dkuwu dh O;k[;k esa ehekalk fl¼karksa dk vuqiz;ksx

dkuwu dh O;k[;k esa ehekalk fl¼karksa dk vuqiz;ksx Deepti Kumari dkuwu dh O;k[;k esa ehekalk fl¼kurksa dk vksfpr;,oa egùo blh ckr ls tkuk tk ldrk gs fd 200 esa Hkkjr dh lokszpp U;k;ky; dh,d [k.mihb us vk/qfud fgunw fof/ dh lgh le> ds fy, ^ehekalk fl¼karksa* ds ifjisz{; esa gh mldk voyksdu djus dh ckr dgh& The Mimansa principles of interpretation is part of that great intellectual treasury, but it is distressing to note that apart from the reference to these principles in the judgement of Sir John Edge, the then Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court in Beni Prasad vs. Hardai Bibi 892 ILR 4 All 67 (FB), a hundred years ago and in some judgements of one of us (M. Katju, J.) there has been almost no utilization of these principles even in our own country. U;k;ewfÙkZ Jh ekdz.ms; dkvtw izdj.k uke& fot; ukjk;.k /Ùks 8 vxlr] 2009 bl fu.kz; us,d ckj iqu% /ez'kkl=k dh ewy vklfkkvksa dk vuos"k.k djus dh egùkk dks js[kkafdr fd;k gsa tc 857 ds i'pkr~ vkä~xy 'kklu Hkkjr ij ykxw gqvk rks fganw fof/ ij vuqla/ku dk,d u;k ;qx vkjahk gqvka fiqj Øe'k% ^fgunw ykw* ds {ks=k esa ^fu.kz; fl¼ fof/* ;k ^U;k;k/h'k Ñr fof/* dk opzlo LFkkfir gks x;k vksj izkphu ^'kkl=kksa* ls lcdk è;ku gv x;ka U;k;ewfrZ dkvtw us ^'kkl=kksa* ds iqujkoyksdu djus dk vkàku fd;k gsa ehekalk fl¼kar ds vuqiz;ksx dh vko';drk /ez'kkl=k dh ijeijk vius vki esa lqnh?kz,oa ijlij fojks/h gsaa blds lkfk gh blesa fofo/rk] ikb&hksn] dky ckárk] LokHkkfod ifjorzu vkfn dbz izdkj dh lel;k,,oa iz'u mb [km+s gksrs gsaa ;g Hkh è;kro; gs fd /ez'kkl=k dh,d fyf[kr ijeijk gsa] tks vr;kt; gsa vfkkzr~ 'kkl=k dks NksM+ Hkh ugha ldrsa vr% 'kkl=k dh leqfpr O;k[;k ds fy, O;k[;k ds dbz midj.kksa dk fodkl fd;k x;k rfkk bu midj.kksa dk fodkl ehekalk fl¼kurksa ds ifjizs{; esa gh gqvk gsa 3

bl izdkj /ez'kkl=kdkjksa us izr;sd le; esa ehekalk ds O;k[;k fl¼karksa dk vuqiz;ksx djds dbz lel;kvksa dks gy fd;k gs fdurq fdlh /ez'kkl=kdkj us ehekalk fl¼karksa dk vf/d iz;ksx fd;k gs rfkk fdlh us de iz;ksx fd;k gsa ehekalk fl¼karksa ds }kjk /ez'kkl=k esa mbs lel;kvksa dk lek/ku ehekalk 'kkl=k ds dbz fl¼karksa dk iz;ksx /ez'kkl=kdkjksa us fd;k gs tsls vuqokn] vfrns'k] vuq"käõ] miy{k.k] fodyi] vfkzokn] izfr"ks/] fu;e] ifjla[;k br;kfna blds lkfk gh ehekalk U;k;ksa dk iz;ksx Hkh /ez'kkl=k esa mbs dbz iz'uksa ds mùkj gsrq fd;k gs tsls ek"keqn~x U;k;] dfi ty U;k;] izfrfuf/ ifjxzg U;k;] dkdkf{k&xksyd U;k;] leal;kn~jqfr U;k; br;kfna