A Summer Greek 2014 Lesson 2 Ω Lesson 1 -Exercise 2 ἄν - θρω πος βάλ λο µεν ἐ - λυ - ό - µην δι δασκ - ό - µε θα κῶ - µαι ἀ - δελ φαῖς ἀ - πό - στο λοι εἰ - ρή - νη πνεύ - µα τος οὐ - ρα νοῖς Lesson 1 -Exercise 3 Pater hêmôn ho en tois ouranois Πάτερ ἡµῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς, hagiasthêtô to onoma sou ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνοµά σου elthetô hê basileia sou ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου genêthêtô to thelêma sou γενηθήτω τὸ θέληµά σου, hôsen ouranôkaiepigês ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς How can we describe what we do when we speak English? NOUN- person, place, thing, quality, idea, or action ARTICLE Indefinite = a / an; Definite = the ADJECTIVE-describes a noun (includes in/definite articles) PRONOUN-word which takes the place of a noun: personal (I, you, they ), relative (who, which ), indefinite (some, any ), interrogative (who? which?...) English has some inflection (mainly pronouns: I > me), so function is usually indicated by word order. Dog bites man. <> Man bites dog. Greek is an inflected language, so the function of nouns, articles, adjectives, and pronouns in a sentence is indicated by endings. Word order often serves to provide emphasis. 1
VERB-an action word: Transitive - action passes from doer to something else Intransitive -action does not pass beyond the doer Linking= Copulative = Equative = Verb of Being / Becoming - describes doer Moods describe different functions of the verb: Indicative, Infinitive, Imperative, Participle, Subjunctive ADVERB- describes actions or adjectives PREPOSITION-relates a noun or phrase (= Object of Preposition) to something else CONJUNCTION- connects words, phrases, or sentences: Coordinating (and, or, but) Subordinating (since, when, because ) PARTICLE- an interjection (however, therefore ) In Greek, as in English, the basic verbal form is modified in various ways to indicate its person, number, tense, mood, and voice. We run > We ran > We have run - Run! - to run - running NOUN - person, place, thing, quality, idea, or action ARTICLE Indefinite = a / an ; Definite = the ADJECTIVE- describes a noun (includes in/definite articles) PRONOUN-word which takes the place of a noun: personal (I, you, they ), relative (who, which ), indefinite (some, any ), interrogative (who? which?...) VERB -an action word: Transitive - action passes from doer to something else Intransitive - action does not pass beyond the doer Linking= Copulative = Verb of Being / Becoming - describes doer ADVERB- describes actions or adjectives PREPOSITION-relates a noun or phrase (= Object of Preposition) to something else CONJUNCTION- connects words, phrases, or sentences: coordinating (and, or, but), subordinating (since, when, because ) PARTICLE- an interjection (however, therefore ) Parts of a Sentence Each sentence needs at least a SUBJECTand a MAIN VERB SUBJECT-a noun, pronoun, or substantive (a substantive is a phrase or clause which functions as a noun) PREDICATE/MAINVERB-states the action related to the subject DIRECTOBJECT-a noun, pronoun, or substantive which receives the action of a transitive verb INDIRECT OBJECT-secondary recipient of action of transitive verb PREDICATE NOMINATIVE-noun, pronoun, or substantive identifying the subject of linking verb PREDICATE ADJECTIVE-adjective which describes subject of linking verb God loves Subject Verb Subject Verb 2
Prepositional Phrase (preposition + object of preposition modified by a demonstrative pronoun) functioning as an Adverb Possessive Pronoun and Adjective modifying the Noun Direct Object modified by a Definite Article In this way, our gracious and forgiving God loves the terribly sinful world, so that God gave the one and only Son, in order that In English, how do I indicate whether I mean: God loves the world or the world loves God? >> Word order In Greek, we will use inflections / endings to indicate which is which. Subject Verb God loves God is loving God will love God loved God was loving God has loved God had loved the world What are the possible tense aspects of the verb? ENGLISH Verbs -TENSE ASPECT Simple Present -God loves Present Progressive God is loving Simple Past God loved Past Progressive God was loving Future God will love Future Progressive God will be loving Present Perfect God has loved Present Perfect Progressive God has been loving Past Perfect God had loved Past Perfect Progressive God had been loving Future Perfect God will have loved Future Perfect Progressive God will have been loving 3
