Religion, Reformation & Counter- Reformation Martin Luther Fecha
Religion? What do I know about religion? Why is so important? Why is historically a fountain of conflict?
Why is religion so important for humankind?
Why is important fear? Control (thoughts & behavior of individuals). Order (society as a whole).
Only two options? Let s reform! let s change! Fecha
Reformation? How did this event change (alter) the path of History? Fecha
Counter-Reformation? Why did the Catholics fight back Martin Luther s ideas? Fecha
Roman Catholic Church 16th century, the only church in Europe after Muslims expulsion Fecha
Why is dangerous a unique interpretation?
Why a change? What should be changed? How was going to be the change?
4 main reasons Poorly educated rural clergy. The sale of indulgences. High positions in Church = wealthy, powerful, high status (not caring about evangelization and teaching). Corruption denounced by the Christian humanists..
Thomas More Renaissance humanist
Erasmus of Rotterdam Christian humanist
Where did I hear his name before?
What is the main characteristic of the Humanism?
The sequence, step by step
Theocentrism Theo = God. Centrism = the center, the core.
Geocentrism Geo = earth. Centrism = the center, the core.
Heliocentrism Helio = the sun. Centrism = the center, the core.
Why were these 4 reasons so relevant for a change?
Indulgence? The full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven.
Evangelization? The process in the Christian religion which seeks to spread the Gospel (Lord s word) and the knowledge of the Gospel throughout the world.
Why is the religious such a powerful tool? Control (thoughts & behavior of individuals). Order (society as a whole).
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Survey: Do you believe in God? (2005)
Who is questioning the Pope s authority?
Martin Luther A priest who changed the path of History with an idea. 1483-1546
John Calvin The Reformation in France 1509-1564
Luther & Calvin They never met. Their ideas together formed the basis of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century in Europe. Lutheranism & Calvinism.
Henry VIII 1491-1547 The creator of the Anglicanism
Anglia England. Anglicanism = the Church of England.
What is the main reason for the Reformation in England?
The situation was social 6 marriages. 2 annulations. 2 divorces. 1 widower (his wife died). 1 widow (he died).
Henry VIII s Reformation The King/Queen is the Supreme Head of the Church of England. The separation of the Church of England from the Pope s authority. The Dissolution of the monasteries.
Back to the truly and really religious Reformation
The basic ideas for a change October 31st, 1517: Martin Luther nailed 95 theses on a church s door in Wittenberg (Germany).
The consequence (1) The Pope: 1) did not accept Luther s proposals. 2) excommunicated Luther (send him out).
The consequence (2) The division of the Christian religion: The Catholic Church. The Reformists. Different wars all over Europe.
14 main ideas of the Reformation The change Fecha
Predestiny (God has decided our destiny for us). The Bible (the only authority; in local language and interpreted personally); rejection of the Pope s authority. Rejection of episcopacy (Church of government). Rejection of all sacraments, except two: baptism & communion. The work ethics (work hard to prove your faith). Against indulgences (salvation through money). Rejection of the purgatory. Repudiation of the Catholic mass. No need of intermediaries to reach God. Salvation is only possible through the faith. No saints and relics.
The consequence of these ideas Charles I called Luther to the Diet of Worms (1521) to deny what he wrote and spread.
Luther defended himself He was basing his arguments on his understanding of the Bible. Here I stand, I can do no other, so help me God was his famous sentence to Charles I.
The Emperor versus the common man Diet of Augsburg (1555) = double attempt but failed. Reunite both churches. Fight the Protestants. Cuius regio, emus religio (My territory, my religion).
The Council of Trent Celebrated between 1545 and 1563. Convoked by the Roman Catholic Church. Goal: begin a counter-reformation by: Attacking the new protestant ideas. Improving some internal reforms and changes. The most important treaty for the Catholic Church till the 20th century. It failed to resolve the problems between the Catholic Church and the Protestant Church.
The consequence Europe became a religious war scene for many decades. It became generally accepted that Europe was no longer a Roman Catholic continent.
The Reformation in the Basque Country
Kingdom of Navarre For a while, the official religion was Protestantism, influenced by the Huguenots. Huguenot s cross
Huguenots Members of the Protestant Church of France. John Calvin s followers. They believed that the ritual, images, saints, pilgrimages, prayers, and hierarchy of the Catholic Church did not help anyone toward redemption.
More When Joanna III of Albret became protestant she ordered Joanes Leizarraga to translate the New Testament into Basque so it was more understandable for more people (many of them did not understand Latin). End of Protestantism: until Henry III of Navarre became Henry IV of France in 1589, when he converted to Catholicism.
Henry III of Navarre Henry IV of France