vc dqn,sls LFkyksa dk funsz'k fn;k tk jgk gs tgk ehekalk fl¼karksa dk iz;ksx djds dkuwu esa mbh lel;k dk lek/ku fd;k x;k gsa () ;kkoyd; Le`fr (2@48) ij fokkus'oj us viuh Vhdk esa ^miy{k.k* uked ehekalk&fl¼kar dh lgk;rk ls ^lurku ghu L=kh ds nk;knksa dk fu/kzj.k* fd;k gsa izlax& lurku ghu L=kh ds nk;knksa ds fu/kzj.k ds lanhkz esa dgk x;k gs fd ;fn mldk fookg czkã vkfn pkj fof/;ksa esa ls,d ls gqvk gks rks mlds /u dk vf/dkjh mldk ifr gksrk gs] fdurq ;fn mldh iqf=k;k gks rks fiqj os gh /u dh vf/dkfj.kh gksrh gs] fdurq ;fn mdr pkj izdkj dh fof/ ds vfrfjdr fof/ ds vuqlkj fookg gqvk gks rks mldk L=kh/u mlds ekrk&firk dks izkir gksrk gsa 'kadk& mi;qzdr izlax ds lanhkz esa,d euq opu izkir gksrk gs fd ^^larkughu L=kh dh e`r;q ds i'pkr~ mldk fir`nùk /u mldh czkã.kh dh du;k xzg.k djsaa** 2 mi;qzdr euq ds opu ij ;g 'kadk gks ldrh gs fd (ghuo.kkz) larkughu ukjh dh e`r;q ds ckn mldk /u czkã.kh dh du;k dk crk;k gs] D;k blesa ^czkã.kh* 'kcn dsoy tkfr fo'ks"k dk okpd gs\ viztl=kh/ua HkrqZczkZãkfn"kq prq"ozfia nqfgr`.kka izlwrk pspns"ks"kq fir`xkfe rr~aa (;kkñ 2@45) 2 ^fl=k;klrq ; osf}ùka fi=kk nùka dfkapua czkã.kh r¼jsrdu;k rnir;;l; ok Hkosr~AA (euq- 9@98) ¹foKk- (;kk- 2@45)º 4

lek/ku& fokkus'oj us mi;qzdr 'kadk dk lek/ku miy{k.k dh lgk;rk ls fd;k gsa fokkus'oj ds vuqlkj ^czkã.kh* 'kcn dsoy,d tkfr fo'ks"k ds fy, ugha gs vfirq ;g mùke tkfr dk miy{kd gs vfkkzr~ vuir;k ghu o.kz dh ukjh dk /u e`r;wijkur mldh mppo.kz dh liruh dh du;k xzg.k djsa rnuqlkj vuir;k os';du;k dk /u mldh e`r;q ds ckn {kf=k;k liruh dh du;k xzg.k djsaa dkj.k& fokkus'oj us miy{k.k dh lgk;rk ls mi;qzdr vfkz xzg.k fd;k gs] ftldk dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gs fd rrdkyhu lekt esa {kf=k;ksa o os';ksa }kjk mpprj ntsz dh ekax dh xbz gksxh] tks fo'ks"kkf/dkj dsoy czkã.kksa rd lhfer Fkk] og {kf=k;ksa,oa os';ksa dks Hkh izkir gksus yxka blh izdkj fokkus'oj us ;kk- 2@43 i ij miy{k.k dh lgk;rk ls iqu% czkã.kksa ds fo'ks"kkf/dkj dk folrkj {kf=k;ksa,oa os';ksa ds lunhkz esa Hkh fd;k gsa (2) es/kfrffk (euq- 8@4&7) 2 esa xkscyhonz U;k; dk iz;ksx ukjn ds opu ij mbh 'kadk ds lek/ku gsrq fd;k gsa ukjn us 2 izdkj ds ½.k crk, gsa& ns;½.k o vns;½.ka 3 ns; ½.k og gs tks ;k Lo;a m/kj fy;k gks og pqdkuk gks vfkok firk }kjk fy, x, m/kj dks iq=k dks pqdkuk gksa vns; ½.k og gs tc Lo;a m/kj yh xbz jkf'k (C;kt lfgr) nqxquh gks tk, (vfkkzr~ ;fn m/kj yh xbz jkf'k nksxquh ls vf/d gks tk, rks og nqxquh ls c<+h jkf'k vns; gksxh) rfkk firk }kjk tq,a vkfn ds