Chapter 15 Section 3 - The Protestant Reformation Main Idea Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church led to a religious movement called the Protestant Reformation and brought changes in religion and politics across Europe. Reading Focus What was the state of Catholicism in the 1400s? How did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church? How did Protestantism spread to other areas? What were the effects of the Reformation in England? Catholicism in the 1400s Roman Catholic Church influential, extravagant, and worldly. Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots. Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation. Dissatisfaction 1. Financial corruption 2. Abuse of power 3. Immorality People s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened Heavy taxation also caused discontent Financing Basilica Pope Leo X approved sale of indulgences Needed money for St. Peter s Basilica Indulgences, pardons that reduced a soul s time in purgatory Working Off Sins Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed Sale of indulgences widely criticized Government separate from the church St. Peter s Basilica Early Reformers John Wycliffe Two men stepped forward to challenge the church Englishman John Wycliffe believed church should give up earthly possessions His views unpopular with church officials Was removed from teaching position Jan Hus From Bohemia, Jan Hus preached against immorality and worldliness of Catholic Church Excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII; later arrested, tried for heresy and burned at stake These influential theologians openly criticized church Beginnings of discussions that eventually led to reform
Martin Luther Martin Luther s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation. The Ninety-Five Theses Martin Luther believed that selling indulgences is sinful In his theses, he said the indulgences had no power to remit sin Luther criticized the power of pope, wealth of church Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people Stimulated Discussion Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople Desire for reform grew A replica of the Ninety-five Theses in Schlosskirche, Wittenberg Martin Luther Luther s Message Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God s grace cannot be won by good works; faith alone needed 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope Church s Response 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V Reactions to Luther German Diet Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms Refused to change opinions Empowered the People Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy Edict of Worms Emperor handed down Edict of Worms Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings Luther s ideas spread Protestant 1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this Term Protestant came from this
The Spread of Protestantism Luther s stand against the church opened the door for others Differing ideas on religious matters put forth. As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in Europe. Ulrich Zwingli Born in Switzerland, entered priesthood at 22, preached ideas similar to Martin Luther s Many ideas viewed as radical His church was a theocracy; a government in which church & state are joined; officials are divinely inspired Opposed by Luther Many supported Zwingli, others did not, including Luther Luther accused Zwingli of tampering with word of God Without Lutherans support, Swiss Protestants vulnerable to attack by Catholics When the disagreement between Swiss Protestants and Catholics erupted into war, Zwingli was a casualty. He died in battle in 1531. Background John Calvin John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance humanists Supported reforms of Luther in Germany Influenced by Augustine Preached doctrine of predestination God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end People Sinful by Nature Geneva became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior Strictness at heart of Calvinism s appeal, gave sense of mission, discipline Calvinists making world fit for elect who had been chosen for salvation Renaissance and Reformation Section 3 John Knox Spokesman for the Reformation in Scotland Knox s Reformed Church replaced Roman Catholic Church Laid groundwork for later Presbyterian denomination Anabaptists Other Reformers Different beliefs about baptism; insisted on rebaptizing adults Crime punishable by death at that time Anabaptist Church evolved into Hutterites, the Mennonites, and the Amish Mennonites
Protestantism Spreads to England Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by priests and other religious thinkers. Reformation began with the king in England A King s Protest 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 Devout Catholic Wrote angry protests against Luther s ideas Actions won him title Defender of the Faith By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary Annulment Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled (Catholic version of divorce) Pope would not agree to annulment Opposition Catherine, nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also opposed annulment Dilemma became the king s great matter Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn The Reformation Parliament Henry Takes Over Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope Henry became head of Church of England Church of England Henry changed rituals of church very little Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles This built more public support for split from Catholic Church Act of Supremacy Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII Supreme Head of Church of England Catherine of Aragon Wife #1 Anne Boleyn Wife # 2 Henry s Heirs Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir, Edward VI 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9 Protestantism gained more ground under guidance of his guardians Edward died young; sister, Mary became queen of England Bloody Mary Elizabeth s Reign Henry VIII Jane Seymour Wife # 3 Anne of Cleves - Wife # 4 Catherine Howard - Wife # 5 Catherine Parr - Wife # 6 Elizabeth Blount - Mistress, had a son with Henry Mary Boleyn - Mistress, supposedly had 2 children with Henry Mary returned England to authority of pope Hundreds burned at stake for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title Bloody Mary Her death caused little grief Half-sister Elizabeth became queen Elizabeth I, Protestant at heart 1559, drafted new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Rome Catholics plotted to place Mary, Queen of Scots, on throne Elizabeth persecuted Catholics, secured Church of England
Queen Mary I Queen Elizabeth I Chapter 15 Section 4 - The Counter-Reformation Main Idea Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church. Their work turned back the tide of Protestantism in some areas and renewed the zeal of Catholics everywhere. Reading Focus What reforms were made in the Catholic Church? What were the religious and social effects of the Counter- Reformation? What wars occurred because of the Counter-Reformation? Reforming the Catholic Church Others dissatisfied with the Catholic Church. Before Luther, some Catholics working toward reform started the Counter- Reformation, series of reforms Early Reformers Monk Girolamo Savonarola tried to change church from within 1400s, preached fiery sermons against abuses of church Called for church to melt down gold, silver ornaments, buy bread for hungry, poor Bonfire of the Vanities Savonarola convinced people to gather, burn jewelry, trinkets Known as bonfire of the vanities Pope Alexander at first allowed Savonarola s work, eventually excommunicated him Pope Alexander thought Savonarola was spreading dangerous ideas. In 1498, Savonarola was executed at Florence.
