences? Who was Leo X and why was he the indulgent pope? Who was Martin Luther? What did he argue with the church about? What was the significance of Luther translating the Bible into German? Where did the terms "Protestant" and "Catholic" come from? Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Lesson 3: The Reformation Splits Christendom Started by critics of the Catholic Church- mainly Martin Luther They wanted to improve the church, to clean it up Led to a split of the Catholic church into the Protestant and Roman Catholic religions As people were studying ancient cultures, they learned the Greek, Latin, and Hebrew languages. These languages allowed them to read the original text of the bible. They soon learned that what the church did and what the bible said didn t match up. From the Latin word meaning to purge or burn out impurity. Christians believed that purgatory was a place where sinners were punished for their sins. The privilege of shortened time in purgatory. One way to receive an indulgence was through good acts. Ex: Acts of charity In Rome Pope Leo X needed money to finish St. Peter s Basilica. He wanted the city to look better than any other city. Had bishops allow for more indulgences to make money Indulgence- by giving money, a person could shorten their time in purgatory (place of pain in the afterlife) for their sins. The Pope encouraged officials to grant more indulgences than ever before. Johann Tetzel was a preacher who traveled around the German states granting indulgences. Started the Reformation Was a monk who felt weighed down with his sins Saw the wrong doing of the church in Rome with the indulgences. Wrote 95 Theses- arguments explaining why the policies of the church (Indulgences) were wrong Believed that only God could erase sin Nailed his papers to the church door in Wittenberg He claimed that all of his writings were based on the Bible and would not take back what he said. He said that the Pope had gone against the Bible. Before this time, the bible was in Latin. Only the well-educated or rich could read it. Luther translated the bible into German. This, plus the invention of the printing press, allowed more people than ever (even the poor) to be able to read the bible themselves. The people didn t have to just take the word of the church. They started to challenge the church practices even more. Protestant: Comes from protest Followers protested the practices of the Catholic church
Catholic: Means universal Followers believed that the church had a message for everyone Who was John Calvin? He preached the Protestant faith in France. In Geneva he turned the city in a center for the Protestant faith. He banished those who didn t believe and supervised executions for others. His teachings spread to the Netherlands, Scotland, and central Europe. He believed the church should be run by a board of elders instead of a priest. In Scotland, his followers were called Presbyterians. In France, they were Huguenots In England, they were Puritans Who was Henry VIII? Supported the Pope and denounced Martin Luther Later he wanted to no longer be married to his wife Catherine. The pope denied him this. England s Parliament declared the King the head of the Church of England. Anyone who disagreed was executed. Thomas More disagreed with the split from the church and was beheaded by the king. Summary: With the interest in the Ancient languages, the Bible was translated so that more could read it. As more people started to read the Bible, they began to question the teachings and actions of the church. When Martin Luther publicly denounced the church, he caused a split in the church into the Catholic and Protestant churches.
World History B Textbook pages 121-135 What was the Counter-Reformation? Identify at least three steps taken by the Council of Trent to correct the course of the Catholic Church. How did the Catholic church try to stop the spread of Protestantism? Who was Teresa of Avila? How did the Catholic/Protestant split led to political rivalries and wars in Europe? Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Lesson 5: The Counter-Reformation and Beyond The Catholic Reformation An attempt by Catholic leaders to correct bad practices, clarify the church s teachings, and stop the spread of Protestant ideas Council of bishops formed by Pope Paul III to accomplish the counter reformation The Council 1. Determined that the pope was the leader of the church 2. Commissioned a new catechism or statement of beliefs 3. Moved bishops closer to their churches 4. Set guidelines for schools to educate priests The church reformed and expanded o Jesuits- ran schools to educate the young o Preached to the public o Provided charity for the poor o Missionaries traveled around the world Stopped the Spread: To stop the spread of ideas, the church banned books that contained protestant ideas. Created the Index of Forbidden Books. Arrested people and brought them before the Inquisition (Catholic court) Asked them to confess their wrong doing against the church. If they did, they were imprisoned. If not, they were tortured or burned at the stake. Promoted service and self- denial among nuns Led the nuns in a life of prayer Declared a Saint in 1622 Rulers took sides The church owned a lot of land. To leave the church would mean that they would gain land. Examples: War between the peasants in the German lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Emperor Civil War in France between Catholics and Huguenots (followers of Calvin) 1562-1598 Summary: The Catholic Church tried to stop the spread of the split in the church in the Counter-Reformation. They reformed their ideas and teachings at the Council of Trent. When this didn t work, the church burned books and used the Inquisition to weed out followers of Protestantism. The split in the church caused political problems across Europe.
Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Assessment Study Guide This guide will allow you to test your knowledge as you are studying for the Unit 3 Assessment. Quiz yourself or have someone else quiz you to test your knowledge before you take the test. If you can t answer a question, go back to your textbook or notes to look up the information 1. Identify Castiglione and his view of the ideal Renaissance courtier. A courtier Gifted with the arts and was very good with people Courtier to the Gonzagas family that ruled Mantua Also served the Duke of Urbino Wrote the Book of the Courtier A courtier should Have the qualities of a chivalrous knight Know how to wrestle, jump, swim, and run Be well-educated Know Greek and Latin Well-versed in poetry Be able to write, dance, draw, paint, and play musical instruments Have good character The quality of sprezzatura (show little effort) 2. Explain why Leonardo da Vinci is considered a Renaissance man and give examples of his interests and accomplishments. 3. Summarize the main ideas of The Prince and describe the influence it had on European rulers. 4. Identify Isabella d'este as a "Renaissance woman" who ruled a city-state and made it a center of learning and art.
5. Identify Machiavelli as the Italian author of The Prince. 6. Define courtier. Advisors to the ruler Were well-educated They were most of the time artists or nobles. 7. Recognize how Renaissance ideas spread beyond Italy. 8. Identify means by which European monarchs solidified their power. 9. Describe the differences between Renaissance art from Italy and from northern Europe. 10. Identify on a map countries that had strong monarchs by the 1500s and areas that were not nation-states. 11. Identify Erasmus. 12. Describe Christian humanism. 13. Identify major artists of the Northern Renaissance (including Van Eyck, Dürer, and Holbein) and their accomplishments. 14. Identify Thomas More. 15. Define the Reformation. 16. Explain the origins of the terms "Protestant" and "Catholic". 17. Identify John Calvin. 18. Identify Henry VIII. 19. Explain the relationship between the Renaissance interest in ancient texts and the demand for church reform. 20. Identify Martin Luther. 21. Describe the belief in purgatory and indulgences and how indulgences came to be given in exchange for money.
22. Recognize the significance of Luther's translation of the Bible into German. 23. Summarize Luther's arguments with the Church. 24. Describe the Counter-Reformation. 25. Identify the Reformation. 26. Identify at least three steps taken by the Council of Trent to correct the course of the Catholic Church. 27. Identify Ignatius of Loyola. 28. Describe methods the Catholic Church used to try to contain the spread of Protestantism, including the banning of books, and the Inquisition. 29. Give examples of how the Catholic/Protestant split led to political rivalries and wars in Europe. 30. Identify Teresa of Avila. 31. Demonstrate mastery of important knowledge and skills in this unit. 32. Recognize how Renaissance ideas spread beyond Italy and what kinds of influence they had outside Italy. 33. Identify major issues and individuals of the Reformation. 34. Identify major Renaissance figures and what they are known for. 35. Identify major artists of the Northern Renaissance and the characteristics of their work. 36. Describe the response of the Catholic Church to the Reformation. 37. Explain how the Reformation led to political conflict and warfare during the 1500s. 38. Summarize the main ideas of The Prince. 39. Locate on a map the major nations of Europe in the 1500s.
Review videos from Unit 2 (if needed) Unit 3: The Spread of New Ideas Introduction to the Renaissance: http://www.sophia.org/tutorials/introduction-to-therenaissance More about the Renaissance: http://www.sophia.org/tutorials/renaissance Renaissance Art and Artists: http://www.sophia.org/tutorials/renaissance-art-and-artists Martin Luther and the Reformation: http://www.history.com/topics/martin-luther-and-the- 95-theses/videos/martin-luther-sparks-a-revolution (excellent video! Only 3 minutes long) The Protestant Reformation (A more detailed account): http://youtu.be/o71p8u3xbgs Intermediate World History B