fy, fy;k x;k ½.k vns; gksxka 4 'kadk& ;gk ;g 'kadk mbk;h tk ldrh gs fd tc,d ckj ns; ½.k ds vurxzr firk }kjk fy;k ½.k ifjxf.kr dj fn;k rks iqu% mls wrkfn ds izlax esa ^vns; ½.k* D;ksa dgk x;k\ czkã.kxzg.ka p Js;kstkrsjiy{k.ke~A vr'p {kf=k;kfnjfi ifj{kh.kks os';kns% 'kus% 'kusnkzi;ks ;Fkksn;e~A ¹foKk- (;kk- 2@43)º 2 rs"kkek e`.kknkua fu{ksiks LokfefoØ;%A lahkw; p leqrfkkua nùkl;kuidez paa (euq- 2@4) osrul;so pknkua lafon'p O;frØe%A Ø;foØ;kuq'k;ks fookn% Lokfeiky;ks%AA (euq- 2@5) lhekfookn/ez'p ik#";s n.mokfpdsa Lrs;a p lkgla pso L=khlaxzg.keso paa (euq- 2@6) L=khiqa/eksZ fohkkx'p wrekà;,o pa inku;"vkn'ksrkfu O;ogkjfLFkrkfogAA (euq- 2@7) 3 ^½.ka ns;ens;a p ;su ;=k ;Fkk p ;r~a nkuxzg.k/ek±'psfra* (ukjn @)] es/k- (euq- 4&7) 4 ^r=k ns;e`.ka LoÑra fir`ñra p ;L; p ½DFka gjsr~a vns;a LoÑra f}xq.kknf/da fir`ñra p wrkfnhkksxsusfr iq=ks.k Hk=kkZ fi=kk psfra (ukjn @6)] es/k- (euq- 4&7) 5

lek/ku& izlrqr iz'u dk mùkj es/kfrffk us xkscyhonzu;k; }kjk fn;k gsa es/k dk dfku gs fd wrkfn Ñr ½.k ^ns;½.k* ls fhkuu gsa blfy, ns; ds vurxzr wrkfn Ñr dk xzg.k ugha gks ldrka vr% xkscyhonzu;k; ls ns; ds lkfk&lkfk wrkfnñr vns; dk i`fkd xzg.k visf{kr gsa xkscyhcnz U;k; ds fo"k; esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gs fd dhkh&dhkh fo'ks"k O;oLFkk lkeku; O;oLFkk dks Hkh ckf/r dj nsrh gsa tsls ;gk qrkfn ½.k (fo'ks"k O;oLFkk) ^ns; ½.k* (lkeku; fu;e) ds vurxzr u vkdj mldks ckf/r dj jgh gsa (3) fokkus'oj us ;kk- 2@4 2 dh Vhdk esa vfkzokn dk iz;ksx fd;k gsa izlax& jkx] }s"k vfkok Hk; ls ;fn lh; (lhkkln~) /ez'kkl=k ds fo#¼ O;ogkj djsa rks mugsa vijk/h dks fn, tkus okys n.m ls nqxquk n.m nsuk pkfg,a 'kadk& ;kk- us jkx vkfn dkj.kksa ls /ez'kkl=k ds fo#¼ O;ogkj djus ij lhkklnksa dks ftl n.m O;oLFkk dk funsz'k fn;k gs og lhkh lhkklnksa ij ykxw ugha gksrh D;ksafd xksre (&) ds vuqlkj czkã.k n.muh; ugha ekuk tkrka 3 rks iz'u mbrk gs fd mdr izlax esa D;k jktk czkã.k lhkkln~ dks n.m ugha ns ldrk\ bl izdkj fuf'pr fo/ku u gksus ds dkj.k ;g fof/ nwf"kr gks tkrh gsa lek/ku& fokkus'oj viuh Vhdk (2@4) eas mi;qzdr 'kadk dk ifjgkj vfkzokn dh lgk;rk ls gh djrs gsaa fokkus'oj dgrs gsa fd xksre (&) dk opu ^czkã.k n.muh; ugha ekuk tkrk* ;g dksbz fof/ okd; ugha gs vfirq izk'kafld okd; gsa vfkkzr~ ;g vfkzokn ek=k gsa 4 vr% czkã.k lozfkk vn.m~; ugha gsaa blfy, mijksdr (;kk- 2@4) izlax esa lhkklnksa ds n.m esa czkã.k Hkh lekfgr gsa dkj.k& fokkus'oj us czkã.k ds n.m ds fo"k; esa izkir okd; dks vfkzokn ekuk gsa blls,slk izrhr gksrk gs fd os czkã.kksa