Jesuits New Religious Orders Loyola Girolamo Savonarola His cell in San Marco, Florence, Italy Statue in Ferrara, Italy Other leaders formed new religious orders whose members worked to reform church Work renewed church s emphasis on spirituality, service Most influential of these, the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits 1534, order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, Basque nobleman, former soldier Loyola ran Jesuits like military organization, emphasizing obedience to church above all Jesuits concentrated on education as means for combating Protestant Reformation; established missions, schools, universities Council of Trent Recognizing the need to redefine the doctrines of Catholic faith, Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in 1545. Delegates examined Catholic practices, clarified teaching on important points. Reforms Delegates addressed abuses Reforms addressed corruption of clergy Training of priests regulated Financial abuses curbed Sale of indulgences abolished Mystery Rejected Protestants emphasis on selfdiscipline, individual faith Argued church help believers achieve salvation using mystery, magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith No Compromise No compromise between Catholicism, Protestantism Bold action great boost to Catholicism, renewed energy, confidence Jesuit schools expanded scope of church worldwide Reforming Catholics Several important figures helped carry out Council of Trent reforms Charles Borromeo Archbishop of Milan Built new school for educating priests Francis of Sales, in France Worked to regain district of Savoy, which had largely turned to Calvinism Founded religious teaching order for women Saint Charles Borromeo Saint Francis de Sales
Women and the Church Renaissance women in religious orders took more active roles Before Renaissance, lived in secluded convents By late Middle Ages, acceptable for nuns to help poor, orphaned, sick Italian nun Angela Merici began Company of Saint Ursula, dedicated to teaching girls; Jane of Chantal and Francis of Sales began Visitation of Holy Mary, trained women to be teachers Mary Ward England s Mary Ward began European network of girls schools First denounced because ideas about women considered dangerously new Later missionary influence formally recognized by church Teresa of Avila Teresa of Avila most famous female spiritual leader As nun decided convent practices too lax, followed own strict rules Reformed Carmelite order Deep spirituality, visions, fervor inspired many to remain Catholic Saint Teresa of Avila Roman Inquisition 1542, to counter Reformation, church established church court Roman Inquisition tried people accused of being Protestants, of practicing witchcraft, of breaking church law Spanish Inquisition Abuse of Church s Power The Inquisition Spanish monarchs set up, controlled much harsher Spanish Inquisition, 1478 Used Inquisition to impose religious uniformity, especially on converted Jews, Muslims, later on Protestants Church tried to stamp out rebellion through Index of Forbidden Books Church warned reading these books would cause people to lose souls Accounts of torture, executions by courts damaged church s image
Religious and Social Effects The Counter-Reformation affected the whole world, because policies of the Catholic Church influenced governments and societies wherever the church existed. Changes in Religion Renewed zeal for Catholic faith spread the religion to other continents, largely through work of Jesuits Jesuit influence softened harsh colonial rule in North America, elsewhere Protestants broke away from Catholic Church, split into many factions Religious turmoil increased as Catholics persecuted non- Catholics, non-catholics persecuted Catholics and one another Conflict and Turmoil Rifts soon opened among various Protestant churches Martin Luther, followers, denounced radical ideas of Anabaptists, Zwingli s followers Calvinists disapproved of ideas on which Lutheranism based Martin Luther s theses had opened door to religious freedom Religious freedom brought a lot of conflict and turmoil Persecution and Hysteria Catholics and Protestants viewed Jews and Muslims as heretics Jews in 1492, Muslims in 1500, forced to convert to Catholic Christianity or leave Spain; many Jews resettled in eastern, southern Europe Some places, Jews forced to live in ghettos, walled in, gates closed Jews who had converted, were members of educated elite, stayed in Spain Witchcraft Many Europeans feared witches roamed land, killing children, cattle Fears increased in times of poor harvests, other hardships; fears inspired hysteria in which accused witches tried for alleged wrongdoing Penalty for practicing witchcraft, death; many innocent victims executed Majority of executions between 1580 and 1660; thousands, mostly women and poor, killed Political Effects Rising sense of national identity interwoven with decline in power of Catholic Church Protestant Reformation indirectly encouraged formation of independent states, nations Rulers, merchants both wanted church less involved in state, business affairs Political power became separated from churches Nations, churches still often aligned with one another to increase influence in a region
Religious Wars and Unrest In 1494, King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy. This began a series of wars in which France and Spain vied for control of the Italian Peninsula. The Italian Wars During wars, control of Italy bounced between France, Spain England eventually became involved Fighting culminated in sack of Rome by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, 1527 Significance Significance of wars: expanded Italian Renaissance throughout Europe Troops brought home ideas they were exposed to in Italy Italian artists fled north, took new techniques, styles with them New Ideas and Unrest New ideas circulated among growing population Peasants unhappy with high taxes, lack of power Reformation preachers gave backing to idea of freedom Peasants War Conflicts among Germans 1524, tens of thousands of German peasants stormed castles, monasteries Rebellion known as Peasants War Nobles harshly suppressed uprising Luther s Reaction Accused of beginning unrest, Martin Luther did not support it Luther s refusal to side with peasants prevented Reformation from spilling over into social revolution that encouraged social equality Tide of Protestantism Charles V Peace of Augsburg Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was determined to turn back the tide of Protestantism 1546, began war against Lutheran princes of Germany Agreement Charles scorned religious compromise, would not attend Agreement allowed each prince to choose religion subjects would practice After years of battles, enthusiasm for war waned 1555, Peace of Augsburg signed Seeds Only choices for religion were Catholicism, Lutheranism Subjects had no say in choice Still, seeds of religious freedom had been planted Conflicts between Religions In France, the Huguenots (the Protestant minority) fought for years against Catholics Fighting ended when Huguenot leader, Henry of Navarre, became Catholic His conversion led to political stability by encouraging Catholics to accept him as king 1598, Henry s Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants
Video The Impact of the Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance and Reformation Section 4