ENGLISH Verbs - TENSE ASPECT Principal Parts love loved loved talk talked talked go went gone see saw seen run ran run GREEK Verbs -TENSE ASPECT KIND of action CONTINUING (ongoing, linear) SIMPLE (affirmation of action w/out regard to duration or completion) COMPLETED (with result or ongoing effect) TIME of action (in Indicative mood only!) PAST CONCURRENT FUTURE TENSE ASPECT of INDICATIVE MOOD => Kind of action and time of action PRESENT: I am loosening, I loosen FUTURE: I will be loosening, I will loosen IMPERFECT: I was loosening AORIST: I loosened using the verb λύω PERFECT: I have loosened PLUPERFECT: I had loosened KIND of action: Continuing, Simple, Completed TIME of action: Past, Concurrent, Future ENGLISH Verbs- TENSE ASPECT -GREEK Verbs Simple Present -God loves Present Progressive God is loving Simple Past God loved Past Progressive God was loving Future God will love Future Progressive God will be loving Present Perfect God has loved Present Perfect Progressive God has been loving PRESENT PRESENT AORIST IMPERFECT FUTURE FUTURE PERFECT PERFECT Past Perfect God had loved PLUPERFECT Past Perfect Progressive God had been loving PLUPERFECT Future Perfect God will have loved FUTURE PERFECT Future Perfect Progressive FUTURE PERFECT God will have been loving - VOICE VOICE=> relation of subject to action ACTIVE: subject performs action I loosen PASSIVE: subject is acted upon I am being loosened (by ) MIDDLE: action of subject relates back to subject I loosen myself -MOOD MOOD=> manner in which action is regarded by subject INDICATIVE: simple assertion I loosen IMPERATIVE: command Loosen! SUBJUNCTIVE: hypothetical or potential Should I loosen OPTATIVE: expressed as a hope Would that I loosen INFINITIVE: to loosen PARTICIPLE: loosening 4
PERSON & NUMBER PERSON => identifying subject 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd NUMBER, 1 st I We 2 nd you you (y all) 3 rd he / she / it they PERSON 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd NUMBER, TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect MOOD Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative, Infinitive, Participle VOICE Active, Passive, Middle PERSON NUMBER TENSE MOOD VOICE Please Never Tickle My Vampire : Conjugating Note that English requires both a pronoun (I/you/he...) and a specific verbal form to express person and number John 3.16: For thus God LOVED Analyze PNTMV of loved 3 rd Aorist Indicative Active 1 st I am loosening, I loosen 2 nd you are loosening, you loosen 3 rd he/she/it is loosening he/she/it loosens we are loosening, we loosen you (y all) are loosening, you loosen they are loosening, they loosen λύω : Conjugating Note that Greek only requires a specific verbal ending to express person and number 1 st λύω λύοµεν 2 nd λύεις λύετε 3 rd λύει λύουσι(ν) 5
PRIMARY ACTIVE ENDINGS MEMORIZE THIS! 1 st λύ - ω λύ - ο - µεν 2 nd λύ - εις λύ - ε - τε 3 rd λύ - ει λύ - ου - σι(ν) 1 st - ω* - µεν 2 nd - εις* - τε 3 rd - ει* - σι(ν) *shown with combined theme vowel What s this? PRIMARY ACTIVE ENDINGS 1 st - ω* - µεν 2 nd - εις* - τε 3 rd - ει* - σι(ν) SECONDARY ACTIVE PRIMARY MIDDLE/PASSIVE SECONDARY MIDDLE/PASSIVE 1 st λύ - ω λύ - ο - µεν 2 nd λύ - εις λύ - ε - τε 3 rd λύ - ει λύ - ου - σι(ν) 1 st γράφ - ω γράφ - ο - µεν 2 nd γράφ- εις γράφ - ε - τε 3 rd γράφ - ει γράφ - ου - σι(ν) 1 st πιστεύ - ω πιστεύ - ο - µεν 2 nd πιστεύ - εις πιστεύ - ε - τε 3 rd πιστεύ - ει πιστεύ - ου - σι(ν) 6
PRESENT ACTIVE INFINITIVE to be loosening λύ - ειν Greek Sentence Word Order In English, word order is important Dog bites man. Man bites dog. Neutral order is: Subject > Verb > Object λύειν πιστεύειν Greek Sentence Word Order In Greek, Word order is mainly used for emphasis Neutral order: Verb > Subject > Object Codings identify function in sentence Find the main verb Then find the subject (which may be the pronoun indicated by and embedded in the verb) γινώσκει ἀδελφος ὅτι πιστεύοµεν. ἀκούω βλέπω γινώσκω γράφω διδάσκω θέλω Lesson 2 Vocabulary καί λέγω λύω ὅτι οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ πιστεύω (s/he) is knowing a brother that we are believing A brother is knowing that we are believing. Croy 2 -Exercises Do sentences 1-6 of Practice and Review Do #2 of LXX Do #s 1 and 3 of NT Do #2 of English to Greek 7