dks ;g fo'ks"kkf/dkj ugha nsuk pkgrs Fks D;ksafd ;fn czkã.k dks n.m nsus dk fo/ku gh lekir dj fn;k tk, rks U;k;ra=k Hkz"V gks tk,xk D;ksafd czkã.k Hkh ; fi ns;fer;=ksrnurhkwzra rfkkfi wrkfnñra fo'ks"kkuis{ka Lo:irks ns;e~] bna rq drz`fu;ekfnfr xkscyhonzo ofr ps snks ;kofnfr nsxq.;i;zura r=kkfi Hksn% iwozxr~a (es/k-] euq- 2@4&7) 2 jkxkyykshkk ;kn~okfi Le`R;isrkfndkfj.k%A lh;k% i`fkdi`fkxn.môk fooknkn~f}xq.ka nee~aa (;kk- 2@4) 3 jktk lozl;s"vs czkã.kotze~a ¹(xkSre &)] fokkus'oj (;kk- 2@4)º 4 u p ^jktk lozl;s"vs czkã.kotze~* bfr (&) xksre opukuuczkã.kk n.m;k bfr euro;e~] rl; iza'klkfkzrokr~a (fokk- ;kk- 2@4) 6

lhkkln~ gsa rfkk lhkkln~ dk drzo; gsa fd os mfpr ea=k.kk djds jktk dks U;k; djus esa mfpr lykg nsa vr% t:jh gs fd czkã.k lhkkln~ dks fef;k U;k; djus ij dsoy czkã.k gksus ds dkj.k NksM+ u fn;k tk,a lhkklnksa dk nkf;ro gs fd os Bhd ls U;k; djsa ugha rks n.m Hkqxrus dks rs;kj jgsa (4) fokkus'oj us ;kk- 2@27 dh Vhdk esa izfr"ks/ dk vuqiz;ksx fd;k gsa izlax& izlax ;g gs fd ftldk iq=k u gks] ;fn mlus vius xq:vksa dh vkkk ls fdlh vu; dh iruh ls iq=k mriuu fd;k gks rks og iq=k nksuksa dk (vfkkzr~ chth o {ks=kh dk) fi.m nsus okyk rfkk /ukf/dkjh Hkh gksrk gsa 'kadk& mi;qzdr fu;ksx O;oLFkk ds izlax esa fokk- euq- 9@52 2 ] 9@53 3 i ksa dks bl O;oLFkk ds iz'kalkred okd; gsrq tksm+rs gsa rfkk euq- 9@59&68 4 i ksa dks fu;ksx O;oLFkk dh fuunk gsrq mn~/`r djrs gsaa viq=ks.k ij{ks=ks fu;ksxksrikfnr% lqr%a mhk;ksji;lks fjdfkh fi.mnkrk p /ezr%aa (;kk- 2@27) 2 fø;kh;qixekùor}htkfkza chtkfk± ;Riznh;rsA rl;sg HkfxukS n`"vks chth {ksf=kd,o paa ¹(euq- 9@52) fo- ;kk- 2@27º 3 iqya RoufHkla/k; {ksf=k.kka chftuka rfkka izr;{ka {ksf=k.kkefkks± chtk ksfuxzjh;lhaa ¹(euq- 9@52) fo- ;kk- 2@27)º 4 nsojk}k lfi.mk}k fl=k;k le;ä~fu;qdr;ka iztsfilrkf/xuro;k lurkul; ifj{k;saa (euq- 9@59 fo- ;kk- 2@27) fo/ok;ka fu;qdrlrq /`rkdrks okx;rks fuf'ka,deqrikn;sriq=ka u f}rh;a dfkapuaa (euq- 9@60 fo- ;kk- 2@27) uku;flefuo/ok ukjh fu;ksdro;k f}tkfrfhk%a vu;flefug fu;q tkuk /e± gu;q% lukrue~aa (euq- 9@64 fo- ;kk- 2@27) uks}k fgds"kq eu=ks"kq fu;ksx% dhr;zrs Dofpr~A u fookgfo/koqdra fo/okosnua iqu%aa (euq- 9@65 fo- ;kk- 2@27) v;a f}tsfgz fo}fn~hk% i'kq/eks± foxfgzr%a euq";k.kkef.k izksdrks osus jkt;a iz'kklfraa (euq- 9@66 fo- ;kk- 2@27) l eghef[kyka Hkq tu~ jktf"kzizoj% iqjka o.kkzuka ladja pøs dkeksigrpsru%aa (euq- 9@67 fo- ;kk- 2@27) rr% izhk`fr ;ks eksgkr~ izehrifrdka fl=k;e~a fu;kst;r;ir;kfkza ra foxgzfur lk/o%aa (euq- 9@68 fo- ;kk- 2@27) 7

mi;qzdr izlax esa ;g 'kadk dh tk ldrh gs fd fu;ksx O;oLFkk ds izfr euq- ds iz'kalkred i,oa fuunkred i nksuksa fo eku gsa] bl izdkj ;g dj.kh; gs vfkok vdj.kh; gs] bldk fu.kz; ugha gks ikrk gs\ ;k rks bls fodyi eku fy;k tk,a lek/ku& fodyi fokkus'oj dks mi;qzdr izrhr ugha gksrk D;ksafd fodyi ls dksbz fuf'pr fo/ku ugha gks ikrk vr% fokk- 'kadk dk lek/ku izfr"ks/ dh lgk;rk ls djrs gsaa è;kro; gsa fd fof/ o izfr"ks/ ds fy, leku cy jgus ij gh fodyi gksrk gs fdurq Le`fr;ksa esa fu;ksx dh cgqr fuunk dh xbz gs],oa fl=k;ksa ds fy, ijiq#"kxeu dks vr;ur xfgzr ekuk x;k gs rfkk ^la;e* dh vr;ur iz'kalk dh xbz gsa vr% izñr esa fu"ks/] fof/ dh vis{kk vf/d cyoku~ gs vr% fu;ksx fuf"k¼ gsa blh dk lefkzu djrs gq, euq- 5@58] 59] 60] 6 i ksa dks fokkus'oj mn~/`r djrs gsa dkj.k& izfr"ks/ ds iz;ksx djus dk dkj.k ;g gs fd lekt esa fu;ksx izfkk veku; gks xbz FkhA vr% Vhdkdkj ds le{k ;g lel;k Fkh fd 'kkl=kksdr fu;ksx dk [k.mu fd, fcuk gh] mls veku; dsls Bgjk,A vr% ijorhz /ez'kkl=kksa us bl ijeijk dks dkycká dgdj mldh eku;rk Lohdkj ugha dh gsa fokkus'oj us fu;ksx dks fcydqy veku; Bgjk;k gsa ftlls,d egroiw.kz rf; ;g fudyrk gsa fd izk;% 'kkl=k esa,dokd;rk dk fl¼kur ekuk x;k gs] ijlij fojks/ dk ifjgkj fd;k x;k gs] ;gk rd fd fojks/ dk ifjgkj djus ds fy, dgha&dgha fodyi dks Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;k gs] fdurq mi;qdr LFkku,slkk gs tgk,d u, fl¼kur dk lw=kikr fokkus'oj us fd;k gs& ftlds vuqlkj ijorhz iwoz fu;e dk [k.mu vfkok fu"ks/ dj ldrk gs vfkkzr~ u, fu;e iqjkus fu;e dks fujlr dj ldrs gsaa ;kk- 2@27 ij fokk- ds fu;ksx ds fo"k; esa izfr"ks/ dks izksiqslj,lñ thñ eks?ks us Hkh viuh iqlrd "Studies in the Purva Mimamsa' ds Article 'Vijnanisvara and Purva Mimamsa' esa mn~/`r fd;k gsa 2 u p fofgrizfrf"k¼rokf}dyi bfr euro;e~] fu;ksdr`.kka fuunkjo.kkr~] L=kh/esZ"kq O;fHkpkjL; cgqnks"kjo.kkr~] la;el; iz'klrrokppa (fo-;kk- 2@27) 2 Vijnanesvera points out that since glorificatory passage condemning Niyoga and praising the celibate life are also there, the prohibition is more powerful than the injunction. He, therefore, decides that this is not a fit case of option. 8

lanhkz xzafk lwph mikè;k;] xaxkizlkn % ehekalk iznhi] (tsfeuh o`qr ^iwoz&ehekalk* xzufk dk vkykspukred vè;;u)] izdk'kd & VªsDV fohkkx] vk;z lekt pksd] bykgkckn] 96 mikè;k;] okplifr % ehekalk n'kzu foe'kz] Hkkjrh; fo k izdk'ku] ubz fnyyh] 976] nkl] MkW- jke izdk'k % ehekalk izes;] lqo`qfr izdk'ku (e;kzfnr)] ubz fnyyh usus] lkseukfk % ehekalk&n'kzu&foe'kz] izfrek izdk'ku] fnyyh] izfke laldj.k] 2008 'kkl=kh] e.mu fej % ehekalk n'kzu (egf"kz tsfeuh izofrzr fopkj 'kkl=k dk lekykspukred vè;;u)] izdk'kd& jes'k cqd fmiks] t;iqja ehekalk n'kzu laca/h lanhkz xzufk (vaxzst+h vaxzst+h) Jha, Ganga Nath : Purva Mimamsa and Dharmashastra, Research Institute Vol. 47, 968. Katju Markandey : Mimamsa Rules of Interpretation, Year of Pub. 2003. Moghe, S.G. : Studies in Applied Purva Mimamsa, Ajanta Publications, New Delhi, 998. Natraja Ayyar A.S. : Mimamsa Jurisprudence (The Source of Hindu Law), Ganganath Jha Research Institute, Allahabad, 952. Sarkar K.L. : Mimamsa Rules of Interpretation (Collection of Tagore Law Lectures), 905. Shastri, Pashupatinath : Introduction to the Purva Mimamsa, Published by : Ashok Nath Bhattacharya, 4, Bag Bazar Street, Calcutta, 923. 9

Shastri Pashupatinath : Introduction to the Purva Mimamsa, Publisher & Place Chowkhamba Oriental, Varanasi, 980. /ez'kkl=k laca/h lanhkz xzufk (fgunh) flag ';ke ukjk;.k % izkphu Hkkjr esa O;ogkj fof/] Lokfr ifcyds'kul] izfke laldj.k] 2005- /ez'kkl=k laca/h lanhkz xzufk (vaxzst+h vaxzst+h) Chaube, B.N. : Principles of Dharamashastra, Allahabad, Law Journal Press, Allahabad, 948. Davis Donald R. : The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge : Cambridge, University Press, 200. Derrett, J.D.M. : Essay in Classical and Modern Hindu Law, Vol.- I, E.J. Brill, Leiden, 976. Derrett, J.D.M. : History of Indian Law, E.J. Brill, Lieden, 973. Derrett, J.D.M. : Religion, Law and State in India, Faber and Faber, London, 968 Diwan Paras and : Modern Hindu Law, 9 th edition, Allahabad Law Diwan Piyushee Agency, Allahabad, 988 Ghosha, V.N. : A History of Indian Political Ideas, Oxford University Press, London, 959 (reprint) Ghoshal, V.N. : Hindu Political Theories, Oxford University Press, London, 927 Gupta, V.K. : Kautiliyan Jurisprundence, B.D. Gupta, Gali Arya Samaj, Bazar Sita Ram, Delhi, 987 Jha, Ganganath : Hindu Law in its Sources, Indian Press, Allahabad, 933 Jolly, Julies : History of Hindu Law, W. Thacker and Company, Calcutta, 885. Kane, P.V. : History of Dharamashastra, Vol. III, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 973. Lariviere, Richard W. : (Ed.) Studies in Dharmashastras, Firma K.L.M., Calcutta, 984. Lingat, Robert : The Classical Law of India (translated by J.D.M. Derrett) st Indian edition, Thomson Press, New Delhi, 973 Mani, B.N. : Laws of the Dharmashastra, Navrang, New Delhi, 989. 0